Abstract: Reprocessing of a replaceable supply component may include receiving from an encoding device and using an interface communicatively coupled to the encoding device, a request blob to reprocess a replaceable supply component. The method may include in response to cryptographically verifying the request blob, extracting from the request blob, a supply identifier and raw supply data. The method further includes using the supply identifier and raw supply data, generating a reprocess structure to append or amend original manufacturing data for the replaceable supply component, and providing a response blob to the encoding device, to designate the replaceable supply component as a reprocessed supply component.

Abstract: An example method comprising requesting authorization to reprocess a replaceable supply component using first data stored in memory of the replaceable supply component and an interface, the first data including original manufacturing data for the replaceable supply component. The method further comprises, in response to the request, receiving second data using the interface, and appending the original manufacturing data stored in the memory with the second data to designate the replaceable supply component as reprocessed.

Abstract: A liquid discharging apparatus, having a head, a reservoir section including a liquid reservoir chamber and an atmosphere communication path, a liquid flow path connecting the head with the liquid reservoir chamber, a switching assembly to switch states of the atmosphere communication path between a connecting state and a disconnecting state, and a controller, is provided. The controller is configured to control the switching assembly to switch the states of the atmosphere communication path from the connecting state to the disconnecting state; after switching the states of the atmosphere communication path, control the head to discharge the liquid; and after switching the states of the atmosphere communication path, and in response to a predetermined connection condition being satisfied, control the switching assembly to switch the states of the atmosphere communication path from the disconnecting state to the connecting state.

Abstract: Provided is an ink jet recording method which can record an image excellent in abrasion resistance and in which an ink after storage is excellent in filter passability. The ink jet recording method includes ejecting an aqueous ink to a recording medium to record an image with an ink jet recording apparatus including: the aqueous ink; an ink storage bag configured to store the aqueous ink; and a recording head of an ink jet system configured to eject the aqueous ink. The recording head includes, in an inside thereof, a filter configured to pass the aqueous ink therethrough. The aqueous ink contains a pigment, a wax, a dispersant for dispersing the wax and a resin particle.

Abstract: Aspects described herein may provide detection of a feature of an authorization code image (ACI) incorporated onto a document, thereby allowing for validation of the document. According to some aspects, these and other benefits may be achieved by an instance of a variable protocol that may specify how to generate the ACI to have a particular feature as well as how to detect the particular feature of the ACI. A recipient of the document incorporating the ACI may detect the particular feature of the ACI. If the detected feature matches an expected feature, then the ACI and the document may be determined to be authentic.

Abstract: Transfer assemblies and transfer sheets and release paper for transferring images to articles, such as textiles, fabric or the like, are provided. In addition, improved methods for manufacturing the transfer sheets and the articles are provided. A transfer sheet comprises a support layer and an image transfer layer that includes an ink receptor and a blocking agent. The blocking agent is configured to block or impede the transfer of the ink composition to the substrate in non-printed areas of the image and substantially allow the transfer of the ink composition to the substrate in printed areas of the image. The systems and methods described herein provide a single step process that is “self-weeding”, while minimizing defects in the image that is printed onto the article and are particularly useful for transferring white or colored images to dark colored or black textiles and other fabrics.

Abstract: A tape cassette that includes a tape cassette that includes a housing having a top surface, a bottom surface, a rear wall, a front wall, and a tape feed exit located on the front wall, a tape included at least partially within the housing and configured to be fed along a tape feed path extending to the tape feed exit, and a first indicator aperture positioned on the front wall and a second indicator aperture position on a rear portion of the bottom surface. A position of the first indicator aperture on the front wall indicates a type of the tape included within the housing. A position of the second indicator aperture indicates a color of characters.

Abstract: A recording device includes a recording unit that performs recording on a medium, a paper feeding cassette that accommodates the medium and is configured to be opened/closed, a transport unit that transports the medium accommodated in the paper feeding cassette along a transport path, a transport detection unit that detects the medium at a detection position provided at the transport path, a calculation unit that calculates a transport time required for the medium supplied from the paper feeding cassette to reach the detection position based on a result of detection by the transport detection unit, a determination unit that determines presence or absence of whether the paper feeding cassette is opened/closed, and an estimation unit that estimates a service life of the transport detection unit or the transport unit based on time information about the transport time and opening/closing information about determination of whether the paper feeding cassette is opened/closed.

