Abstract: A method for efficiently preparing sulfuryl fluoride by using sulfuryl chloride fluorination includes sulfuryl fluoride synthesis, where a solvent and a hydrogen fluoride complex are added to a reaction kettle, the reaction system is cooled to 10° C. or less, and sulfuryl chloride is then added dropwise under atmospheric pressure while the temperature of the reaction system is controlled to 60° C. or less to obtain sulfuryl fluoride.

Abstract: Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods for determining the total non-purgeable organic carbon in a sodium thiosulfate-containing sample. Further provided herein are methods for producing pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate. Still further provided herein are methods of treatment comprising the administration of pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: Provided is a scandium-doped aluminum nitride with nitrogen polarity. The nitride material is represented by the chemical formula ScXMYAl1-X-YN. M is at least one or more elements among C, Si, Ge, and Sn, X is greater than 0 and not greater than 0.4, Y is greater than 0 and not greater than 0.2, and X/Y is less than or equal to 5. The nitride material has piezoelectricity with a polarization direction of nitrogen polarity opposite to the direction of thin film growth.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing battery-grade anhydrous iron phosphate from liquid crude monoammonium phosphate, and belongs to the technical field of chemical industry production. In the present invention, ferrous sulfate solution and liquid crude monoammonium phosphate are used as raw materials, and ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron and separates out iron phosphate precipitate under the action of an oxidizing agent to obtain iron phosphate intermediate slurry; and then battery-grade anhydrous iron phosphate is finally obtained through solid-liquid separation, washing, aging, solid-liquid separation, washing, drying, dehydration and breaking up. The method provided by the present invention realizes the resource utilization of liquid crude monoammonium phosphate, has simple process and convenient operation and produces less waste water.

Abstract: A preparation method of a lithium iron phosphate cathode material includes steps of (a) providing a phosphoric acid, an iron powder, a carbon source, wherein the phosphoric acid and the iron powder are reacted to produce a first product, and the first product is amorphous iron phosphate with chemical formula of a-FePO4·xH2O (x>0); (b) providing a lithium salt mixture, wherein the lithium salt mixture includes a lithium hydroxide and a lithium carbonate; (c) grinding and mixing the first product, the carbon source, and the lithium salt mixture; (d) calcining the first product and the lithium salt mixture to produce a precursor, wherein the precursor has a formula of Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O+Li3PO4; and (e) calcining the precursor and the carbon source to obtain the lithium iron phosphate cathode material.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of transforming a first carbon material into a second carbon material, and uses thereof.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method of producing and patterning of well-defined nanoscale and microscale carbon structures with light using a defect-engineered photocatalyst.

Abstract: A meshed catalyst based high-yield preparation and regeneration method for carbon nanotubes and hydrogen includes the following steps: step one, adding waste plastic into a low-temperature pyrolysis section, conducting slow heating, and continuously introducing nitrogen; step two, using a multilayer stainless steel mesh obtained through laminated pressing and vacuum sintering as a catalyst, introducing the volatiles into a high-temperature catalytic section, conducting a catalytic reaction under the action of a meshed stainless steel catalyst obtained through acid etching and calcination pretreatment, generating the carbon nanotubes on a surface of the catalyst, and meanwhile generating high-purity hydrogen; and step three, after temperature drop, conducting ultrasonic treatment on a stainless steel mesh after the reaction, achieving physical stripping of the carbon nanotubes from the stainless steel mesh, then placing the stainless steel mesh subjected to secondary calcination in a system for recycling, and

Abstract: An activated carbon fiber is obtained by activating: a polyphenylene ether fiber that contains a polyphenylene ether component having a rearrangement structure connected by a bond at an ortho-position in a repeating unit continuously bonded at a para-position; an infusibilized polyphenylene ether fiber obtained by infusibilizing the polyphenylene ether fiber; a flameproofed polyphenylene ether fiber obtained by flameproofing the polyphenylene ether fiber or the infusibilized polyphenylene ether fiber; or a carbon fiber obtained by carbonizing any of the polyphenylene ether fibers.

