Abstract: A water desalination device, comprising: a body having a lateral wall and defining a cavity for the desalination of water, wherein in said cavity are defined a desalination chamber and a condensation chamber, wherein the condensation chamber comprises a collection portion for desalinated water, a heater, configured to heat the water to desalinate in order to produce a steam, a cooler, configured to determine a condensation of a steam deriving from the heating of the water, wherein the heater comprises a duct within which flows seawater at a first temperature (T1), the cooler comprises a duct within which flows seawater at a second temperature (T2), wherein said water desalination device is configured to maintain a pressure lower with respect to the atmospheric one within said cavity, and is operatively connected with a vacuum pump connected with said cavity, said water desalination device comprising a first supply device configured to supply seawater at said first temperature (T1) into the duct of the heater,

Abstract: Provided is a wastewater purification method, the method including: supplying a first mixed stream, in which an acid component and wastewater including water, a nitrile-based monomer, and ammonia are mixed, to a first column; recovering the nitrile-based monomer from an upper discharge stream from the first column; supplying a second mixed stream, in which a lower discharge stream from the first column and a base component are mixed, to a second column; and recovering the ammonia from an upper discharge stream from the second column and separating purified wastewater.

Abstract: A process of analytically determining the adjusted fill time for a brine tank based on non-adjusted fill time and an analytically derived multiplier factor, in order to compensate for brine saturation. Calculating a non-adjusted fill time as a function of actual salt dose requested; determining a multiplier factor (MF) for the non-adjusted fill time utilizing an empirically generated fill time curve; and calculating the fill time as a product of the non-adjusted fill time and the multiplier factor for a given salt dose, such that a water softener system can be provided with extra water to account for a brine concentration lower than 100% saturated brine.

Abstract: Methods are described for manufacturing ultra-low chloride, polyaluminum sulfate (PAS) coagulants useful for removing suspended colloidal matter and organic carbon in potable water, industrial process water and wastewater. A method of preparing a PAS solution includes forming a basic solution of sodium carbonate and sodium aluminate, adding an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate and the basic solution to water to form a mixture having a pH between about 5 to 7, allowing precipitates of aluminum hydroxide to form in the mixture, and adding an additional aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate in an amount sufficient to dissolve the precipitates of the aluminum hydroxide and to form the PAS solution. The PAS solution has reduced corrosivity compared to other aluminum-based coagulants, and is particularly suitable for drinking water applications. The simplified methods used to produce the PAS coagulant provide a high quality product that is less expensive to produce than current methods.

Abstract: A system for treating wastewater from electronics and semiconductor companies that has at least one reactor tank assembly and at least one wastewater conveyance kit of inflow, outflow, and return flow pipe, valve, and pump assemblies. The at least one reactor tank assembly is interchangeably operable at least one or more of singly, as a series of reactor tank assemblies, and parallel with other reactor tank assemblies. At least one mixer assembly is operationally disposed within the reactor tank assembly and is designed to mix the wastewater in the reactor tank assembly. At least one pH computer-monitored sensor assembly is disposed at least partially within the wastewater flow. At least one or more of acid and caustic from respective storage tanks is used to change the pH of the wastewater until treated and suitable for discharge.

Abstract: A horizontal flow water treatment method and wetland biofilter system with a tubular apparatus and having a chamber with impermeable outer walls spaced away from permeable interior walls of a media filtration bed such that a catch basin is formed therebetween. The catch basin creates an open area around the perimeter of the interior walls for influent water to fill within the open area on all sides before penetrating the filtration media, providing a large surface area for influent water to interact with the media filtration bed. The influent water enters the catch basin in a horizontal flow path to provide for pre-settling of particulates before making contact with the filtration media. The biofilter design increases the available surface area of the media filtration bed by up to four times for a given volume of water, and thereby minimizes the loading or infiltration rate on the media filtration bed.

Abstract: A polymer support of immobilized microorganisms has been shown to be effective in reducing total nitrogen content, removing ammonia, nitrates and nitrites and suitable for the cleaning of wastewater and for the preparation and cleaning of drinking water.