Abstract: The printer is a printer for printing on a label continuous body including a plurality of labels temporarily attached to a belt-like liner at predetermined intervals, the printer calculates the label pitch from the downstream end portion of a first label and the upstream end portion of the first label detected by a second detecting unit that detects an end portion of the label, if the calculated label pitch is smaller than a distance from a first detecting unit for identifying a printing start position of the label to a printing unit, the printer feeds the label continuous body to a printing start position of a second label based on the calculated label pitch.

Abstract: A tape cassette that includes a box-shaped cassette case whose outline being defined by a bottom wall, a top wall, and a side wall and including a plurality of corner portions, at least one tape contained within a tape containment area defined within the outline, a pair of cavities extending from the bottom wall and being provided between the tape containment area and the outline at opposite ends of a diagonal line connecting one of the corner portions to another of the corner portions, and a side face indicator portion provided in the side wall, indicating a type of the tape, and including a plurality of indicator portions disposed in a pattern in accordance with the type of the tape, each of the indicator portions being one of a switch hole and a surface portion.

Abstract: A liquid discharge apparatus includes: a discharge head including nozzles; a head scanning mechanism that reciprocatingly moves the discharge head in a main scanning direction; a conveyer that conveys a recording medium in a sub-scanning direction; and a controller. In one pass, the controller executes: recording processing in which an image is formed on the recording medium by moving the discharge head in the main scanning direction and discharging liquid from the discharge head; setting processing in which the discharge head moves to a starting position of the recording processing for a subsequent pass following the one pass by changing a moving direction of the discharge head at a standstill position; and conveyance processing in which the recording medium is conveyed in the sub-scanning direction.

Abstract: A printing device for printing on a label sheet includes a first print head to perform printing on a first side of a label sheet being conveyed along a conveyance path. The label sheet is interposed between the first print head and a first roller. A second print head is upstream of the first print head and performs printing on a second side of the label sheet. A second roller is adjacent the second print head across the conveyance path. A cutter is downstream of the first print head to cut off a first portion of the label sheet. A processor is configured to cause the label sheet to be conveyed in a second direction after the first portion is cut off from the sheet so that the cut end of the sheet reaches the first print head.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rotating mechanism for annular pattern stamping and stamping machine thereof. The rotating mechanism comprises a base (4), a rotating unit (5) rotatably disposed on the base, an operating unit (6) detachably disposed on the rotating unit; wherein, a clamping space is defined between the rotating unit and the operating unit for clamping a stamping carrier; the operating unit is capable of rotating together with the rotating unit and the stamping carrier in the clamping space relative to the base. Compared with the manual mode, the rotating mechanism for annular pattern stamping of the present invention can realize the automatic rotation of the stamping carrier by the operating unit, so it is convenient to operate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for coating a surface of an object, in particular a narrow side of a plate-shaped workpiece. The device and method can be used, for example, in the field of the furniture and components industry.

Abstract: Provided is an aqueous ink for ink jet capable of recording an image, which has abrasion resistance required in a commercial printing field and an industrial printing field and which is suppressed from being changed in glossy feeling when recorded matters are loaded and their recorded surfaces are rubbed against each other. The aqueous ink for ink jet includes a wax, (i) a nonionic dispersant for dispersing the wax and (ii) an anionic dispersant for dispersing the wax. The nonionic dispersant is a compound represented by the general formula (1) and has a HLB value of 9.0 or more to 18.0 or less. The anionic dispersant is a compound having at least one kind of anionic group selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonic acid group; a carboxylic acid group; and a phosphoric acid group.

Abstract: The invention provides apparatus for printing a three-dimensional structure, such as, but not limited to, a games console and to a method of sublimation printing. The apparatus comprises a tray having at least one mounting location for receiving a jig. The jig is configured to form a rigid frame or body for an article. The jig is formed from a material capable of withstanding the temperature of a sublimation print process without substantial deformation or distortion. The jig is configured to mate with the article so as to retain the shape of the article during the sublimation print process and the jig is removably mountable to the mounting location of the tray.

