Abstract: A method for detecting SNP sites of a donor-derived sample and a recipient-derived sample, a method for detecting the presence or proportion of a donor in a receptor sample, and a kit for implementing the methods.

Abstract: A diagnostic marker for prodromal stage Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) of the Alzheimer's disease is provided. The marker is plasma long-chain non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA), including one or more of ENST00000549762, NR_024049, T324988 or ENST00000567919. Also disclosed are an application of the marker and a corresponding kit.

Abstract: A method is described for determining carrier status of an embryo for a chromosomal rearrangement prior to implantation of the embryo. The method involves obtaining cells from the embryo from at least day 4 post in vitro fertilization; conducting long-read nanopore sequencing of the DNA of the cells and the chromosomal rearrangement carrier parent to detect at least one breakpoint; preparing primers specific to the breakpoint; employing the primers in a polymerase chain reaction customized to the breakpoint (cBP-PCR) to determine whether the breakpoint is indicative of chromosomal rearrangement; and determining on the basis of cBP-PCR whether the embryo status is chromosomal rearrangement carrier or chromosomal rearrangement noncarrier; and conducting Sanger sequencing to determine balance in the embryo. The method can assist chromosomal rearrangement carrier parents to pursue reproductive technologies while preventing vertical transmission of a chromosomal rearrangement to offspring.

Abstract: A method for determination whether to start or to continue a treatment of cancer that includes: a) measuring at least one characteristic of at least one biomarker in at least one biological sample including tumor cells; b) determining a loss or mutation of at least one marker gene in the at least one biological sample by use of the at least one biomarker; c) determining to start or to continue treatment with the at least one inhibitor if the measurement indicates that the tumor cells in the at least one biological sample include the at least one marker gene whose mutational status indicates a favorable outcome, whereby the at least one inhibitor is selected specifically in view of the determination of the mutational status in the activity of transforming growth factor-?/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-?/BMP) pathway. A biomarker corresponding to at least one marker gene and a use of the biomarker are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods, devices, combinations, kits, and systems for predicting and treating clinically significant prostate cancer in a urine sample of an individual suspected of suffering from prostate cancer based on expression analysis of normalised prostate tumour markers. The present methods, devices, combinations, kits, and systems are especially suitable for predicting and treating prostate cancer with a Gleason score of seven or more in individuals with a serum prostate-specific antigen (sPSA) level lower than 15 ng/ml.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and software are provided for detecting gene fusions in a subject with a cancer condition through mRNA boundary analysis of next generation sequencing of a transcriptome or relevant part thereof. Methods, systems, and software are provided for detecting splice variants in a subject with a cancer condition through mRNA boundary analysis of next generation sequencing of a transcriptome or relevant part thereof. Methods, systems, and software are provided for evaluating the complexity of an RNA-seq sequencing reaction through mRNA boundary analysis. Generally, the methods described herein include obtaining sequences of mRNA molecules for a plurality of genes in a sample of a subject. For each gene, an RNA boundary distribution including relative abundance value for each respective RNA boundary sub-sequence of the gene is determined from the plurality of sequences. These abundance values are evaluated using one or more models to provide the analyses described herein.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for machine learning classification of lung nodules based on gene expression data and clinical characteristics data. The method can include, a) obtaining a data set containing gene expression measurements of a biological sample from a patient of at least two lung disease-associated genes, and clinical characteristics data of one or more clinical characteristics of the patient; b) providing the data set as an input to a machine-learning model trained to generate an inference of whether the data set is indicative of a malignant lung nodule or a benign lung nodule; c) receiving, as an output of the machine-learning model, the inference indicating whether the data set is indicative of the malignant lung nodule or the benign lung nodule; and d) electronically outputting a report classifying the lung nodule of the patient as the malignant lung nodule or the benign lung nodule.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of predicting an outcome of a colorectal cancer subject, comprising determining or receiving the result of a determination of a first gene expression profile for each of one or more immune defense response genes, and/or of a second gene expression profile for each of one or more T-Cell receptor signaling genes, and/or of a third gene expression profile for each of one or more PDE4D7 correlated genes, said first, second, and third expression profile(s) being determined in a biological sample obtained from the subject, determining the prediction of outcome based on the first gene expression profile(s), or on the second gene expression profile(s), or on the third gene expression profile(s), or on the first, second, and third gene expression profile(s), and, optionally, providing the prediction to a medical caregiver or the subject.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of determining treatment outcome in a subject having a disease, the method including evaluating RNA expression level of a B cell related gene to determine a B cell gene signature; evaluating RNA expression level of a CD8+ T cell related gene to determine a CD8+ T cell gene signature; analyzing the B cell gene signature and the CD8+ T cell gene signature (B8T gene signature); and determining treatment outcome in a subject based on the B8T gene signature.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of enzymatically repairing RNAs that are nicked or at least partially cleaved. The method comprises providing a biological sample containing RNAs that are nicked or at least partially cleaved; purifying the nicked or at least partially cleaved RNAs contained in the biological sample, under a non-denaturing condition, to remove non-RNA components; and treating the purified RNAs with at least one of the following: (i) one or more enzymes that exhibit the activity of an RNA 3? phosphatase or cyclic phosphatase and the activity of an RNA 5? kinase, and an RNA ligase, or (ii) a 3?-5? RNA ligase, thereby forming repaired RNAs from the nicked or at least partially cleaved RNA. The present disclosure also relates to a method of detecting RNAs by enzymatically repairing RNAs that are nicked or at least partially cleaved, and detecting the repaired RNAs.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of diagnosing and treating MYC-driven cancers by detecting a PVT1 splice variant in a biological sample from a subject.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a laboratory execution system that provides for automation of laboratory processes. A centralized data management system may be dynamically updated and used to facilitate management of components of the laboratory execution system, such as an automation system and an analytics results management system that may facilitate complex analytical functions, such as synthesizing raw test data. Potential workflows include the detection of specific molecules of interest.

