Abstract: Methods for controlled microstructure creation utilize seeding of amorphous layers prior to annealing. Seed crystals are formed on an amorphous layer or layers. The material, size, and spacing of the seed crystals may be varied, and multiple seed layers and/or amorphous layers may be utilized. Thereafter, the resulting assembly is annealed to generate a crystalline microstructure. Via use of these methods, devices having desirable microstructural properties are enabled.

Abstract: Coated substrate comprising a surface coated with a coating comprising at least one coating layer of (TM1?xAlx)OyNz with (0.75?y)?z?(1.2?y) and 0.6>y>0, exhibiting a solid solution with B1 cubic structure, wherein x is the content of aluminum in atomic fraction if only aluminum and TM are being considered for the determination of the element composition in atomic percentage, and y is the content of oxygen in atomic fraction if only 0 and N are being considered for the determination of the element composition in atomic percentage, wherein TM is one or more transition metals and 0.05<x<0.95, wherein y correspond to a value of oxygen concentration in the TM1?xAlxOyNz coating layer that produces an increment of the thermal stability in such a manner that no precipitation of w-AlN phase is produced when the coated substrate or at least the coated surface of the coated substrate is exposed to temperatures higher than 1100° C.

Abstract: A metal oxide film containing a crystal part is provided. Alternatively, a metal oxide film with highly stable physical properties is provided. Alternatively, a metal oxide film with improved electrical characteristics is provided. Alternatively, a metal oxide film with which field-effect mobility can be increased is provided. A metal oxide film including In, M (M is Al, Ga, Y, or Sn), and Zn includes a first crystal part and a second crystal part; the first crystal part has c-axis alignment; the second crystal part has no c-axis alignment; and the existing proportion of the second crystal part is higher than the existing proportion of the first crystal part.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for adhesion of a thin film or functional layer to a substrate by applying a pulsed and/or alternating voltage.

Abstract: A reactor system may comprise a first gas source; a second gas source; and a reaction chamber fluidly coupled to the first and second gas sources, wherein a first gas and a second may be supplied to the reaction chamber from the first and second gas sources, respectively, to achieve stability of a reaction chamber pressure. The reactor system may further comprise an exhaust line fluidly coupled to and downstream from the reaction chamber; a vent line fluidly coupled to the first and/or second gas source, and to the exhaust line, wherein the vent line bypasses the reaction chamber; a pressure monitor coupled to the vent line configured to monitor a vent line pressure within the vent line; and/or a vent line conductance control valve coupled to the vent line and configured to adjust in response to feedback from the pressure monitor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a plasma surface treatment apparatus for conductive powder. The plasma surface treatment apparatus for conductive powder comprises: a reaction chamber including a linear gas inlet at the lower end thereof and a gas outlet at the upper end thereof, and having a vertical cross section that is funnel-shaped; and a plasma jet generation device that is located below the linear gas inlet and is configured to discharge a plasma jet into the reaction chamber from below in an upward direction through the linear gas inlet, wherein powder is accommodated in the reaction chamber and is treated by plasma while buoyed by the plasma jet.

Abstract: A component made of a quartz blank is used as a component part of a CVD reactor. At least one cavity of the component is created by selective laser etching, wherein a fluid flows through the at least one cavity. When in use, the component is heated to temperatures in excess of 500° C., and comes into contact with hydrides of the main groups IV, V or VI and/or with organometallic compounds or halogenides of elements of the main groups II, III or V.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an amorphous multielement metal oxide hydroxide film includes: A liquid mixture is formed by dissolving an oxidizing agent selected from a group consisting of potassium permanganate, potassium chromate, potassium dichromate and potassium ferrate, and a reducing agent in a solvent. The oxidizing agent forms an oxometallate anion having a first metal atom with a first valence number. The reducing agent forms a metal cation having a second metal atom with a third valence number. An amorphous multielement metal oxide hydroxide film is deposited on a substrate by soaking the substrate in the liquid mixture. The amorphous multielement metal oxide hydroxide film includes a multielement metal oxide hydroxide having the first metal atom with a second valence smaller than the first valence number and the second metal atom with a fourth valence number larger than the third valence number.