Abstract: The presently claimed invention relates to a process for treating cooling water in open recooling plants, whereby a legionella level of <100 CFU/100 ml, measured according to DIN EN ISO 11731:2019-03, is achieved, characterised in that bacteria are added to the cooling water, whereby no biocides are added to the cooling water, and wherein the bacteria form a biofilm on the surface of the open recooling plant, which has a thickness in the range of 0.001-250 ?m.

Abstract: A biological desalination process to remove salt from seawater using naturally grown algae or cyanobacteria in an attached growth photobioreactor setup. The photobioreactor (PBR) structure can be vertical or horizontal in orientation. Any shape of PBR can provide more light contact to the algae or cyanobacteria for enhanced growth on support media. The reactor can be designed in a way that can get maximum exposure to sunlight. The influent seawater is mixed with nutrients that are essential for the growth of algae or cyanobacteria. The main objective is to remove the salt from the brackish, saline, hypersaline or seawater. The influent seawater can be treated using the attached growth of algae or cyanobacteria, and the effluent from the PBR can be further treated based on desired water use.

Abstract: Compositions with supramolecular structures for use in anti-scaling methods include a scale inhibitor; a supramolecular host chemical or a supramolecular guest chemical configured to engage in host-guest chemistry with the scale inhibitor; and a solvent. Methods of inhibiting scale formation on a surface or reducing the amount of scale inhibitor composition within a system include adding an anti-scale inhibiting amount of the composition to the system.

Abstract: A system and method produce a treated effluent from untreated wastewater. An untreated wastewater is obtained from a wastewater source and processed in a membrane bioreactor to produce treated effluent. The treated effluent is then processed in the first reverse osmosis system. Optionally, an effluent permeate produced by the first reverse osmosis system is injected into a subterranean formation through an injection well, wherein formation water is subsequently extracted from the subterranean formation through a recovery well and processed in a reverse osmosis system to produce a permeate water stream which may be supplied to a potable water distribution system.

Abstract: A method for improved anaerobic digestion is presented. The method includes mixing a volume of waste material with water to form a feedstock mixture. The volume of waste material includes an initial amount of biomass and the feedstock mixture includes methanogenic bacteria either naturally present in the waste material or introduced artificially. The method also includes introducing one or more promoter substances to the feedstock mixture. The one or more promoter substances are capable of modifying the methanogenic bacteria. Modifying includes stimulating novel enzyme production in the methanogenic bacteria.

Abstract: A system (1) for drying sludge (2) comprises a drying surface (4) to accommodate the sludge (2) as well as a moveable sludge turner (3) as well as two travel paths (5.1, 5.2) that extend at least partially on opposite longitudinal sides (L) of the drying surface (4) and are separated from the drying surface (4) by a barrier (18). The sludge turner (3) comprises at least a first and a second wheel (14.1, 14.2) mounted on opposite sides of a common gantry (7) of the sludge turner (3). While the sludge turner (3) is in operation, the first wheel (14.1) rolls on the first travel path (5.1) and the second wheel (14.2) on the travel path (5.1) as the respective travel plane. In the region of the first travel path (5.1), the barrier (18) comprises a first guide (16.1) and a second guide (16.1) in the region of the second travel path (5.

Abstract: A lens forming method is provided, including: heating a blank mold with a pre-molding cavity until a glass preform in the pre-molding cavity is in a semi-molten state; applying a pressure to the blank mold, so that the glass preform is extruded to form a lens rough blank with a predetermined shape; cooling the blank mold and the lens rough blank, and separating the blank mold by depressurization, to transfer the lens rough blank to a molding cavity of a high-precision aspherical mold; heating the high-precision aspherical mold until the lens rough blank is softened to a semi-molten state; applying a pressure to the high-precision aspherical mold, so that the lens rough blank is extruded to form a lens molded part with an aspherical structure; and cooling the high-precision aspherical mold and the lens molded part, and separating the high-precision aspherical mold by depressurization, to remove the lens molded part.

Abstract: A process of forming a titania-silica glass body, the process including exposing a titania-doped silica soot body to a first thermal treatment by heating the body to a first temperature T1 between about 800° C. and about 1100° C. for a first time duration t1 calculated using the equation: t ? 1 > L c 2 4 ? ? , wherein Lc is the characteristic length (cm) of the body and ? is the thermal diffusivity (cm2/sec) of the body. The process further including exposing the body to a second thermal treatment by heating the body to a second temperature T2 between about 1050° C. and about 1250° C. wherein, after the second thermal treatment, a peak-to-valley difference of hydroxyl concentration amongst a plurality of segments of the body is about 70 ppm or less.