Abstract: A system and method for SARS-CoV-2 variant classification through mutation detection from qPCR fluorescence signals. The system receives fluorescence signals, wherein a first fluorescence signal indicates quantitative presence of a first genomic region as a control for SARS-CoV-2, and a second fluorescence signal indicates quantitative presence of a second genomic region of a first mutation present in a subset of variants of SARS-CoV-2. The system measures a first Cq for the first fluorescence signal and a second Cq for the second fluorescence signal as the signals cross a threshold RFU. The system calculates a delta Cq as a difference between the two. Further, the system identifies a first peak RFU for the first fluorescence signal and a second peak RFU for the second fluorescence signal, and calculates a RFU ratio of the two. The system detects presence of the first mutation based on the delta Cq and/or the RFU ratio.

Abstract: The invention provides methods, kits, and related compositions for rapid, low-cost, point of care detection of an organism, such as a virus or bacteria, in a biological or environmental sample using isothermal nucleic acid amplification.

Abstract: An improved dry grind system and method for producing a sugar stream from grains or similar carbohydrate sources and/or residues, such as for biochemical production. In particular, after saccharification and prior to a sugar conversion process, a sugar/carbohydrate stream is removed from a saccharified stream. The sugar/carbohydrate stream includes a desired Dextrose Equivalent (DE) where DE describes the degree of conversion of starch to dextrose can be produced, with the such sugar stream being available for biochemical production, e.g., alcohol production, or other processes. In addition, the systems and methods also can involve the removal of certain grain components, e.g., corn kernel components, including protein and/or fiber. Sugar stream production occurs on the front end of the system and method.

Abstract: A molten iron refining method having, an auxiliary material, and an oxidizing gas supplied through a top-blowing lance, to a cold iron source and molten pig iron that are contained/fed in a converter-type vessel, and molten iron is subjected to a refining process. A pre-charged cold iron source is charged into the converter-type vessel at an amount not larger than 0.15 times. A furnace-top-added cold iron source that's part or all of the cold iron source and added from a furnace top is fed during the refining process. A burner at a leading end of the top-blowing lance that spray holes through which a fuel and a combustion-supporting gas are ejected. During the refining process, a powdery auxiliary material processed into powder that's part of the auxiliary material is blown in, to pass through a flame formed by the burner.