Abstract: The invention discloses a preparation method of a carbon nitride (CN) electrode material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a precursor film: immersing a clean conductive substrate A into a hot saturated CN precursor aqueous solution, then immediately taking out, after the surface being dried, a uniform precursor film layer on the conductive substrate A was formed. This step can be repeated several times to get different layers of precursor film on the substrate A; (2) preparing the CN electrode: the dry precursor film obtained in step (1) was encapsulated in a glass tube filled with N2. Then the glass tube was inserted into a furnace with N2 atmosphere to calcinate. After calcination, the uniform CN film electrode was obtained. The method provided by the invention is simple and easy to implement, and convenient in used equipment, suitable for industrial application and popularization.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling coating weight coated on a strip by using an air knife disposed in a travelling direction of the strip in a continuous plating process in which the strip is dipped in a molten metal pot and is coated includes: a prediction model unit including a prediction model in which a neural network is trained with accumulated operation conditions; and an optimum air knife condition calculation unit configured to derive an absolute value of at least one of an air knife gap and an air knife pressure by using the prediction model based on an input operation condition.

Abstract: A carburized steel component, comprising a steel base including, by weight percent, from 0.08% to 0.35% carbon, 0.5% to 1.3% manganese, 0% to 0.35% silicon, 0.2% to 2.0% chromium, 0% to 4% nickel, 0% to 0.50% molybdenum, 0% to 0.06% niobium, and a remaining weight percent of iron, and a carburized layer of above 0.35% by weight carbon from a surface of the carburized layer to a carburized layer depth, wherein the carburized layer depth is from 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm, wherein the carburized layer comprises a microstructure including martensite, retained austenite, carbide, and less than 2% by volume non-martensitic transformation products (NMTP), and wherein the carburized layer includes a prior austenite average grain size of 3.0-8.0 microns from the surface to a depth of at least 0.2 mm.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen gas comprises introducing gaseous water to an electrolysis cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10?2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C. The gaseous water is decomposed using the electrolysis cell. A hydrogen gas production system and an electrolysis cell are also described.

Abstract: A method for producing fluorine gas including electrolyzing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell, measuring an intensity of sound generated near an anode in an inside of the electrolytic cell as the electrolyte is electrolyzed in the electrolyzing, and sending a fluid generated in the inside of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzing the electrolyte, from the inside to the outside of the electrolytic cell through a flow path. The flow path is switched in accordance with the intensity of sound measured, such that the fluid is sent to a first flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is not more than a predetermined reference value, or the fluid is sent to a second flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is more than the predetermined reference value.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a solid, a first layer of an ionic liquid including an anion and a cation, a second layer including an ionically conductive ionomer, and a catalyst including a metal positioned on the solid, where the ionic liquid forms a first layer on the solid, the first layer is positioned between the second layer and the solid, and the catalyst is positioned between the solid and the first layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical reaction device comprises: an anode to oxidize water; an electrolytic solution flow path facing on the anode and through which an electrolytic solution containing the water flows; a cathode including: a porous conductive layer having first and second surfaces; and a reduction catalyst layer having a third surface disposed on the first surface and containing a reduction catalyst to reduce carbon dioxide; a separator between the anode and the cathode; a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode; and a flow path plate including: a fourth surface on the second surface; and a flow path facing on the second surface and through which the carbon dioxide flows. A ratio of an area of an overlap of the second surface and the flow path to an area of the second surface is 0.5 or more and 0.85 or less.

Abstract: A flow cell for reducing carbon dioxide may include a first chamber having a gold coated gas diffusion layer working electrode, a reference electrode, and a water-in-salt electrolyte comprising a super concentrated aqueous solution of lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). A second chamber adjacent the first chamber has a gold coated gas diffusion layer counter electrode and the water-in-salt electrolyte. The second chamber being separated from the first chamber by a proton exchange membrane. A reservoir coupled to each of the first and the second chambers with a pump contains a volume of the water-in-salt electrolyte and a head space.

Abstract: A method of forming a nanodiamond article includes forming a continuous film on a substrate using electrophoretic deposition. The continuous film includes greater than 50% nanodiamond concentration by volume. A nanodiamond article includes a continuous film on a substrate having greater than 50% nanodiamond concentration by volume.

Abstract: Described herein is a composition including metal ions consisting essentially of cobalt ions, and a specific monomeric and polymeric suppressing agent including a carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfinic, phosphonic, or phosphinic acid functional groups which show a suppressing effect that is required for void-free bottom-up filling of nanometer-sized recessed features.