Abstract: An apparatus for the separation of a flow containing carbon dioxide by distillation comprising a heat exchange means, a distillation column, means for sending the flow to be cooled in the heat exchange means down to a first intermediate temperature in order to form a liquid flow at a first temperature and at a first pressure, means for dividing the liquid flow in order to form a first fraction and a second fraction, means for expanding the first fraction to the pressure of a distillation column, means for sending the expanded first fraction to an intermediate level of the distillation column, means for exiting the second fraction from the cold end of the heat exchange means after cooling, means for expanding the cooled second fraction to the pressure of the distillation column, means for sending the second fraction to the distillation column and means for the withdrawal, from the bottom of the column, of a liquid flow.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed stream is exposed to heat in an absence of oxygen to the convert the hydrocarbon feed stream into a solids stream and a gas stream. The gas stream is separated into an exhaust gas stream and a first hydrogen stream. The carbon is separated from the solids stream to produce a carbon stream. Electrolysis is performed on a water stream to produce an oxygen stream and a second hydrogen stream. A solid carbon block is formed. Alumina is smelted using the solid carbon block to produce aluminum. At least a portion of the oxygen of the oxygen stream and a second portion of the carbon of the carbon stream are combined to generate power and a carbon dioxide stream. At least a portion of the aluminum and a third portion of the carbon of the carbon stream are combined and heated to produce aluminum carbide.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a silicon-based anode active material is, firstly, to prepare a plurality of silicon-based particles which each is coated with a carbon film. Then, the method of the invention is to immerse the silicon-based particles and a lithium source into a carrier solution, and to heat the carrier solution to obtain a plurality of lithium-containing silicon-based particles. Next, the method of the invention is to heat the lithium-containing silicon-based particles in an inert furnace atmosphere to homogenize the lithium-containing silicon-based particles. Finally, the method of the invention is to immerse the homogenized lithium-containing silicon-based particles into a passivation environment, and to heat the carrier solution to passivate the homogenized lithium-containing silicon-based particles. The passivated and homogenized lithium-containing silicon-based particles serve as the silicon-based anode active material.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for preparing a hierarchical porous material for a molecular sieve with an MFI structure. In the present disclosure, porous silicon dioxide is used as a carrier on a surface of which a nano zeolite seed is loaded, and then subjected to treatment with a secondary growth compound fluid and hydrothermal crystallization, so that a nano zeolite molecular sieve membrane is further grown on the surface of the porous silicon dioxide. The specific surface area and pore volume of the hierarchical porous material for the molecular sieve with the MFI structure prepared by the present disclosure are greatly improved compared with those of the original porous silicon dioxide. The material not only has the macroporous structure of the porous silicon dioxide, but also incorporates micropores of the molecular sieve itself and mesopores formed by molecular sieve agglomeration.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to a nitrogen atom of a secondary amine functional group comprising a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom. The organometallic moieties may comprise a hafnium atom that is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the secondary amine functional group. The nitrogen atom of the secondary amine function group may bridge the hafnium atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of synthesizing a molecular sieve of MWW framework type, and molecular sieves so synthesized. The method comprises preparing a synthesis mixture for forming a molecular sieve of MWW framework type, said synthesis mixture comprising water, a silicon source, a source of a trivalent element X, a structure directing agent R, a source of alkali or alkaline earth metal cation M, and a source of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium) cation (PDDA).

Abstract: Catalysts for NH3 cracking and/or synthesis generally include barium calcium aluminum oxide compounds decorated with ruthenium, cobalt, or both. These catalysts can be bonded to a metal structure, which improves thermal conductivity and gas conductance.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and system for enhancing the production of ammonia from gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen. Advantageously, the method and system does not emit carbon gases during production. The method and system enhances the production of ammonia compared to traditional Haber-Bosch reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the recovery of lithium products from an aqueous solution, the method comprising the steps of: (i.) contacting the solution with an alkaline material to precipitate a target amount of magnesium in the brine solution and separating the precipitated solids from an intermediate solution; (ii.) contacting the intermediate solution with a controlled amount of a hydroxide salt to precipitate magnesium in the intermediate solution; (iii.) contacting the intermediate solution with a controlled amount of sodium carbonate to precipitate impurities and separating the precipitated solids from a purified solution; and (iv.) recovering lithium products from the purified solution.