Abstract: A method that, regarding a process of refining molten iron, can increase the thermal margin and the amount of cold iron source to be used. A burner having jetting holes for jetting a fuel and a combustion supporting gas is provided at a leading end part of one lance that top-blows an oxidizing gas to molten iron contained in a converter-type vessel, or at a leading end part of another separate lance. A powdery auxiliary raw material or an auxiliary raw material processed into a powder form that is blown into the molten iron from the one lance or the other lance passes through a flame formed by the burner. This top-blowing lance for a converter is configured to secure a predetermined heating time and powder-fuel ratio. Also, a method for adding an auxiliary raw material and a method for refining of molten iron that use this top-blowing lance.

Abstract: Proposed is a method for efficiently desulfurizing molten metal in a short time without passing an excessive current when applying a potential difference between slag and metal. Using a direct-current power source, this method for desulfurizing molten metal applies a potential difference between molten slag and molten metal through electrodes, of which one electrode contacting the molten metal serves as a negative electrode and the other electrode contacting only the molten slag serves as a positive electrode. An applied current density Ja is determined according to an equilibrated S concentration [S]e0 before application of a potential difference such that an equilibrated S concentration [S]ea when a potential difference is applied becomes equal to or lower than a target S concentration [S]ft.

Abstract: A hot-pressed member is disclosed including at least one surface that has a filtered centerline waviness Wca of less than or equal to 1.5 ?m.

Abstract: A metal casting is heated using infrared energy by introducing the metal casting into a heating system with infrared emitters directed towards the casting, and activating at least a portion of the emitters. The heating system includes a heating chamber, a plurality of directional infrared emitters in the heating chamber, an optical temperature sensor directed towards a part location in the interior of the heating chamber, and a thermal shield that is movable between a deployed position and a retracted position, the thermal shield comprising an observation duct. The observation duct provides a line-of-sight path between the optical temperature sensor and the part location when the thermal shield is in the deployed position, and the thermal shield is between the plurality of infrared emitters and the part location when the thermal shield is in the deployed position.

Abstract: There is provided a method for recovering lead from copper smelting dust according to the present invention includes an alkali leaching step of leaching lead contained in copper smelting dust with an alkali solution, a step of performing a solid liquid separation on a post-leaching solution and a leaching residue after the alkali leaching step, a neutralization step of adding an acid to the separated post-leaching solution to precipitate a lead, and a step of recovering a precipitate containing the lead by performing a solid liquid separation.

Abstract: A method of recycling a component having a base structure and at least one body coupled to the base structure, wherein the body includes a rare earth element, includes positioning a mask over the component to produce a masked component. The mask is a material that is resistant to a liquid. The liquid is an acid or solvent and configured to dissolve the rare earth element. The mask covers the base structure to inhibit exposure of the base structure to the liquid. The mask defines at least one window aligned with the at least one body to expose the body to the liquid. The method includes dissolving the rare earth element into a solution by exposing the masked component to the liquid such that the liquid contacts the at least one body through the at least one window. The method further includes recovering the rare earth element from the solution.

Abstract: Described herein are technologies for bauxite or kaolin mining operations. A detector is used to detect the presence of a pathfinder element or radioactivity indicating a presence of a rare-earth element. Once the pathfinder element or radioactivity is detected, the mined material is segregated from material mined in which a pathfinder element or radioactivity was not detected. Rare-earth elements are extracted from the segregated material. Once the rare-earth elements are extracted, the material is returned to normal mining operation processing steps.

Abstract: Methods for grain refinement of beryllium articles are disclosed. Grain refinement allows the beryllium article to have beneficial properties in terms of strength and durability. One method stabilizes the ?-phase of the beryllium that is precipitated after cycling above a temperature that is greater than or equal to the beta transus temperature.

Abstract: A heat-resistant alloy contains Y, a content of Ni is a content of Ni is 58.0 mass % or greater, a content of Cr is 20.0 mass % or greater and 23.0 mass % or less, a content of Mo is 8.0 mass % or greater and 10.0 mass % or less, a content of Nb is 3.15 mass % or greater and 4.15 mass % or less, a content of O is 0.002 mass % or greater and 0.1 mass % or less, and a ratio of a content of Y in terms of mass to a content of O in terms of mass is 0.5 or greater and 100 or less.