Abstract: A method of acid mist suppression in copper electrowinning is described. In various embodiments, at least one liquid licorice root extract, powdered licorice root extract, or reconstituted licorice extract is added in an amount sufficient to the acidic electrolyte solution of the copper electrowinning process to suppress acid mist from the acidic electrolyte solution during the copper electrowinning process. In various embodiments, combinations of licorice extract and surfactant show synergies in acid mist suppression during copper electrowinning.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to large area single crystal diamond (SCD) surfaces and substrates, and their methods of formation. Typical large area substrates can be at least about 25 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm in diameter or square edge length, and suitable thicknesses can be about 100 ?m to 1000 ?m. The large area substrates have a high degree of crystallographic alignment. The large area substrates can be used in a variety of electronics and/or optics applications. Methods of forming the large area substrates generally include lateral and vertical growth of SCD on spaced apart and crystallographically aligned SCD seed substrates, with the individual SCD growth layers eventually merging to form a composite SCD layer of high quality and high crystallographic alignment. A diamond substrate holder can be used to crystallographically align the SCD seed substrates and reduce the effect of thermal stress on the formed SCD layers.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of providing a novel SiC substrate production method. The SiC substrate production method according to the present invention comprises an etching step S10 of etching a SiC base substrate 10, a crystal growth step S20 of growing a SiC substrate layer 13 on the SiC base substrate 10 to produce a SiC substrate body 20, and a peeling step S30 of peeling at least a portion of the SiC substrate body 20 to produce a SiC substrate 30, the method being characterized in that each of the etching step S10 and the crystal growth step S20 is a step of arranging the SiC base substrate 10 and a SiC material 40 so as to face each other and heating the SiC base substrate 10 and the SiC material 40 so as to form a temperature gradient between the SiC base substrate 10 and the SiC material 40.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a manufacturing method of semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide powder comprising: providing a semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide bulk, wherein the semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide bulk has a first silicon-vacancy concentration, and the first silicon-vacancy concentration is greater than 5E11 cm{circumflex over (?)}?3; refining the semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide bulk to obtain a semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide coarse particle, wherein the semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide coarse particle has a second silicon-vacancy concentration and a first particle diameter, the second silicon-vacancy concentration is greater than 5E11 cm{circumflex over (?)}?3, and the first particle diameter is between 50 ?m and 350 ?m; self-impacting the semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide coarse particle to obtain a semi-insulating single-crystal silicon carbide powder, wherein the semi-insulating single-crystal sili

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for preparing a large-size single crystal, which relates to the field of semiconductor material preparation, and more particularly, to an apparatus for preparing a large-size single crystal from a plurality of small-size single crystals by connecting them in solid states. The apparatus includes a hydrocooling furnace, a solid connection chamber hermetically disposed in the hydrocooling furnace, and combined fixtures provided in the solid connection chamber, wherein a plurality of crystal pieces are fixed by the combined fixtures, a top column or a stress block is used for pressing the crystal piece through the combined fixtures, a heating wire surrounding the solid connection chamber is provided in the hydrocooling furnace, a vacuum tube is communicated with the solid connection chamber, and a thermocouple is disposed close to the combined fixtures.

Abstract: A probiotic-encapsulating gum Arabic (GA) composite fiber/capsule, including: lactic acid bacteria and an electrospun fiber or electrosprayed capsule, where the lactic acid bacteria are encapsulated in the electrospun fiber or electrosprayed capsule by electro-hydro dynamics (EHD) technology. The electrospun fiber or electrosprayed capsule is prepared by compounding a polymer matrix with GA, and the polymer matrix is polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), whey protein concentrate (WPC) or maltodextrin (MD). A preparation method and an application of the composite fiber/capsule are also provided.

Abstract: A method of making a nonwoven from continuous filaments is provided. The method comprises the steps of spinning continuous filaments from a spinneret to move along a vertical travel path in a vertical travel direction, cooling and stretching the filaments downstream of the spinneret in a cooler and a stretcher, and depositing the cooled and stretched filaments at a deposition location on a foraminous belt moving horizontally underneath the cooler and stretcher and having an array of openings of which a portion are plugged with a sealing compound to create a partially plugged foraminous belt. The method comprises drawing air downward through unplugged openings in the foraminous belt to stabilize the continuous filaments deposited on the foraminous belt, and pre-consolidating the deposited nonwoven into final form.

Abstract: Strengthening the dry and wet tenacity of regenerated cellulosic fibers can be performed through the addition of an aldaric acid, such as (but not limited to) glucaric acid. In some embodiments, regenerated cellulosic fibers that include an aldaric acid or a salt thereof, produced by the disclosed methods are also described. The produced fibers have advantageous properties due at least in part to the inclusion of the aldaric acid.