Abstract: Methods for manufacturing an object comprising beryllium by depositing layers of beryllium and metal inoculants are disclosed. Grain refinement allows the beryllium article to have beneficial properties in terms of strength and durability.

Abstract: A method for recovery of commercial substances from apatite mineral comprises dissolving of apatite mineral in an acid comprising hydrochloride. The dissolution gives a first liquid solution comprising phosphate, calcium and chloride ions. The first liquid solution is treated into a second liquid solution comprising calcium and chloride ions. This treatment in turn comprises extracting of a major part of the phosphate ions with an organic solvent. A bleed solution is removed from the second solution. Solid gypsum comprising at least 70% in a di-hydrate crystal form is precipitated from the second solution. This precipitation of solid gypsum comprises adding the second solution and sulfuric acid simultaneously into a continuous-stirred reactor in the presence of gypsum crystals. Thereby, the precipitation of solid gypsum gives a third liquid solution comprising hydrochloride. An arrangement for recovery of commercial substances from apatite mineral is also presented.

Abstract: A metal sulfide negative material of a sodium ion battery and a preparation method thereof. The material has porous nanoparticles with a particle size of 5 nm to 500 nm, and the metal sulfide negative material of the sodium ion battery is at least one of zinc sulfide or copper sulfide. The preparation method includes the steps of preparing a mixed solution of stannous chloride and metal salt, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into the mixed solution to obtain a solution A, introducing reaction gas into the solution A, aging after the reaction to obtain a precipitate, and soaking the precipitate in a persulfide solution to obtain the metal sulfide sodium ion battery negative material.

Abstract: Provided are an inorganic nanosheet laminated structure, an inorganic nanosheet liquid crystal composition, a method for producing an inorganic nanosheet laminated structure, and a method for producing an inorganic nanosheet liquid crystal composition that are capable of achieving a highly organized structure. The inorganic nanosheet laminated structure includes a string-like structure in which a plurality of inorganic nanosheets having a substantially uniform particle shape are laminated, in which a particle size distribution of the inorganic nanosheets is approximated by a normal distribution function with a single peak, a standard deviation of the particle size distribution is less than 50% of an average particle size of the inorganic nanosheets, and the particle size distribution is a particle size distribution in which when a maximum width of the inorganic nanosheets in plan view is a lateral width, an average value of the lateral width is determined as a particle size.

Abstract: Provided is a positive electrode active material precursor for a rechargeable lithium battery including a nickel-based composite metal hydroxide including a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are agglomerated, wherein the secondary particle includes a central portion and a surface portion, and the surface portion includes a primary particle coated with manganese oxide, manganese hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are: a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, the positive electrode active material including a nickel-based active material containing 60 mol % or more of nickel, and including a large crystal particle which has a size of 1 ?m to 10 ?m and contains a lanthanide element therein; a method of manufacturing the same; and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material.

Abstract: A connector for maintaining a module in a fluid treatment unit has a web extending axially relative to an axially extending pipe and a fin extending laterally. The unit is configured to attach to the pipe via the web with the fin extending laterally. Core sheets or other support material is positioned on the pipe on each side of the fin with the pipe extending therethrough to define a support unit of the module. Fabric is wrapped around at least a front face and rear face, optionally all faces and secured in place. The fabric wrapping acts to attach the module with the front and rear support unit portions sandwiching the fin, which maintains the module in its position on the pipe. The connector improves assembly efficiency and fluid flow rate out from the center of the module, which thereby improves treatment of wastewater.

Abstract: A vaporizer 10 comprises: a vaporization chamber 12 for storing a liquid; a bottom heater 14B provided in the vaporization chamber 12 which includes a winding portion 141, acting as a heat source, to contact with the liquid stored in the vaporization chamber and an upright portion 142 erected from the winding portion and having an end portion with a heater terminal 143; and a relief valve 16 connected to the vaporization chamber 12. The vaporizer 10 is configured to be able to appropriately vaporize and supply ultrapure water.

