Abstract: Virtual and augmented reality devices and methods are provided for measuring and controlling an electrical activity of the brain, including for manipulation of cortico-hippocampal rhythms to treat neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Abstract: Aspects of embodiments pertain to systems configured to perform neuromonitoring data analysis, by employing the following: receiving patient data comprising data that are descriptive of at least one physical stimulus applied to a mammalian subject for responsively generating at least one signal in a plurality of neural structures of the subject's nervous system; and sensor data descriptive of at least one neurophysiological response signal generated in response the applied physical stimulus. The systems are further configured to determine, based on the received patient data descriptive of the at least one physical stimulus and the generated response signal, at least one characteristic with respect to at least one of the plurality of neural structures of the patient.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring intracranial dynamics comprises the at least one sensing device (100): an electroencephalo-graphic electrode arrangement, which senses direct-current electroencephalographic signals from the brain, an optic measurement Marrangement (120), which directs optic radiation toward the brain through the cranium, and receives the optic radiation reflected and/or scattered therefrom, and/or a capacitive sensor arrangement (130), which senses electric potential signals of the head. The apparatus additionally comprises a data processing arrangement (150), which receives electric signals from the at least one sensing device (100), and determine data on at least one of the following dynamics: glymphatic activity, water within the cranium, brain tissue movements, water and/or electrolyte movements and intracranial pressure based on said electric signals from the at least one sensing device (100).

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system includes accessing neurophysiological and neurovascular data recorded during sleep. A device mounted on a subject's head during sleep can gather neurovascular data by measuring transcranial impedance. The device can be in the form of a single band, multiple bands, or a headcap that are worn on the subject's head. Electrodes located along an inner surface of the wearable device contact the subject's head and measure transcranial impedance. Transcranial impedance measurements are gathered from multiple locations on the subject's head and over multiple frequencies to obtain a more complete assessment of glymphatic flow.

Abstract: It consists of a system for palpation of the rectal face of the prostate that transforms the information collected into objective, reproducible and useful information. The system makes it possible to identify areas of high rigidity reaching the entire peripheral area, transforming a diagnostic maneuver for prostate cancer into an objective one, which until now has been subjective and unreliable. All this in a short space of time, carried out in a less aggressive and more objective way than rectal examination. The device consists of a manual electronic instrument with a handle (1) and a scanning rod (3), which includes at least two concentric force/pressure sensors of different heights, as well as an ultrasonic imaging system which, through means of connection to external devices for analysis/control, allows the data obtained to be analyzed and the anatomy of the prostate being analyzed to be visualized in real time.

Abstract: An electronic device called HELU (Hawaiian for tally) which can monitor medical body metrics and quantify/measure sexual performance as a number of strokes and pressure achieved as data for analyzing erectile dysfunction. The device can measure body metrics during sexual activity and at rest. The measurement data can be monitored, recorded and displayed, and analyzed/compared for a predetermined set of body metrics such as heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, calories burned, the tally and of strokes, and the pressure achieved during activity or at rest. The HELU communicates wirelessly to personal communication devices—smart phones, tablets, laptops, and personal computers. Analysis is supported by graphs displaying the data of body metrics and erectile dysfunction data. The data can be evaluated and considered for medical analysis, for physical status, for progress toward goals, and for games, competitive contests, and for personal amusement.

Abstract: According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for evaluating skin of a subject. The apparatus comprises a processing unit configured to receive one or more images of the skin of the subject from an imaging unit, wherein the imaging unit is arranged to obtain images of the skin of the subject; process the one or more images to determine a skin type and/or a melanin index of the skin of the subject based on one or more characteristics of a structure of a pigment network of the skin; and output a first signal indicating the determined skin type and/or melanin index.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device and a method for measuring skin changes caused by blue light. A device for measuring skin changes caused by blue light according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: at least one light source for irradiating light of a blue light band at different light amounts to a plurality of test areas set on a skin area to be tested; and a control unit for detecting a minimum pigmentation point among the test areas and calculating a light amount of the corresponding test area as a minimum pigmentation dose (MPD) for blue light. In addition, the present invention relates to a blue light irradiation device for irradiating a plurality of blue light beams in order to measure skin changes caused by blue light.