Abstract: A textile fabric includes: a base body having at least one layer, the at least one layer comprising PEN, copolymers, and/or blends thereof as a binding component. The binding component is obtainable by applying temperatures above a glass transition temperature of a binding fiber sheath polymer to core/sheath binding fibers, in which the binding fiber sheath polymer contains PEN, copolymers, and/or blends thereof.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing multi-ply separable textured yarn, the method comprising, passing a multi-ply separable interlaced filament yarn through a texturizing unit to form a multi-ply separable draw textured yarn, wherein the multi-ply separable interlaced filament yarn is separable in to at least two separable interlaced filament yarn, wherein the interlacing of the filaments within each separable interlaced filament yarn is retained during further processing of the yarn to fabric and in the fabric.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a textile fabric comprising a casing of three layers, the three layers comprising a top layer, a bottom layer, and an intermediate layer that is arranged between the top layer and bottom layer, wherein the top layer, the intermediate layer, and the bottom layers are bonded together through weaving, and forming a casing including a binding element.

Abstract: Three-dimensional woven preforms are curved and have continuous fibers in the direction of curvature and wherein the base of the preforms is curved with the warp fibers continuous across the length of the preform and some of the warp fibers are longer than other warp fibers.

Abstract: A device and a method for handling weaving accessories is described herein. A first holding element is provided for being moved cyclically between a supply device and a receiving device. The first holding element is disposed at a carrier means. A push-off element for pushing a weaving accessory off the holding element and onto a component of the receiving device is also disposed at the carrier means. The first holding element is preferably provided for performing its cyclic movement in a plane with an axis running at right angles thereto.

Abstract: A knitted fabric and a use thereof are described, where the knitted fabric is a single-sided knitted fabric including an elastic yarn A and a polyurethane fiber, and a coil surface that includes a coil together formed by the elastic yarn A and the polyurethane fiber that are separately fed, and where the knitted fabric is close to a woven fabric in appearance and performance, has good elasticity, and is particularly suitable for manufacturing coats, trousers, dresses or the like.

Abstract: This document presents a novel method of manufacturing multilayered nonwoven fabrics consisting of submicron fibers, hydroentangled, meltfibrillated, and/or spunlaid web layers. The composite multilayered webs contain one or more submicron fiber webs placed between inner and outer layers of hydroentangled, meltfibrillated, and/or spunlaid web, forming a fabric that may be utilized in the manufacture of articles which serve as barriers, wipes or sorbent materials, or may have other potential applications. The created novel composite multilayered fabric may have increased loft, softness and bending length, may not be solely dependent upon an electrostatic charge to repel small particles and microbes, and may be formed from a broad selection of natural, synthetic, and recycled polymers, including petroleum- and plant-based, allowing polymer selection based on article lifecycle.

Abstract: A textile production monitoring system includes an electronic device connected with a sewing machine, and with sensors connected with the knife, the pedal, the motor tach of the sewing machine, and with the needle, the sensors transmitting signals to the electronic device. A microprocessor evaluates the four signals received from the sensors in a coordinated way. A software possessing a four-signal algorithm generates information about the products, information on which operator works on which machines for how long, how much product they produce, failure status, and machine efficiency. An Rfid module is connected with the electronic device for monitoring the information and working status of the personnel working on the sewing machine. At least one barcode reader allows for entering information on which order the product sewn in the sewing machine belongs to. A wireless connection module facilitates transfer of the information from the electronic device and the microprocessor wirelessly.

Abstract: A net wig cap for processing a braiding wig includes a plurality of net pieces, where each of the net pieces is provided with patterns composed of wig threads. A method for processing a braiding wig includes: step 1: processing the net wig cap; and step 2: crocheting hair or pre-woven single-dreadlock braids onto embroidered wig threads. The present disclosure creatively applies an embroidery machine to the field of wig processing. The present disclosure first embroiders a layer of patterns composed of wig threads on a base layer of a wig by the embroidery machine, and then crochets pre-woven single-dreadlock braids onto the embroidered wig thread patterns one by one. The present disclosure does not need to manually fix the wig threads on the wig, which greatly reduces the manual workload, improves the processing efficiency and reduces the cost.

Abstract: A tub support system that fits inside the top opening of a washing machine to prevent the wash tub from moving relative to the cabinet during shipping and handling. The tub support system comprises two separate components held in interlocking engagement. One component contacts the tub and the other component contacts the cabinet.