Abstract: A glass forming system includes a support that is configured to be installed in a glass bending furnace. The glass forming system further includes rods that are located adjacent to one another and spaced from each other to define a perimeter that encloses an open space. Each of the rods is coupled to the support. The glass forming system further includes actuators that are attached to the support. Each of the actuators is configured to move a corresponding one of the rods independently from the other rods. The glass forming system further includes a pad that is carried by the rods and that defines an engagement surface upon which a glass substrate is placed. A geometry of the engagement surface is reconfigurable based on movement of one or more of the rods.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an inductively heated bushing box and fiber formation method for an igneous rock melting furnace. The bushing box includes side walls with a water cooling system surrounded by one or more induction coils for maintaining and even temperature distribution of melted charge before the melt is extruded through tips of a bushing plate. The bushing plate is offset from the bottom of the one or more induction coils to avoid end effects and better ensure consistent eddy current formation. By increasing the uniformity of temperature distribution over a larger surface area, the system allows for a greater number of tips per bushing plate, and therefore provides for greater efficiency.

Abstract: The chemical liquid storage includes a container and a chemical liquid, wherein the chemical liquid contains at least one of Fe, Al, Cr, and Ni, a content of the specific metal component in the chemical liquid with respect to a total mass of the chemical liquid is equal to or smaller than 100 mass ppt, at least a portion of a liquid contact portion of the container is formed of glass containing sodium atoms, and provided that B represents a content of sodium atoms in a bulk region with respect to a total mass of the bulk region, and A represents a content of sodium atoms in a surface region with respect to a total mass of the surface region, a content mass ratio of A to B represented by A/B is higher than 0.10 and less than 1.0 in at least a portion of the liquid contact portion.

Abstract: A glass substrate is a glass substrate in which a dot is formed on a surface. A region in which the dot is formed does not include a crack, and a retardation in the region in which the dot is formed is equal to or smaller than 50 nm.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to methods for producing stucco compositions useful in making gypsum products. One aspect of the disclosure is a method for producing a stucco composition using dielectric calcination. Another aspect of the disclosure is a production process for a gypsum product using a stucco composition prepared by dielectric calcination.

Abstract: A heat insulation UHPC composition having enhanced heat insulation properties and compressive strength is provided where silica beads are mixed into a UHPC composition so as to enable blocking radiant heat, thereby enhancing heat insulation properties and simultaneously enhancing compressive strength. One preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises, with respect to 100 parts by weight of cement; 24-26 parts by weight of silica fume; 20-60 parts by weight of fine aggregate; 30-150 parts by weight of silica beads; and 3-4 parts by weight of a superplasticizer, wherein the cement is mixed with water such that the water-cement ratio (cement weight ratio) is 28%.

Abstract: A system and method for preparing sulphoaluminate cement from solar energy stored heat dried sludge. Solar concentrator connected to high-temperature molten salt storage tank, superheater, preheating-evaporator and low-temperature molten salt storage tank to form mixed molten salt heat transfer-heat storage circulation system; superheated steam in superheater enters ultra-disc dryer, and ultra-disc dryer connected to water storage tank and preheating-evaporator superheater to form water heat transfer circulation system; wet sludge bin connected to ultra-disc dryer and inlet of dried sludge bin, and dried sludge conveyed to dried sludge bin for storage; and cement production system separately connected with waste gas outlet of ultra-disc dryer and outlet of dried sludge bin.

Abstract: A method for inerting a swellable clay and/or for reducing or inhibiting adverse effects of swellable clays on the effectiveness of dispersants in mineral binder compositions, includes adding a comb polymer to a mineral binder composition. The comb polymer includes: at least one poly(alkylene oxide) side chain-bearing monomer unit without ionic groups, optionally at least one cationic monomer unit, optionally at least one anionic monomer unit, and optionally, at least one non-ionic monomer unit.