Abstract: A liquid treatment system has a nozzle body comprised of a semi-translucent material. The nozzle body has a side wall and a tip forming an inner chamber and an outer surface. The side wall thickness and tip thickness are a function of an anti-microbial light intensity range of the outer surface of the nozzle body. The liquid treatment system also has a light circuit coupled to the side wall. The light circuit emits an anti-microbial light toward the inner chamber.

Abstract: An ion exchanger unit that adsorbs impurities in a liquid to be tested, and a controller that switches between causing the flow of the liquid to be tested into the ion exchanger unit and the flow of eluent to elute the impurities adsorbed in the ion exchanger unit into the ion exchanger unit.

Abstract: A method for deep removal of divalent and trivalent scaling ions from heavy oil produced water is described. The method comprises performing divalent and trivalent scaling ion deep removal treatment on heavy oil produced water by using a macroporous weak acid resin, to reduce divalent and trivalent scaling ions in the heavy oil produced water to 50 ?g/L. The water quality of produced water treated using the method is superior to the boiler water standard, a silicon removal process in a conventional heavy oil produced water treatment process can be cancelled, and significant economic benefits are achieved.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method and device for preparing slightly acidic electrolyzed water with a controllable and stable concentration. According to the method, a solution addition velocity of a first solution addition device is adjusted according to a difference between a detected voltage Udetected and a control voltage Ucontrol in an electrolytic cell, so that the first solution addition device adds an electrolyte stock solution to the electrolytic cell in real time, thereby preparing the slightly acidic electrolyzed water with a controllable and stable concentration. The device includes an electrolyte stock solution storage, an electrolytic cell and a first mixer connected sequentially. A first solution addition device is connected in series between the electrolyte stock solution storage and the electrolytic cell. The disclosure overcomes the defects of uncontrollable and unstable concentration in the preparation of present slightly acidic electrolyzed water.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying water includes a first cathode encircling a first anode, with a first gap remaining between these for purifying water. The first anode is included in an anode arrangement, which additionally includes an electrically conductive flange, an electrically conducting anode support connected to the first anode and the flange and arranged to supply electricity to the first anode, and a connection point for connecting an electric wire to the flange. The flange is mechanically supported to the first cathode in said longitudinal direction (z). The flange extends in such a way that said connection point is at least as far from the longitudinal centre axis (AX) of the cathode arrangement as a point of the first cathode that is closest to said connection point.

Abstract: A water-using apparatus includes a water-feeding unit configured to feed water, a water-treating unit connected to the water-feeding unit by a pipe and being configured to perform a function in which ionic substances contained in water fed from the water-feeding unit are removed by an electrical deionization unit, a water-using unit connected to the water-treating unit by a pipe and configured to use water having flowed through the water-treating unit, a drainpipe through which water with increased concentration of ionic substances removed by the water-treating unit is drained, and a controller configured to control a passage for water fed from the water-feeding unit and to cause water with increased concentration of ionic substances to be drained through the drainpipe.