Abstract: An information medium includes: a base body, which has a surface that is printable at least in sections with a printing layer for displaying information. An adhesion-promoting layer is arranged on at least some sections of the surface. In an embodiment, the base body is inorganic. In an embodiment, the adhesion-promoting layer includes a molecular compound with a first functional group for binding to the surface and a second functional group for binding to the printing layer.

Abstract: There are provided a washout processor and a washing method that prevent solid contents from being attached to a developed flexographic printing plate precursor again.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sticker, and/or to an insert for a book. The sticker of the present invention is suitable for inserting into a loop-bound book, and comprises: (i) a detachable coupling means (preferably elongate such as a finger portion), which can be (i.e. which is capable of being) detachably coupled to the binding of a loop-bound book; and (ii) a sticky body for attachment to a material, in particular for attachment to a sheet material and/or to a generally planar material, such as a piece (e.g. sheet) of paper or a plastic sheet; and wherein the sticker is capable of functioning as an attachment for attaching the material to the loop binding of the book.

Abstract: A trifold organizer includes a front page that includes a cover surface and a front page inner surface; a back page that includes a back surface and a back page inner surface; an inner page between the front page and the back page, the inner page comprises a inner page front surface and a back inner page surface; a power supply mounted to the back inner page surface; a light in electrical communication with the power supply; and a charging port in electrical communication with the power supply.

Abstract: A foldable clipboard includes at least three support panels that each have an upper surface. At least one of the support panels includes a set of apertures operable to receive an attachment feature. At least one hinge pivotably couples each adjacent set of support panels. The clipboard is capable of transitioning between a folded configuration and an unfolded configuration via the at least one hinge pivotably coupling each adjacent set of support panels. The upper surfaces of each of the at least three support panels form a combined upper surface having a substantially constant and consistent thickness that provided a writing surface when the clipboard is in the unfolded configuration.

Abstract: A transfer film (1), in particular for decorating casing components for motor vehicles or domestic appliances, including a carrier ply (3) with at least one carrier layer (31) and a transfer ply (2) arranged on the carrier ply (3), wherein the transfer ply (2) has a protective layer composite (21) having a first protective layer (5) and at least one receiving layer (4) for coating the transfer ply (2) in a coatable region (41) with at least one coating (6), wherein the at least one receiving layer (4) is arranged on the first protective layer (5) and wherein the at least one receiving layer (4) is arranged against a first surface of the transfer ply (2) facing towards the carrier ply (3). A a method for producing a transfer film, as well as a component and a method for the production thereof using a transfer film.

Abstract: A laminate with a decorative layer over an electrical functional layer such as a touch sensor panel, which provides for example a touchpad functionality, as well as a production method for it. It is possible for the first time to perform an individualization of prefabricated laminates with functionality such as touch functionality of a touch sensor in an uncomplicated manner. This is achieved by supplementing a functional laminate with a laser protective layer between the electrical functional layer and a decorative layer which can be lasered and written on with simple measures.

Abstract: A detachable board includes a body, a filling foam, and mounting patches. The body includes a recessed area on the back of the body made by stamping process. The filling foam forms mounting slots with an inner wall and corners of the recessed area rim. During installation, the filling foam and the mounting patches are snuggly fitted in the recessed area. The mounting patch comprises a release film layer, an adhesive layer, and a substrate layer. The substrate layer is in contact with the body of the detachable board, and the adhesive layer is pasted onto a fixed surface for mounting the detachable board onto the fixed surface.

Abstract: A chalk box may include a housing having an aperture, a reel assembly enclosed within the housing, a string having a first end operably coupled to an end hook and configured to extend from the housing through the aperture and having a second end configured to be wound on the reel assembly, a chalk reservoir in which the string is retained or through which the string passes prior to extending out of the aperture, and a seating assembly configured to extend around at least fifty percent of the length or volume of the end hook when the string is fully withdrawn into the housing.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vehicle wheel includes: a casting process of manufacturing the wheel in a one-piece body having a forming end and a temporary flange protruding at inner and outer sides of the wheel, respectively, wherein the one-piece body further includes a resonance chamber forming groove; a primary shape machining process of forming a stepped part at an outer circumferential side of the resonance chamber forming groove; a flow forming process of bending the forming end to be seated on the stepped part; a friction stir welding process of integrally bonding a portion where the forming end and the stepped part are in close contact with each other; a fine machining process of removing the temporary flange; and a sound-absorbing hole machining process of forming a sound-absorbing hole for communicating between the resonance chamber and an interior space of a tire in the forming end.