Abstract: All example composition may include a plurality of grains including an iron nitride phase. The plurality of grains may have an average wain size between about 10 nm and about 200 nm. An example technique may include treating a composition including a plurality of grains including au iron-based phase to adjust an average grain size of the plurality of grains to between about 20 nm and about 100 ma. The example technique may include nitriding the plurality of grains to form or grow an iron nitride phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing an annealed and pickled steel sheet in a continuous manner by continuously performing: subjecting a cold-rolled steel sheet to annealing to obtain an annealed steel sheet; subjecting the annealed steel sheet to pickling with a mixed acid solution containing a first acid that is oxidizing and a second acid that is non-oxidizing, by feeding the annealed steel sheet into a mixed acid tank holding the mixed acid solution; and subjecting the annealed steel sheet discharged from the mixed acid tank to repickling with an acid solution containing a third acid that is non-oxidizing. Fe concentration in the mixed acid solution in the mixed acid tank is measured, and a lower limit of ferrite fraction in a surface layer of the annealed steel sheet to be subjected to the pickling is set according to the Fe concentration measured.

Abstract: Provided are a QT heat treated high carbon hot rolled steel sheet, a high carbon cold rolled steel sheet, a QT heat treated high carbon cold rolled steel sheet, and manufacturing methods thereof, wherein the QT heat treated high carbon hot rolled steel sheet comprises, in weight %, C: 1.0-1.4%, Si: 0.1-0.4%, Mn: 0.1-0.8%, Cr: 0.3-11%, W: 0.05-2.5%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.03% or less, Al: 0.02% or less, and the balance being Fe and other inevitable impurities, the average size of carbides being 0.1-20 ?m.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are high strength, corrosion resistant, and sag resistant aluminum alloys, methods of making and processing such alloys, and products prepared from such alloys. More particularly, disclosed are novel aluminum alloys exhibiting improved mechanical strength, formability, and corrosion resistance. The alloys can be used as fin stock in industrial applications, including in heat exchangers.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fine grained pure titanium having an equiaxed microstructure (a microstructure with an aspect ratio (i.e., the length of a major axis/the length of a minor axis fraction ratio) is less than 3) of 90% or more and an average grain size of 15 ?m or less, and a manufacturing method for the same.

Abstract: Red rust staining of Al/Zn coated steel strip in “acid rain” or “polluted” environments can be minimised by forming the coating as an Al—Zn—Si—Mg alloy coating with an OT:SDAS ratio greater than a value of 0.5:1, where OT is the overlay thickness on a surface of the strip and SDAS is the measure of the secondary dendrite arm spacing for the Al-rich alpha phase dendrites in the coating. Red rust staining in “acid rain” or “polluted” environments and corrosion at cut edges in marine environments can be minimised in Al—Zn—Si—Mg alloy coatings on steel strip by selection of the composition (principally Mg and Si) and solidification control (principally by cooling rate) and forming Mg2Si phase particles of a particular morphology in interdendritic channels.

Abstract: An yttrium-based powder for thermal spraying and an yttrium-based thermal spray coating formed from the yttrium-based powder are proposed. The yttrium-based powder includes an yttrium-based compound and an optimally controlled amount of an oxide additive, SiO2. The yttrium-based powder inhibits formation of black spots or prevents the yttrium-based compound from turning black through plasma spray coating. The yttrium-based powder enables formation of a thermal spray coating with a desired color and improved mechanical properties.

Abstract: A mask stage includes a stage inclined with respect to a vertical direction perpendicular to a plane defined by a first direction and a second direction intersecting each other, a plurality of first support units disposed between the stage and a mask frame disposed above the stage, and a plurality of second support units disposed on the stage and being adjacent to a lower side of the mask frame. The lower side of the mask frame extends in a first direction, and the second support units are respectively disposed under end portions of the lower side of the mask frame, which are opposite to each other in the first direction.

Abstract: One or more embodiments provides a mask assembly including a frame defining an opening, a mask stick above the frame, extending in a first direction, defining through-holes, and including pattern areas that include one or more first non-hole portions in which no through-hole exists, and one or more second non-hole portions in which no through-hole exists, and a first support stick between the frame and the mask stick, extending in a second direction crossing the first direction, and overlapping the one or more second non-hole portions.