Abstract: In alternative embodiments, provided are BioElectrochemical Systems (BESs) and methods using them for removing ionic compounds from water, treating organics in wastewater, and for energy recovery from the conversion of CO2 to CH4 in an anaerobic setting, for example, for biogas upgrading, or the production of H2 from water electrolysis. In alternative embodiments, provided are products of manufacture that are anoxic BioElectrochemical Systems (BES) for ion removal, energy recovery by the conversion of CO2 to CH4, or by the production of H2 from water electrolysis wastewater treatment and/or biogas upgrading of CO2 to CH4. In alternative embodiments, a bioanode is inoculated with an engineered microbial community of natural occurring bacteria in the site wastewater. In alternative embodiments, the biocathode is inoculated with a methanogenic community or engineered microbes for chemical reduction and/or plastic degradation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biological filtration process for water loaded with nitrogenous pollutants in order to reduce the global nitrogen content of said water, characterised in that it comprises a first step of nitritation and filtration carried out in a first aerated biological reactor, a second step of deammonification, denitrification and filtration carried out in a second non-aerated biological reactor, and a step of evaluation of the ratio of the nitrite content to the ammoniacal nitrogen content of the water at the outlet of the first reactor. When this ratio is greater than a predetermined stoichiometry value, the process according to the invention comprises a step of addition of water to be treated to the water originating from the first reactor so as to obtain, at the inlet of the second reactor, a mixture having a ratio of the nitrite content to the ammoniacal nitrogen content that is close to the stoichiometric ratio of the Anammox reaction.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an improved vertical flow biofilter comprising a vertical filter bed system comprising a liquid permeable distribution layer, a liquid permeable treatment bed and a liquid permeable transition layer, wherein the permeability of the distribution and drainage layers being higher than the permeability of the treatment media bed. The biofilter system also comprises at least one bypass conduit extending vertically through the distribution layer and the treatment bed to terminate at the transition layer. A first open end of the at least one bypass conduit being substantially flush with the top surface of the distribution layer and a second open end extends to the bottom surface of the treatment bed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for biological wastewater treatment for Se control in Se-laden wastewater. The Se contaminants in the wastewater include the Se oxyanions selenate (SeO42-) and selenite (HSeO3?), which are biochemically reduced and transformed to elemental selenium (Se0) by microorganisms through anaerobic biological reduction. The resulting Se0 is entrained in the biomass, which is further processed to enable the efficient recovery of concentrated Se0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-stage system for treating greywater comprising an electrochemical treatment module configured to carry out electrooxidation and electrocoagulation processes and a filtration module comprising a multistage filtration system for the treatment and removal of chemical and biological contaminants in greywater.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an aircraft water supply system. The water supply system comprises a water tank for storing potable water; and two or more faucets that are each connected to the water tank and configured to dispense the potable water on demand in response to a user actuating the faucet. Each of the two or more faucets includes a respective filtering unit. In embodiments the filtering units are integrated within the faucets and comprise three stages of filtering, namely (i) a coarse filtering stage; (ii) a first filtering stage comprising a hollow fiber filter and/or one or more ion exchange resin filters; and (iii) a second filtering stage comprising activated carbon.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a harmless and recycling treatment method for kitchen waste. The method includes: step S1: sorting the kitchen waste, deodorizing the kitchen waste, and then implementing a solid-liquid separation to the kitchen waste to obtain solid and filtrate; step S2: adjusting pH of the filtrate to 12-13, adding a demulsifier to the filtrate, standing still, recovering an upper layer of oil and obtaining a lower layer of clear liquid; drying and burning the solid obtained in the step S1, to obtain biochar; and step S3: implementing an advanced oxidation treatment and a biochemical treatment to the lower layer of clear liquid obtained in the step S2, to obtain water. The method can effectively recycle the kitchen waste into resources, alleviate the social and environmental problems caused by the current kitchen waste, and the method is suitable for popularization and application.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a solar thermal osmosis desalination system comprising a forward osmosis subsystem and a reverse osmosis subsystem where the forward osmosis subsystem is configured to receive solar thermal heat and generate power that can be used to operate the reverse osmosis subsystem.

Abstract: Glass melting process including the introduction of a vitrifiable solid charge into a furnace, heating and melting of charge thereby obtaining molten glass. Discharging the molten glass from the furnace and discharging a CO2-containing gaseous effluent from the furnace. The charge having at least one carbonate undergoing a dissociation reaction and releasing gaseous CO2 when heated and melted. The gaseous effluent discharged from the furnace being used to produce, at least one additive in the form of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonate, at least a part of which is incorporated in the charge which is introduced into the furnace.

Abstract: Precision glass molds are described, which are formed by coating a mold made from high purity, fme grain sized graphite, with a coating including titanium. In various implementations, the titanium coating is overcoated with yttria (Y2O3) to provide a high precision glass mold of superior performance character. The resultant glass molds can be used to form glass articles having a highly smooth finish, for high precision applications such as consumer electronic device applications, medical instruments, and optical devices. The use of high purity, fme grain size graphite allows molds to be machined at low cost, thereby eliminating the need to fabricate a metal mold that must be coated with multiple layers including metal diffusion barrier layers to meet operational requirements for such precision applications.