Abstract: A removable wheel cover includes a disc and a shaft assembly. The shaft assembly is attached to the disc. The shaft assembly includes a splined shaft, a piston, a piston spring, a push button mechanism, and an internal shaft. The piston forms an opening in which the internal shaft extends and moves therein. An exterior walled structure of the push button mechanism surrounds at least a portion of the walled structure of the piston. A walled structure of the splined shaft surrounds at least a portion of the exterior walled structure of the push button mechanism. The piston spring biases the piston in a direction away from a top surface of the push button mechanism. The push button mechanism moves to assist in unlocking the removable wheel cover indirectly or directly from a wheel.

Abstract: A removable wheel cover includes a disc and a shaft assembly. The shaft assembly is attached to the disc. The shaft assembly includes an outer shaft, a contact ring spring, a push button mechanism, and a contact ring. The outer shaft includes a walled structure. The push button mechanism further includes a body including a top surface. The walled structure of the outer shaft surrounds at least a portion of the body of the push button mechanism. The contact ring spring biases the contact ring in a direction away from the top surface of the push button mechanism. The contact ring spring further biases the push button mechanism in a direction opposite of the contact ring. The push button mechanism moves to assist in unlocking the removable wheel cover and a wheel.

Abstract: Provided is a wheel assembly device. The wheel assembly device includes a connection base, a wheel assembly that is deployable, and a positioning assembly configured to position the wheel assembly. The wheel assembly is movably connected to the connection base and switchable between a deployed position and a storage position. The connection base has a positioning space. The wheel assembly is configured to rotate to an interior of the positioning space when the wheel assembly is at the deployed position, and rotate to an exterior of the positioning space when the wheel assembly is at the storage position. The positioning assembly includes a first positioning member configured to cooperate with the positioning space to position the wheel assembly at the deployed position and a second positioning member configured to cooperate with the first positioning member to position the wheel assembly at the storage position.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a wheel assembly structure and a child activity center. The wheel assembly structure includes a connection base and a wheel assembly that is deployable. The wheel assembly is pivotally connected to the connection base. The wheel assembly has a deployment state and a storage state. An adjustment mechanism is provided between the connection base and the wheel assembly. The adjustment mechanism is configured to switch the wheel assembly into the storage state from the deployment state. When the wheel assembly is in the deployment state, the wheel assembly is deployed to a first position to move the connection base. When the wheel assembly is in the storage state, the wheel assembly is stored to a second position to stably place the connection base. The wheel assembly structure has a simple overall structure, which facilitates production and lowers production costs.

Abstract: Provided is a tire in which cracks do not occur in the tire inner member during high-speed running and the occurrence of tire air leakage and detachment of electronic component mounting members is suppressed. A tire in which an electronic component mounting member for a built-in electronic component is mounted on the surface of a tire inner member, wherein the electronic component mounting member has an electronic component storage portion for storing an electronic component and a joint portion equipped with a joint surface for mounting the electronic component mounting member on the surface of the tire inner member, and the acetone extraction weight AEr (mass %) of the electronic component mounting member and the acetone extraction weight AEi (mass %) of the tire inner member satisfy (formula 1).

Abstract: A flat spot-proof tire, and a vehicle. The flat spot-proof tire comprises a tread, a cap ply, a belt ply and a carcass. The rubber hardness of the tread is 68-78 Shore A. The cap ply is formed by nylon cords having linear density of 90-140 pieces per 100 mm. The belt ply is formed by steel cords, which comprise HT steel wires and/or SHT steel wires. The carcass is formed by polyester cords having linear density of 100-120 pieces per 100 mm. The flat spot-proof tire and the vehicle use suitable industrial rubber and polyester fiber material, have a specific size design and undergo an optimized inflation process after vulcanization such that the long-term flat spot effects of the tire can be mitigated, and the jitter of the vehicle during high-speed traveling can be reduced.