Abstract: A method of operation of a compute system includes: generating a skin segmentation including a non-skin region and a skin prediction based on a patient image; generating a body part segmentation based on the patient image; generating a cropped image based on the skin segmentation and the body part segmentation with the cropped image includes the non-skin region based on the skin prediction; generating a lesion segmentation based on the cropped image and the skin prediction; generating intermediate scores for erythema, induration, desquamation for the cropped image; and generating a full body severity score based on the lesion segmentation and the intermediate scores for displaying on a device to assist in diagnosis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wearable pressure ulcer detection sensor, and the wearable pressure ulcer detection sensor according to the present invention includes a pressure sensor measuring pressure based on a change in capacitance caused by physical force, a temperature sensor measuring temperature based on a change in electrical conductivity due to electron hopping, and an impedance sensor including two electrodes spaced apart from each other and in contact with skin.

Abstract: A device includes a handle, an expandable structure including a plurality of splines extending from a proximal hub to a distal hub, a first electrode on a first spline of the plurality of splines, an outer tube extending from the handle to the proximal hub, and a shaft extending through the outer tube from the handle to the distal hub. The expandable structure has a collapsed state and a self-expanded state. The handle is configured to retract the shaft. Retracting the shaft may expand the expandable structure outward of the self-expanded state.

Abstract: Example inventions treat a headache by affixing a patch externally on a dermis of a user on a head of the user adjacent to one or more targeted nerves, the patch comprising a flexible substrate, a processor directly coupled to the substrate, and electrodes directly coupled to the substrate. Example inventions activate the patch to initiate a treatment session, the activating comprising generating electrical stimuli to the targeted nerves via the electrodes.

Abstract: The present disclosure, in some embodiments, relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to perform operations, including accessing an imaging data set having one or more radiological images of a patient having Crohn's disease, the one or more radiological images including one or more intestinal strictures; identifying a plurality of determinative features from within the one or more intestinal strictures in the one or more radiological images, the plurality of determinative features being associated with one or more pathological features used to identify inflammation or fibrosis within an intestinal stricture; and applying a machine learning model to the plurality of determinative features to identify an extent of inflammation or fibrosis within the one or more intestinal strictures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a computer device and a computer-implemented method to quantify the extent of functional coronary artery disease. In addition, the invention provides a computer device for determining the functional pattern of coronary disease in a mammal. It is shown that a mismatch in the extent of CAD between anatomical and physiological evaluations is predictable for an improvement in epicardial conductance with percutaneous revascularization. More particularly the invention provides methods to select a mammal suffering from coronary disease to benefit from a percutaneous coronary intervention.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for predicting treatment response to glutamate modulating agents, selecting treatment comprising glutamate modulating agents, for, and treating subjects with glutamate modulating agents, in subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Abstract: A method and a device of detecting a living tissue element and a wearable apparatus are provided. The method includes: irradiating a detection region with incident light, where the incident light passes through the detection region to form exit light exited from at least one exit position; obtaining a light intensity value corresponding to each beam of the exit light acquired by M photosensitive surfaces, to obtain T output light intensities, where each output light intensity is obtained by processing the light intensity value of the exit light acquired by one or more photosensitive surfaces, and each photosensitive surface is used to acquire the light intensity value of the exit light exited from the exit position within a predetermined anti-jitter range corresponding to the photosensitive surface, 1?T?M; and determining a concentration of at least one detected tissue element according to at least one output light intensity.

Abstract: An optical sensing module suitable for wearable devices, the optical sensing module comprising: a silicon or silicon nitride transmitter photonic integrated circuit (PIC), the transmitter PIC comprising: a plurality of lasers, each laser of the plurality of lasers operating at a wavelength that is different from the wavelength of the others; an optical manipulation region, the optical manipulation region comprising one or more of: an optical modulator, optical multiplexer (MUX); and additional optical manipulation elements; and one or more optical outputs for light originating from the plurality of lasers.