Abstract: A glass sheet configured to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks is described. The glass sheet includes a first surface. For surface features of the first surface with a feature wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (?m), a root mean square of a surface topography of the surface features determined using a surface analysis on the first surface with incident and reflected light is given as a microwaviness. A maximum value of the microwaviness of any arbitrary region of the first surface may be between 1.2 nanometers (nm) and 2.8 nm, inclusive of 1.2 nm and 2.8 nm. After the surface analysis, the glass sheet may be cut into the glass substrates in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness is in the noted range. Further, a method of fabricating glass substrates from a glass sheet is described.

Abstract: The invention relates to the production of an anti-resonant hollow-core fiber consisting of a capillary blank and a sleeve tube. The capillary blank comprises an external capillary and a nested internal capillary, and is stretched to a maximum external diameter ODARE_cap and a maximum wall thickness WTARE_caP. The blank is mounted on the inside of the sleeve tube. In order to retain the advantages of the pre-produced capillary blank with respect to ease of assembly and precision, while keeping the associated drawbacks owing to ovality low and predictable, it is proposed that the geometric internal diameter and external diameter of the external capillary and of the internal capillary, as well as ODARE_cap and WTARE_caP, are aligned in relation to one another in such a way that the ARE-external capillary of the capillary blank has a degree of ovality of less than 1.025.

Abstract: Provided is an optical glass including, by mass %, 33 to 60% of a content rate of SiO2, 10 to 35% of a content rate of TiO2, and 15 to 40% of a content rate of Na2O, wherein a refractive index nd with respect to a d-line is 1.71 or less.

Abstract: A glass composition contains cesium (Cs), at least one of potassium (K) or sodium (Na), and silicon (Si), wherein a content of the cesium (Cs) in terms of oxide is 9% by mass or more, wherein when the potassium (K) is contained in the glass composition, a content of the potassium (K) in terms of oxide is 5% by mass or more, wherein when the sodium (Na) is contained in the glass composition, a content of the sodium (Na) in terms of oxide is 1% by mass or more, and wherein the glass composition does not contain barium (Ba) or contains 0.5% by mass or less of barium (Ba) in terms of oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photosensitive glass in which a Li2SiO3 crystal is precipitated by exposure and heat treatment, in which the photosensitive glass has a value of Formula (A) described below of 0.50 or more and 0.75 or less, and the photosensitive glass has a dielectric loss tangent at 20° C. and 10 GHz of 0.0090 or less, [Li2O]/([Li2O]+[Na2O]+[K2O]) Formula (A), in Formula (A), [Li2O], [Na2O], and [K2O] respectively indicate contents of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O in the photosensitive glass in terms of mole percentage based on oxides.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a technology of obtaining a ceramic product including a decorative film which has a sufficient chemical resistance and can reduce damage during cleaning. A decorative composition disclosed herein contains at least a noble metal element and a glass matrix element. The glass matrix element contains a rare-earth element and a first element which is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si and Al. In the decorative composition disclosed herein, the content of the rare-earth element in the glass matrix element is from 1 mol % to 45 mol % inclusive, and the content of the first element in the glass matrix element is from 50 mol % to 90 mol % inclusive. This allows the decorative film having both alkali resistance and acid resistance at high level to be formed.

Abstract: A transparent substrate coated with a stack of thin layers includes, from the substrate, a bottom dielectric coating including a wetting layer, which is, for example, a ZnO-based layer, a silver-based functional metal layer and a top dielectric coating, each dielectric coating including several dielectric layers, wherein the bottom dielectric coating includes a series of at least three dielectric layers having increasing refractive indices, the index difference between the three layers being at least 0.15; the top dielectric coating including a series of at least two layers having decreasing refractive indices. The Ug coefficient is kept at low values (from 0.22 to 0.31 Btu/hft2F) whereas the solar factor SHGC is maximized (from 0.720 to 0.757).

Abstract: A window manufacturing method includes preparing a glass substrate including alkali ions, providing a strengthening material on a surface of the glass substrate, and strengthening the surface of the glass substrate. The strengthening the surface of the glass substrate includes irradiating the strengthening material disposed on the glass substrate with high-frequency waves, and the strengthening material includes a salt including ion exchange target ions, which are ion-exchangeable with the alkali ions included in the glass substrate, and a high-frequency reactive material.