Abstract: Dispersion-based ready-to-use grout formulations, methods of making such dispersion-based ready-to-use grout formulations, and the resultant grout products that perform as reactive resin grout products. The grout formulations of the invention at least include a water-based acrylic polymer dispersion binder and optionally a water-based acrylate copolymer dispersion binder, in combination with one or more of an alkaline cross-linker, one or more silane adhesion promoters and/or a micro-fiber filler, along with various other constituents, to provide one-part ready-to-use grout formulations that require no mixing prior to use thereof. The resultant grout products of the invention meet performance standards of epoxy grout products, without requiring mixing of composition parts and without any adverse side effects.

Abstract: Composite cellulosic products and processes for making same. In some embodiments, the composite cellulosic product can include a plurality of cellulosic substrates and an at least partially cured binder. Prior to curing, the binder can include a mixture formed by combining magnesium oxide, water, and magnesium chloride. A weight ratio of the magnesium oxide to the magnesium chloride in the binder can be at least 2.2:1 to 8.5:1.

Abstract: Disclosed are a CA6-based thermally insulating refractory material with a medium volume density, a preparation method therefor, and the use thereof. The CA6-based thermally insulating refractory material with a medium volume density in the present invention has phases comprising CA6 and one or more selected from C2M2A14, C2M2A8, magnesium aluminate spinel, and corundum, and the refractory material has a high purity, good high temperature stability, a uniform structure, stable performance, a relatively low thermal conductivity, and good corrosion resistance to a metal, slag, etc.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention are a corrosion-resistant refractory material, preparation method therefor, and the use thereof. In the corrosion-resistant refractory material, a material phase of the refractory material comprises corundum and one or more material phases selected from CA6, C2M2A14, CM2A8, and ZrO2. The refractory material has low a low amount of a high-temperature liquid phase, a uniform pore structure, and good thermal shock stability; can be widely used in steel-making production lines and also in the refractory linings of rotary kilns, and has good erosion resistance and low thermal conductivity, and the performance thereof is obviously superior to that of many existing refractory materials such as silico carbide-mullite bricks and magnesia-alumina spinel bricks.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the technical field of electronic materials. A low-dielectric wollastonite based low-temperature co-fired ceramic material and a preparation method therefor are provided. The formula of the ceramic material is: CaxSiO3+awt % SiO2+bwt % R2O+cwt % Bi2O3+dwt % B2O3+ewt % MO, wherein 0.9?x?1.1, 0<a?30, 1?b?5, 0<c?3, 0<d?6, 0?e?10, R2O is at least one of Li2O and K2O, and MO is one or more of ZnO, MgO, BaO, CoO, CuO, La2O3 and MnO2. The low-temperature co-fired ceramic material provided by the present disclosure satisfies the requirements of low dielectric, low loss and low-temperature sintering, and can be applied to the fields of millimeter wave LTCC devices and the like.

Abstract: A zirconia body includes a sintered yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic material, stabilized by 3 mol % to 4.8 mol % yttria, wherein the sintered ceramic material has an opacity of 52% to 65% (when measured on a 1 mm thick fully sintered ceramic body), an average grain size of less than 175 nm, a fracture toughness greater than 2.5 MPa·m1/2, and a millability number<75.

Abstract: Flowable fiber composite materials that include at least one fiber component and at least one powder component that form composite particles. Methods of making the fiber composite materials include forming and mixing a suspension and spray drying the suspension to form particles.

Abstract: A new and innovative hard ceramic coating having refractory properties is provided. The ceramic coating may be used as a replacement for refractory materials. As opposed to polymer-based coatings that are sacrificial when exposed to extreme temperatures, the ceramic coating is a non-sacrificial, fully inorganic (e.g., free of organic components) coating that resists many thermal cycles. The ceramic coating is also thinner and lighter than conventional refractory materials the ceramic coating can replace. The ceramic coating demonstrates advantageous thermal insulation properties (e.g., low thermal conductivity) over a wide range of temperatures and when applied with minimal thickness. The ceramic coating also demonstrates high emissivity, low thermal conductivity, and high resistance mechanical properties, which are all desirable properties for use as a thermally insulating replacement coating for refractory materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to three-dimensional carbon-carbon composites for use in high temperature applications, such as aerospace structures. The invention further relates to methods and related compositions for making a three-dimensional carbon-carbon composite. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method to densify geometrically complex three-dimensional woven carbon fiber preforms into high density carbon-carbon composites at faster rates and lower cost than traditional processing approaches using, e.g., multiple resin transfer moldings (RTM) of a three-dimensional woven preform, or of a partially dense carbon-carbon intermediate, in a closed tool volume using high pressure piston injectors, followed by carbonization and graphitization of the resulting composite.