Abstract: There is provided a textile including a strain sensing portion integrally knitted therein and including groups of courses of yarn, each group including a first course of conductive yarn, a second course of dielectric yarn, and a third course of conductive yarn, each course including a plurality of knitted loops. The second course is arranged in between the first and third courses and configured to have a higher elasticity than the first and third courses such that when the strain sensing portion is at a relaxed state, corresponding knitted loops of the first and third courses are caused by a corresponding knitted loop of the second course to contact each other, and when the strain sensing portion is at a stretched state, corresponding knitted loops of the first and third courses are caused by a corresponding knitted loop of the second course to be not in contact with each other.

Abstract: A portable electronic device is proposed, configured for positioning on a user's wrist, for performing an electrocardiogram. The device includes exactly two ECG electrodes, the potential being imposed on one of the two ECG electrodes. The two electrodes consist of a first ECG electrode at the case back and configured to be in contact with the skin of the wrist, and a second ECG electrode.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and system includes a head-mounted wearable device with two current electrodes that provide input alternating currents over a range of frequencies to a subject during at least one intervention. The head-mounted wearable device includes at least two sense electrodes that collect voltage difference measurements in response to the input alternating currents. A measurement validation module applies a Hilbert transform or a Kramer-Kronig test to the voltage difference measurements to generate validated time-series impedance spectra. A cranial fluid dynamics module fits the validated time-series impedance spectra to an electrical circuit model to determine a glymphatic flow response to the at least one intervention.

Abstract: The disclosed method may include driving a reference signal into a body and detecting, in response to the reference signal, a plurality of biosignal measurements using at least one electrode of a biosensing device. The method may further include determining, based on the plurality of biosignal measurements, a relative location of the at least one electrode with respect to the body, and providing feedback based on the relative location of the at least one electrode. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: A medical device system that can include a medical device configured to sense data associated with the subject or receive control input, an external device communicably coupled to the medical device, a storage medium communicably coupled to the external device, and one or more communications interfaces between the medical device, the external device, and the storage medium or components thereof, wherein the one or more communications interfaces comprise an encryption protocol.

Abstract: A catheter control system may include a containment structure, a sensor coupled to the containment structure, and a plurality of actuators coupled to the containment structure. The containment structure may define a lumen configured to allow a fluid to flow therethrough, and a plurality of openings in fluid communication with the lumen. The sensor may be configured to detect a current position and/or orientation of the containment structure. Each of the actuators may be associated with at least one respective opening of the plurality of openings and configured to regulate fluid flow through the at least one respective opening.

Abstract: An implantable apparatus for physiological measurement in a host organism has an implantable sample chamber having a measurement port and live cells that are treated to fluoresce in response to light having an excitation wavelength. An optical sensor housing implanted within the host organism has a window to convey excitation light output and receive fluorescent light; a coupling that couples the measurement port of the sample chamber to the window; an optical chamber partitioned into an excitation sub-chamber and a detection sub-chamber, wherein both sub-chambers are in optical communication with the window; an excitation source energizable to direct excitation light through the excitation sub-chamber and to the window; and a detector in the path of fluorescent light received from the live cells. A signal processing apparatus is energizable to acquire and process a detector signal and to transmit a processed signal that is indicative of fluorescent light energy.

Abstract: A device for measuring at least one periodic vital signal from an individual, intended to be attached to a safety apparatus of a vehicle so as to be arranged between the individual and the apparatus, the device comprising: a vibration sensor comprising: a stack of layers and including an active layer made of piezoelectric material and two contact electrodes arranged on at least one face of the active layer, a flexible support layer including a printed circuit comprising two electrical terminals, the support layer being intended to be arranged on the individual, an electrical connection layer, arranged between the stack of layers and the support layer, for connecting each contact electrode to an electrical terminal, an acoustic attenuation member intended to be arranged between the safety apparatus and the vibration sensor, the member being integral with the support layer and arranged above and spaced apart from the stack of layers.

Abstract: A coupled physiological signal measuring device is provided. The coupled physiological signal measuring device includes at least two measuring electrodes, a signal processing unit and a multiplex feedback circuit unit. The measuring electrodes are used to obtain a real-time physiological signal through measurement. The signal processing unit includes a discharge control element. If an electrostatic surge of the real-time physiological signal meets a condition, a discharge control signal is outputted. The multiplex feedback circuit unit is used to discharge the measuring electrodes according to the discharge control signal.