Abstract: Provided is a metal material including a plurality of metal particles arranged in a crystal structure having at least two phases; wherein the at least two phases include a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of generating data for calibrating optical coating apparatuses for applying optical coatings to surfaces of substrates is disclosed. The method includes measuring spectral data of a test coating applied by an optical coating apparatus at a first location; sending a coating data file containing the spectral data to a second location; comparing the measured spectral data of the test coating to target specification data for the test coating; and determining correction factors for correcting deviations to the target specification data for the optical coating apparatus based on the comparison between the measured spectral data and the target specification data; and receiving a target data file containing the correction factors at the first location and calibrating the optical coating apparatus by adjusting an operation parameter of the optical coating apparatus based on the correction factors to correct for deviations from the target specification data.

Abstract: Methods for selective deposition of silicon oxide films on metal or metallic surfaces relative to dielectric surfaces are provided. A dielectric surface of a substrate may be selectively passivated relative to a metal or metallic surface, such as by exposing the substrate to a silylating agent. Silicon oxide is then selectively deposited on the metal or metallic surface relative to the passivated oxide surface by contacting the metal surface with a metal catalyst and a silicon precursor comprising a silanol.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to protective coatings on an aerospace component and methods for depositing the protective coatings. The protective coating can be anti-coking coatings to reduce or suppress coke formation when the aerospace component is heated in the presence of a fuel. In one or more embodiments, a method for depositing a protective coating on an aerospace component includes depositing an optional barrier layer on a surface of the aerospace component and depositing a catalytic oxidation layer on the barrier layer and/or directly on the aerospace component. The barrier layer can be or include aluminum oxide, magnesium-doped aluminum oxide, dopants thereof, or any combination thereof. The catalytic oxidation layer can be or include cerium oxide or one or more oxygen storage materials.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus for performing a substrate processing on a substrate, includes a processing chamber having an internal space to accommodate the substrate, a substrate holder that holds the substrate in the internal space and rotates the substrate, a first nozzle mechanism swingable in the internal space and discharging a first processing gas to the substrate held by the substrate holder when the first nozzle mechanism swings, a second nozzle mechanism swingable in the internal space, separately from the first nozzle mechanism, and discharging a second processing gas to the substrate held by the substrate holder when the second nozzle mechanism swings, and a controller that controls the substrate holder and the first and second nozzle mechanisms. The controller, during the substrate processing, causes the first and second nozzle mechanisms to swing independently of each other in a state where the substrate is rotated by the substrate holder.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may provide a system and apparatus for reaction chamber. The system and apparatus may contain a reaction chamber having a spacer plate disposed between a lower chamber of the reaction chamber and a showerhead. An active heating element may be embedded within the spacer plate. A flow control ring, disposed adjacent to the spacer plate, is heated by conduction from the spacer plate heating element.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods and apparatuses for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) during additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Such methods and apparatuses can be used to embed chemical signatures into manufactured objects, and such embedded chemical signatures may find use in anti-counterfeiting operations and in manufacture of objects with multiple materials.

Abstract: Described herein is a technique capable of adjusting an inner pressure of a process chamber into a high vacuum state in a short time. According to one aspect of the technique, there is provided a substrate processing apparatus including: a pressure sensor; a first exhaust line including a first pipe and a first valve provided thereat; a second exhaust line including a second pipe and a second valve provided thereat; and a controller for adjusting an inner pressure of a process chamber by performing: (a) reducing the inner pressure, based on information from the pressure sensor, from an atmospheric pressure to a vacuum pressure by using the first exhaust line and the second exhaust line; and (b) adjusting either an opening degree of the first valve or the second valve by switching an exhaust path between the first exhaust line and the second exhaust line according to the process pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for treating a magnesium or a magnesium alloy substrate. The system includes a cleaning composition having a pH greater than 8.5 or a solvent, and a pretreatment composition comprising an organophosphate compound and/or an organophosphonate compound. The method includes contacting a substrate surface with the cleaning composition or the solvent, and contacting the surface with the pretreatment composition. Also disclosed are substrates treated with one of the systems or methods. Also disclosed are magnesium or magnesium alloy substrates wherein, between the air/substrate interface and 500 nm below the air/substrate interface (a) oxygen and magnesium are present in a combined amount of at least 70 atomic %; (b) carbon is present in an amount of no more than 30 atomic %; and/or (c) fluoride is present in an amount of no more than 8 atomic %, wherein atomic % is measured by XPS depth profiling.