Abstract: Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use are disclosed herein. The proppant particles can include a sintered ceramic material and can have a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns. The methods of use can include injecting a hydraulic fluid into a subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein and injecting a fluid containing a proppant particle into the fracture, the proppant particle including a sintered ceramic material, a size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh, and an average largest pore size of less than about 20 microns.

Abstract: A material contains open pores in which the channels and pores that are internally coated with at least one layer of phosphorus-containing alumina. Such material is formed by infiltrating a porous material one or more times with a non-colloidal, low-viscosity liquid coating precursor, drying, and curing the coating precursor to form a phosphorus-containing alumina layer within pores of the material.

Abstract: The present invention is proposed to disclose a method for preparing an all-solid waste-based carbonated unburned lightweight aggregate. The method includes the following steps: (1) subjecting an active component type solid waste, a lightweight filling type solid waste, and an alkali activation type solid waste to grinding and mixing to obtain a mixed solid waste powder; and (2) subjecting the mixed solid waste powder and water to granulation to obtain particles, and subjecting the particles to precuring and mineralization curing with CO2 to obtain the all-solid waste-based carbonated unburned lightweight aggregate. The active component type solid waste includes blast furnace slag, steel slag, or furnace slag. The lightweight filling type solid waste includes fly ash, river silt, or red mud. The alkali activation type solid waste includes carbide slag.

Abstract: Luminescent concrete compositions containing cement, fine aggregates such as sand, and a phosphor such as strontium aluminate. Glow-in-the-dark concrete products made therefrom and methods of producing such concrete products are also specified. The glow-in-the-dark concrete products demonstrate good mechanical strength (e.g. compressive strength) and skid resistance. The addition of phosphorescent strontium aluminate provides luminance that persists for up to 10 hours to the concrete products.

Abstract: A section of a gas turbine engine includes a ceramic component, a metallic component, a seal situated between the metallic component and the ceramic component at a sealing interface, a silicon-based coating disposed on the ceramic component at the sealing interface, and a non-reactive coating disposed on the metallic component at the sealing interface. The non-reactive coating provides thermochemical protection against interaction between the ceramic component, the silicon-based coating, and the metallic component. A method of providing a seal in a gas turbine engine is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for preparing an aqueous composition, comprising the steps of: a) dissolving boric acid in a solvent including a compound selected from the group consisting of glycerol, glycols, glycol derivatives, and any mixtures thereof; and b) mixing the boric acid solution obtained in step a) with an aqueous solution including from 1.0 to 50 weight % of phosphoric acid. The present application also provides an aqueous composition including water, from 1.0 to 50 weight % of phosphoric acid from 0.5 to 5.0 wt % of boric acid, and from 2.0 to 20 wt % of a compound selected from the group consisting of glycerol, glycols, glycol derivatives, and any mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions for increasing a nitrogen source life span in plant growth mediums as well as methods of making these compositions. The invention also relates to compositions and methods of reacting a nitrogen source with one or more nitrification inhibitors using standard equipment for producing nitrogen sourced particles.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of making a mineral plant nutrient. The method comprises screening or reducing in size basaltic hyaloclastite or intermediate basaltic hyaloclastite to a powder form having volume-based mean particle size of less than or equal to 100 ?m; and combining the basaltic hyaloclastite or intermediate hyaloclastite powder with soil. The plant nutrients are absorbed by the crop and the carbonatable minerals released from the hyaloclastite react with CO2 from the ground and air. Elements weathered into the separate plant nutrients and carbonatable elements. Plant nutrients such as K, P, S, B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn and Ni are used by the crop plants as nutrients.

Abstract: A fertilizer composition comprising a stabilized microbial consortium comprising a plant-based humus extract; and a starter fertilizer, wherein the stabilized microbial consortium and the starter fertilizer are in a weight ratio of from about 1:4 to about 4:1 is disclosed, along with methods of using said composition.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for promoting plant growth by treatment, either directly or indirectly, with isolated Muscodor albus strain. A method for increasing an amount of beneficial microbes in a soil can include applying to the soil, to a plant grown in the soil, and/or a seed and/or a substrate used for growing a plant in the soil, an effective amount of a composition comprising Muscodor albus strain SA-13 (NRRL Accession No. B-50774) fermentation. Methods can promote plant growth, such as increate plant height and/or biomass, as well as induce earlier fruiting and flowering.