Abstract: A tire includes a tread. The tread can include a cap portion and a base portion. The cap portion can include an outer cap portion on an outer side in a width direction of a vehicle when the tire is mounted to the vehicle, and an inner cap portion on an inner side in the width direction of the vehicle when the tire is mounted to the vehicle. A 300% modulus of the inner cap portion can be not less than 5.0 MPa. A 300% modulus of the outer cap portion can be higher than the 300% modulus of the inner cap portion, and can be not greater than 9.0 MPa. A first shoulder land portion can include a boundary between the outer cap portion and the inner cap portion.

Abstract: A tire according to this disclosure includes a rib-like or block-like land portion in contact with a road surface. The land portion includes a plurality of sipes. The end portion of the sipe positioned on the earlier contact side in contact with the road surface earlier as the tire rotates is opened to the side wall of the land portion. The end portion of the sipe positioned on the later contact side in contact with the road surface lately as the tire rotates terminates in the land portion.

Abstract: Segmented tires employ segments featuring cooperating recesses and protrusions at opposing sides thereof for mating of the segments with one another in the assembled tire body. Cleated tires with embedded cleats of greater rigidity than the tire body material provide improved traction in muddy or other slippery conditions while the compressible tire body smooths out the ride harshness of the tire. Mounting elements are also embedded within the segments of the tire body for secure mounting and reliable retention of the segments.

Abstract: A tire including plural large pattern areas disposed along a tire circumferential direction on a tire side section, each formed by recesses and protrusions, and partitioned by spaces that are smooth surfaces. The large pattern areas are each configured including a first pattern area and a second pattern area that is disposed adjacent to the first pattern area and that has a higher luminance than the first pattern area.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire (1) includes: a tread portion (2) including a land portion (24) divided by a plurality of main grooves (22) formed on a tread surface (21); an inner liner (7) constituting a tire inner surface (7A) on an inner side of the tread portion (2); and a mount member (10) which is provided on the tire inner surface (7A), and to which electric equipment can be attached. In the pneumatic tire (1), Complex elastic modulus E*1 of a rubber composition constituting the mount member (10) is larger than complex elastic modulus E*2 of a rubber composition constituting the inner liner (7).

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire including: a tread portion that extends in a tire circumferential direction and forms an annular shape; a pair of sidewall portions disposed on both sides of the tread portion; and a pair of bead portions disposed on an inner side in a tire radial direction of the sidewall portions, wherein an anti-insect layer having extermination characteristics or repellent characteristics with respect to insect pests is provided on an innermost surface of the pneumatic tire, or a repellent layer having repellent or extermination characteristics with respect to insect pests or small animals is provided on an outer surface of the pneumatic tire.

Abstract: A tire comprises a working reinforcement (16) comprising at least one working layer and a hoop reinforcement (17) arranged radially outside the working reinforcement (16). The tire (10) comprises an electrically conductive element (80) arranged so as to ensure electrical conductivity between a mounting support for the tire (10) and the crown (12) by means of the conductive element (80), the crown (12) being arranged so as to ensure electrical conductivity from the electrically conductive element (80) to the tread surface (13) radially through or by means of the hoop reinforcement (17) and by means of the tread (20). At least one so-called interposed portion (801) of the electrically conductive element (80) is arranged radially between the working layer (18) and the hoop reinforcement (17).

Abstract: An aerodynamic system comprising a torsion tube, a first rotatory coupling coupled to the torsion tube and adapted to mount to a first wheel hub, a second rotary coupling coupled to the torsion tube distal from the first rotary coupling and adapted to mount to a second wheel hub, and a non-rotating fairing panel mounted to the torsion tube.

Abstract: In one aspect, a tire monitoring apparatus having a circuit board, battery, and valve body intermediate the circuit board and the battery. The valve body has an attachment end portion for connecting to a valve stem of a tire, a filling end portion, and an internal passageway to permit air to travel from the filling end portion to the attachment end portion. The circuit board has a sensor configured to detect a variable of air traveling in the internal passageway of the valve body and communication circuitry of the circuit board operable to wirelessly communicate data associated with the variable of the air. The tire monitoring apparatus further includes a support permanently encapsulating the circuit board and battery about the valve body. The support includes a structural member molded onto the valve body and an embedding member securing the circuit board and the battery to the structural member.