Abstract: Methods and systems for improved generation of hydroxy gas are presented. In one embodiment, a hydroxy gas generator is provided that includes a gas generation chamber that contains water and anode-cathode pairs. The anode-cathode pairs may be configured to generate hydroxy gas using a continuously-flowing supply of water. The hydroxy gas generator may also include a water structuring device that reduces the surface tension of the continuously-flowing supply of water. The water structuring device may also magnetically orient the molecules of the continuously-flowing supply of water. The hydroxy gas generator may further include a gas isolation system for extracting hydroxy gas from the gas generation chamber.

Abstract: A combined electrochemical CO2 reduction and a fuel cell system cogenerates CO from CO2 and electric power through a hybrid CO2 reducer and a Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HEMFC) system driven by hydrogen and oxygen generated from renewable energy. In the structure of the hybrid system, a CO2 cell chamber compartment and a hydrogen cell chamber compartment are incorporated into a HEMFC, wherein CO2 is reduced into CO by protons generated in the electric power generation process of fuel cell.

Abstract: An ammonia production system includes a steam generation device configured to produce steam and an electrolyzer cell configured to produce hydrogen feedstock gas from the steam. A hydrogen combustor receives the hydrogen feedstock gas from the electrolyzer cell and combusts the hydrogen feedstock gas and produce heat and electricity. A combustion thermal conduit provides heat transfer between the hydrogen combustor and the steam generation device. An electrical generator is connected to the hydrogen combustor and configured to generate electricity.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for converting carbon dioxide to useful compounds are disclosed. The method involves reducing bicarbonate solution in an electrolyzer. Bicarbonate solution is supplied to the cathode. The direct reduction of bicarbonate at the cathode may be coupled with an oxidation reaction at the anode. The oxidation reaction may provide a source of protons (H+) to cathode for the reduction of bicarbonate. The oxidation reaction may be a hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Hydrogen gas (H2) may be supplied to the anode. In some embodiments, a source of gas may be supplied to the bicarbonate solution to form a pressurized solution before supplying the solution to the cathode.

Abstract: An organic hydride production device comprises: a cathode chamber that equips a cathode electrode for hydrogenating a substance to be hydrogenated in a catholyte with a proton to produce an organic hydride; a cathode inlet that is connected to the cathode chamber and supplies an external catholyte into the cathode chamber; an upper cathode outlet that is connected to the cathode chamber and discharges the catholyte and hydrogen gas in the cathode chamber to the outside; and a lower cathode outlet that is connected to the cathode chamber below the upper cathode outlet and discharges the catholyte and water in the cathode chamber to the outside.

Abstract: Gas diffusion electrode suitable for use in carbon dioxide electrolyzer and methods for making the same. According to one embodiment, the gas diffusion electrode may include a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer coupled to the gas diffusion layer. The gas diffusion layer, in turn, may include an electron-conductive domain and a non-conductive hydrophobic domain. The electron-conductive domain includes a plurality of pores. The non-conductive hydrophobic domain randomly occupies a portion of the volume of the pores of the electron-conductive domain and is, itself, sufficiently porous to permit gas transport through the electron-conductive domain, for example, by incompletely filling the pores, thereby leaving spaces in the pores, and/or by being made of an inherently porous material. The electron-conductive domain may be in the form of a metal mesh, a carbon paper, or similar structures. The non-conductive hydrophobic domain may be in the form of sintered polymer particles.

Abstract: Disclosed are an oxidizing electrode, a water electrolysis device including the same and a method for manufacturing the same. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an oxidizing electrode with improved performance at low loadings of noble metals, especially, ruthenium (Ru) and iridium oxide, in which a ruthenium (Ru) layer and an iridium oxide layer formed on a substrate by electrodeposition in a sequential order are supported by electrochemical reaction rather than physical bonding.