Abstract: A method and a device of measuring tissue element and a wearable apparatus are provided. The method includes: irradiating a measurement region with incident light having multiple predetermined wavelengths, where each beam of the incident light passes through the measurement region to form exit light exited from at least one exit position; obtaining a light intensity value corresponding to each beam of the exit light acquired by M photosensitive surfaces, to obtain T output light intensities each obtained by processing the light intensity value of the exit light acquired by one or more photosensitive surfaces, and each photosensitive surface is used to acquire the light intensity value of the exit light exited from the exit position within a predetermined anti-jitter range corresponding to the photosensitive surface, 1?T?M; and determining a concentration of a measured tissue element according to at least one output light intensity corresponding to the predetermined wavelengths.

Abstract: This relates to methods for measuring irregularities in a signal and corresponding devices. The devices can include a PPG sensor unit configured to detect multiple occurrences of a given event in the measured signal(s) over a sampling interval. In some instances, the device can register the occurrences of the events. In some examples, the device can include one or more motion sensors configured to detect whether the device is in a low-motion state. The device may delay initiating measurements when the device is not in a low-motion state to enhance measurement accuracy. Examples of the disclosure further include resetting the sample procedure based on one or more factors such as the number of non-qualifying measurements. In some examples, the device can be configured to perform both primary and secondary measurements, where the primary measurements can include readings using a set of operating conditions different from the secondary measurements.

Abstract: An apparatus senses foot conditions of temperature at locations on the plantar and dorsal sides of the foot, and applies computerized processes to provide early detection of foot ulcers and/or vascularization issues, such as artery degradation in the foot.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and techniques for determining a physiological state of interest of a subject without direct reference to analytes of the subject. Light is directed at a body part of a subject such that the light passes through or is reflected by blood and interstitial fluid of the body part. The light is incident on the body part comprises a range of wavelengths from at least one of the near infrared and visible spectra. A spectrum of the light is measured after the light has one or both of passed through and been reflected by the body part, and the spectrum comprises the range of wavelengths. Determining whether the subject is in the physiological state of interest involves using a trained machine learning model to process the measured spectrum. This machine learning model is trained with reference spectra representative of the physiological state of interest.

Abstract: A measurement device that includes a detection unit that detects a gait event from time-series data of sensor data related to motion of a foot, and a measurement unit that performs a measurement of lower limbs by using the sensor data for a prescribed period with a timing of the gait event as a start point, based on a geometric model on which a constraint condition related to motion of the lower limbs is imposed.

Abstract: A system using combined electrocardiography (EKG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) sensing to assess intra-arterial fluid volume is described. The system uses averaging of similar pulses based on prior (n?1; n minus 1) R-to-R pulse wave duration, and prior-prior (n?2; n minus 2) R-to-R pulse wave duration, to determine a patient's fluid status and whether it is below or above optimal intravascular hydration.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a computed tomography (CT) image of an object includes establishing a narrow-spectrum high-energy bin and other bins with wider-spectrum and lower-energies and acquiring a first dataset using the narrow-spectrum high-energy bin. The method also includes acquiring second or more datasets using the wide-spectrum, low-energy bins, reducing data attributable to scatter from the second or more datasets using the first dataset to create reduced-scatter datasets, and reconstructing CT images of the object from the reduced-scatter datasets.

Abstract: A radiation treatment system includes a radiation delivery system including a rotatable gantry that is coupled to a static portion of the radiation treatment system and a radiation source that directs treatment radiation to a target volume and is mounted on the rotatable gantry for rotation about the target volume. The radiation treatment system further includes a computed tomography (CT) imaging system that generates portions of a CT scan of a region of patient anatomy that includes the target volume, wherein the CT imaging system includes an arcuate array of x-ray detectors, and an array of x-ray sources positioned around the target volume, wherein each x-ray source in the array of x-ray sources is oriented to direct imaging x-rays towards a different portion of the arcuate array of x-ray detectors.