Abstract: A tire assembly includes a tire for mounting on a vehicle, an elastic body disposed on an inner side of the tire, and a power generation body disposed between an inner surface of the tire and the elastic body. The power generation body includes a first member and a second member. The first member has a first insulating film forming a first surface. The second member has a second insulating film forming a second surface that faces the first surface and contacts the first surface. The elastic body biases the power generation body toward the inner surface of the tire.

Abstract: A storage tank for storing compressed fluid supplied from a source, comprising: an single piece elongate extruded body having an upper surface, a lower surface and side walls connecting the upper surface and the lower surface and at least one support member extending between the upper surface and the lower surface to define a plurality of storage chambers within the elongate body; and a pair of end caps mounted to an end of the elongate body to provide communication between the plurality of storage chambers, each end cap having a plurality of sockets formed thereon, at least one of which is connectable to the source for receiving the compressed fluid for storage within the plurality of storage chambers.

Abstract: A mobility scooter towing system and method for towing a rollator by a mobility scooter includes a tether. The tether includes a first end and a second end. The first end is secured to a mobility scooter and a coupler is attached to the second end of the tether. The coupler releasably engages with a frame of a rollator. The mobility scooter pulls the rollator using the tether.

Abstract: A tow hook assembly is detachably mounted to a frame member of a vehicle. The tow hook assembly includes a housing and a tow hook. The housing has a front wall with a front surface and an aperture formed in the front wall. The tow hook at least partially extends through the aperture and is movable between an extended position and a retracted position, in the extend position the tow hook extends farther outward from the housing than in the retracted position. The tow hook is configured to move from the extended position to the retracted position upon application of a force exceeding a first threshold. The housing is configured to disengage from the frame member upon an application of a force exceeding a second threshold greater than the first threshold.

Abstract: A cable system for a truck trailer with connectors having a main power connection, a ground connection, and one, two, or more communication cable connections. Connectors include at least a power and ground connection for electrically connecting an individual trailer to the cable system. A master control circuit may be included in the trailer nosebox, and the master control circuit configured to send commands to slave control circuits mounted within the connectors. The slave control circuits in the connectors are configured to receive a control command sent by the master control circuit that may include an address, mode identifiers, or other indications of which connectors in the cable system should take action, and what actions should be taken.

Abstract: Thin, Narrow vehicles have a single front seat, the driver seat, and as a result are at least 25% narrower than current four-wheel vehicles that have two front seats. Narrow vehicles, comprise a non-adjustable width that is less than fifty-eight inches, a driver seat only in the front, and two seats in each back row. As a result of the reduced width and reduced weight of narrow four or more-wheel highway vehicles, the vehicle performance increases, and production costs, traffic congestions, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions are reduced relative to a four-wheel highway vehicle. Because of their reduced width, narrow vehicles allow for lateral room to incorporate two or four jet engines or propellers on the lateral sides, and to increase the wingspan of wings that extend and retract laterally from the roof and/or the floor and/or the trunk, to create aircraft vehicles.

Abstract: A suspension arm includes a main body. The main body includes a curved portion curved along a longitudinal direction and has a closed section. The main body includes an inner side wall, an outer side wall, a first side wall, and a second side wall. The inner side wall corresponds to an inner side of a curve of the curved portion. The outer side wall corresponds to an outer side of the curve of the curved portion. A thickness of the inner side wall is larger than a thickness of the outer side wall. In sectional view of the main body perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, each of a length of the first side wall and a length of the second side wall is longer than each of a length of the inner side wall and a length of the outer side wall.

Abstract: A load introduction element (3) for a chassis component (1) of a chassis, having a receiving opening (5) for receiving a joint arrangement (6) and a spline (8) with teeth (9A, 9B) extending substantially axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the load introduction element (3), The load introduction element (3) is made from a fiber-reinforced plastic semifinished product, and has flat blanks (13, 14, 15) of the plastic semifinished product which are arranged one above the other in layers in an assembly direction (AR) and form a base body (11) of the load introduction element (3), wherein the blanks (13, 14, 15) of the base body (11) have at least two different geometries with different preferential fiber directions (20, 21).

Abstract: A bump stopper can be provided for a vehicle. The bump stopper includes an upper part, a lower part, and a connection member. The upper part and the lower part are stacked vertically and have double density. The connection member is positioned at an interface between the upper part and the lower part to connect the upper part and the lower part.