Abstract: A bio-fertilizer and/or a bio-stimulant is provided, including at least one microbe selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas monteilii (XE15) having NRRL Accession No. B-67997, Bacillus subtilis (XE18) having NRRL Accession No. B-67996, and Pseudomonas sp. (TR8) having NRRL Accession No. B-67998, and combinations thereof. The bio-fertilizer further includes a carrier and a beneficial supplemental microbe.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to degradation of polymer materials, such as plastic materials. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method for digestion of one or more plastic-comprising material by the use of at least one larva of the species selected from the group consisting of Galleria mellonella, Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus. The product obtained by the method is also within the inventive concept. The disclosure furthermore relates to use of said at least one larva for digestion of a plastic-comprising material.

Abstract: A method of generating organic fertilizer material may include generating biologically produced sulfuric acid by passing an aqueous solution including sulfur over a material that may include sulfur oxidizing microorganisms. The operations may further include, recirculating the aqueous solution over the material until an amount of biologically produced sulfuric acid in the aqueous solution may reach a predefined threshold. The operations may further include extracting the biologically produced sulfuric acid from the aqueous solution. Further, the operations may include generating the organic fertilizer material using the extracted biologically produced sulfuric acid and an organic feedstock.

Abstract: A high-speed organic waste dry/fermentation apparatus, which is capable of drying/fermenting organic waste at high speed by smoothly supplying air, includes: a fermentation tank arranged vertically on a ground, having a space in which an organic waste is accommodated, and configured to perform a dry/fermentation process on the organic waste; a stirrer provided in the fermentation tank and configured to stir the organic waste accommodated in the fermentation tank; and an air supplier configured to supply air into the fermentation tank through at least one spray stirring blade of the stirrer, wherein the air supplier is configured to selectively supply an external air from a blower and a high-pressure compression air from a compressor.

Abstract: A controlled release phosphate-based glass fertilizer composition includes at least one macro element selected from the group consisting of 28-50P2O5, 36>CaO, 25>SiO2, 0.1-10 Al2O3, 20>Na2O, and 20>K2O as a mole percent, an oxide selected from the group consisting of SO3 and MgO, and a microelement selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cu, B, Mo, Zn, and Fe. The controlled release phosphate-based glass fertilizer composition has a glass transition temperature which is adjusted above 230° C.

Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure relates to slow-release fertilizers including a peat and an optional filler material such as, for example sand, methods of making the same, methods of improving the growth of plants including using the same, and plants grown using the disclosed methods. The slow-release fertilizers are environmentally safe and conducive to the establishment of various plants, including ground cover plants. In some aspects, the slow-release fertilizers induce soil-water repellency in systems in which they are applied and can be useful for research as well as horticultural purposes. In another aspect, the slow-release fertilizers provide increased levels of ammonia, amino acids, and other nutrients relative to conventional fertilizers. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Abstract: Provided are devices for generating a desired gas or mixture of gases by thermally decomposing a gas-generating composition (e.g. an oxalate salt) using the thermal energy generated by reaction of a heat-generating composition (e.g. a thermite mixture), and methods of making and using such devices. The devices of some embodiments include phase-changing separators, i.e. separators that at least partially melt, vaporize, or sublimate as a result of the thermal energy generated by the heat-generating composition.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon is produced by applying mechanical energy to a metal body containing stainless steel by solid-solid contact so that a contact pressure per unit area is 30 kPa or more, in the presence of a gas containing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source, thereby adding hydrogen to carbon dioxide. Further, a hydrocarbon is produced by providing a reaction vessel for applying mechanical energy to a metal body by solid-solid contact in the presence of a gas containing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source, a gas introduction unit for introducing the gas containing carbon dioxide to the reaction vessel, a hydrogen source introduction unit for introducing the hydrogen source to the reaction vessel, and a gas discharge unit for discharging a gas containing the hydrocarbon produced in the reaction vessel, and adding hydrogen to the carbon dioxide in the reaction vessel.