Abstract: An X-ray CT apparatus according to an embodiment includes a photon-counting X-ray detector including a plurality of pixels and processing circuitry configured to acquire first data in a resolution priority mode from a first pixel set out of the pixels, acquire second data in an energy decomposition mode from a second pixel set, which is different from the first pixel set, out of the pixels at sampling intervals longer than those of the resolution priority mode, and generate third data based on the first data and the second data.

Abstract: Computer-implemented enhanced invasive imaging methods, systems, and computer-readable media are described.

Abstract: An eye mask apparatus for protecting a patient's eyes while being secured around the patient's head during panoramic dental radiography, the apparatus comprising an elongated lead vinyl sheet having a first end and a second end, wherein said first and second ends have attachment devices to releasably secure said two ends together. The elongated lead vinyl sheet is adapted to be secured around the patient's head at eye level. The elongated lead vinyl sheet is further adapted to cover a slice of the patient's head that is confined between two planes, the two planes being parallel to a transverse plane of the patient's head at eye level. Therefore, the eye mask apparatus protects the slice of the patient's head and the patient's eyes from x-ray radiation during the panoramic dental radiography. The lead vinyl sheet is placed over the patient's eyes prior to radiography.

Abstract: A radiation shield is adapted to be disposed transversely across a subject supported on the surface of a procedure table to protect medical professionals working in front of the radiation shield from radiation being applied to the subject behind the radiation shield. The radiation shield includes a movable barrier positional to extend transversely across a subject supported on the surface of a procedure table. The barrier has a generally vertically-oriented lower section; a generally forwardly sloping intermediate section; and a generally vertically-oriented upper section, forwardly offset from the plane of the lower section. A side section extends outwardly and rearwardly from one side of the lower, intermediate, and upper sections of the barrier.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of reducing scatter in an X-ray projection image of an object comprises: generating an initial X-ray projection image with an imaging beam and an X-ray detector; based on a first position in a detector array of the X-ray detector, selecting a first kernel for convolution of a first portion of the initial projection image, wherein the first position corresponds to the first portion of the initial projection image; based on a second position in the detector array of the X-ray detector, selecting a second kernel for convolution of a second portion of the initial projection image, wherein the second position corresponds to the second portion of the initial projection image; convolving the first portion with the first kernel and the second portion with the second kernel to generate a scatter component of the initial X-ray projection image; and generating a corrected X-ray projection image by removing the scatter component from the initial X-ray projection image.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of reducing scatter in an X-ray projection image of an object, the method comprising: generating an initial X-ray projection image of an object with an imaging beam produced by an imaging system; based on a first transmission indicator for the object and on a second transmission indicator for at least one element of the imaging system, selecting a kernel for convolution of the initial projection image; convolving the initial X-ray projection image with the kernel to generate a scatter component of the initial X-ray projection image; and generating a corrected X-ray projection image by removing the scatter component from the initial X-ray projection image.

Abstract: Provided are a PCCT apparatus and a control method of the same capable of detecting an abnormality occurring in a photon counting type detector. There is provided a PCCT apparatus including a photon counting type detector that counts X-ray photons, the PCCT apparatus including: a spectrum generation unit that generates a spectrum which is a distribution of photon counts for each energy bin; a calculation unit that calculates a photon count change rate for each energy bin from a spectrum at a first time and a spectrum at a second time; and a determination unit that determines presence or absence of an abnormality in the photon counting type detector based on the photon count change rate.

Abstract: A method and corresponding system of identifying coronary artery disease. The method comprises receiving contrast cardiac CT data indicative of a contrast cardiac CT scan carried out on a patient, and analysing the contrast cardiac CT data using machine learning to identify a plurality of seed points in the contrast cardiac CT data expected to correspond to locations in cardiac arteries of the patient. The method also comprises producing data indicative of transverse image slices of the cardiac arteries of the patient using the contrast cardiac CT data and the identified seed points, analysing the transverse image slice data using machine learning to produce inner artery wall data and outer artery wall data indicative of predicted respective inner and outer walls of the coronary arteries of the patient, and identifying presence of coronary artery disease using the predicted inner and/or outer walls of the coronary arteries of the patient.

Abstract: A method for training a medical image performed by a medical image processing apparatus for processing a medical image for a body is provided. The method for training a medical image includes preparing a first input data set including a training chest X-ray image, and a bone enhancement image or a bone extraction image acquired from the training chest X-ray image; preparing a label data for the first input data set including osteoporosis information or bone mineral density information corresponding to the training chest X-ray image; and training an artificial neural network model using the first input data set and the label data.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for providing a 3D image dataset includes identifying an acquisition plan and an acquisition trajectory. The method further includes determining a collimator configuration of a collimation unit for each acquisition positioning, wherein each collimator configuration specifies a spatial arrangement of at least one filter element of the collimation unit such that: X-ray radiation that is emitted by the X-ray source and illuminates a detector row without earlier passing through the volume of interest is filtered, and X-ray radiation that is emitted by the X-ray source and illuminates at least part of a detector row after passing through the volume of interest is transmitted. The method further includes acquiring the X-ray projection images of the object under examination, wherein the collimation unit is adjusted based on the collimator configurations; providing the 3D image dataset by reconstruction from the X-ray projection images.

Abstract: According to one aspect of an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, an imaging device or system, e.g., a mammography imaging system or device, includes a distance and location sensing system on the imaging system/e to provide accurate distance and position information from one or more sensing device(s) constituting the system that measure the elapsed time between the emission of the wave or radiation from the sensing device and the detection of the reflected wave or radiation. Examples of the types of sensing devices include ultrasound sensing devices, MEMS radar devices and time-of-flight (ToF) sensing devices. The distance information can be employed to determine the relative positions to produce a distance map illustrating the position and shape of any objects sensed within the zone by the sensing device(s), to determine the rate of change of the positions, i.e.

Abstract: Provided are a control method of an ultrasound diagnostic apparatus and an ultrasound diagnostic apparatus that enable a user to easily and accurately puncture a blood vessel of a subject.

Abstract: An integrated ultrasonic imaging and ablation system is disclosed. The system comprising an ablation catheter having a longitudinal axis, a proximal end, and a distal end. A micro-electromechanical (MEMS) based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (pMUT) or other ultrasound transducer disposed within the distal end of the ablation catheter. A catheter shaft is connected at one end to a handle assembly and at other end to the MEMS based pMUT array. A first carrier assembly is coupled to the catheter shaft and having a first array of electrodes coupled to a plurality of first carrier arms. A second carrier assembly is coupled to the catheter shaft and having a second array of electrodes coupled to a plurality of second carrier arms.

Abstract: The invention provides an ultrasound patch (710) comprising a first array group (720) comprising a primary transducer array (730) having a first orientation and a second array group (740) comprising at least two secondary transducer arrays (750) each having an orientation different from the first orientation. The second array group is arranged such that the at least two secondary transducer arrays are located at either side of the primary transducer array. The first array group or the second array group may be used to capture preliminary ultrasound data for positioning the ultrasound patch. The primary transducer array and the at least two secondary transducer arrays may comprise CMUTs, and the ultrasound patch may comprise a flip chip connection. Also disclosed are a system and a method for positioning the ultrasound patch on a surface of a subject.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for ultrasound guided optoacoustic monitoring to provide diagnostic information for many clinical applications of blood oxygenation in blood vessels and in tissues including for early diagnosis and management of circulatory shock (including that induced by hemorrhage). In certain embodiments provided herein, methods and apparatus for optoacoustics for measurement of blood oxygenation in the innominate vein are provided. In certain embodiments provided herein, are methods and apparatus for articulating an angle between an ultrasound probe and subject body to identify an optimum position for an optoacoustic probe to measure blood oxygenation in a target blood vessel or tissue.

Abstract: An ultrasound image tracking completeness system includes an ultrasound imaging probe that acquires images during an examination, an imaging probe sensor coupled to the ultrasound imaging probe and that tracks a position and an orientation of the ultrasound imaging probe, and a display to display images acquired by the ultrasound imaging probe. The system also includes a processor programmed to calculate a probe speed threshold at which the ultrasound imaging probe may be moved while acquiring images during the examination, track the position and orientation of the ultrasound imaging probe during the examination by monitoring the imaging probe sensor, determine a movement speed of the ultrasound imaging probe during the examination, and if the movement speed of the ultrasound imaging probe exceeds the probe speed threshold, issue a warning to an operator.