Abstract: A laundry treatment agent storage and dispensing device comprises a storage device and a dispensing device which are integrally arranged. A storage cavity or box stores laundry treatment agent. The dispensing device has a hollow cavity, and a flexible separator is hermetically installed in the hollow cavity to divide the hollow cavity into a water inlet cavity and a liquid storage cavity. The liquid storage cavity has a liquid inlet end and a liquid outlet end; the liquid inlet end communicates with the storage cavity or box. Inlet water of the washing machine flows into/out of the water inlet cavity, the flexible separator is squeezed to deform towards the liquid storage cavity to enable the laundry treatment agent accommodated in the liquid storage cavity to be discharged through the liquid outlet end. The laundry treatment agent is stored and automatically dispensed by the storage device and the dispensing device.

Abstract: A filter device includes a case, an external filter disposed inside the case to filter substances introduced into the case and configured to be movable with respect to the case, and an internal filter disposed inside the external filter to filter the substances introduced into the case and configured to be movable with respect to the external filter.

Abstract: A standalone drum-mounted lint filter for a washing machine is provided. The filter includes a filter housing including a plurality of inner walls dividing the filter housing into a plurality of filter chambers, each filter chamber defining at least one inlet configured to allow wash water to flow into the respective chamber. The filter further includes at least one retainer barrel arranged within each filter chamber and configured to retain lint during operation of the washing machine. The filter also includes a porous removable filter cover defining front-facing outlets open to the drum, allowing for exit of the wash water back into the wash.

Abstract: A washing machine appliance has a vertical direction, a transverse direction, and a lateral direction and includes a cabinet and a stand assembly. The cabinet defines an opening. The stand assembly supports the cabinet and facilitates movement of the cabinet between a loading position and a washing position. The stand assembly includes a stand defining a guide track, a plurality of linkage arms located within the stand, and a plurality of follower pins. The follower pins may be mechanically coupled to the cabinet and slidably received into the guide track to facilitate movement of the cabinet between the loading position and the washing position.

Abstract: An embedded temperature sensor may be attached to or otherwise associated with a textile in order to measure one or more temperatures of the textile. Temperature information received from one or more embedded temperature sensor(s) throughout the course of a dryer cycle may be analyzed to determine dryness of one or more textiles in a dryer, determine whether one or more textiles in the dryer are overdry, generate an indication of the dryness of the one or more textiles in the dryer, and/or to control one or more dryer cycles of the dryer, such as by automatically turning-off the dryer when one or more of the textiles in the dryer are determined to be dry. The embedded temperature sensor may further be used to validate a cleaning process in a cleaning machine.

Abstract: A clothing processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a cabinet having a receiving space formed therein, in which clothing is received, a holder configured to be located in the receiving space to hold a clothing supporter configured to support the clothing, a steamer configured to spray steam toward the clothing while locating inside the receiving space, a rotation motor configured to rotate the steamer so that the steamer is in contact with the clothing, and an elevating motor configured to elevate the steamer in a state where the steamer is in contact with the clothing. The steamer may include a front steam body formed long in the left and right direction and in contact with the front surface of the clothing, and a rear steam body spaced apart from the front steam body, formed long in the left and right direction, and in contact with the rear surface of the clothing.

Abstract: A foldable hamper that has a ridged front wall and real wall; two ridged side walls engaging the front and real walls, forming an interior space; a lid that removably engages the front wall and the side walls, the lid having a top, two side flaps, door and door frame, the door being attached to the top of the door frame, and swings inward to the interior space to permit access to the interior space; wherein each side flap extends over the edge of a side wall and removably attaches to the side wall, and the door frame extends over the front wall and removably attaches to the front wall; and wherein the side walls have a seam that permits the side walls to inwardly bend toward one another.

Abstract: A clip for managing laundry items, the clip having front and rear arms flexibly joined by an elbow and shaped to form an internal loop. The front arm terminates in a dogleg shaped to minimize catching on fabric, and the rear arm terminates in a tongue shaped to ease the clip onto fabric. The dogleg and tongue angle away from an opening to accommodate fabric and guide it into a gap between the arms. The elbow flexibly holds the arms apart to form the gap, which can expand to accept the fabric and hold it in place. The arms also include teeth to improve friction between the fabric and the clip. A method of using a system of laundry clips to improve laundry results, including folding a laundry item lengthwise and attaching a plurality of laundry clips on the item to hold loose sides in place.

Abstract: A method of making an antimicrobial textile comprising TiO2 nanoparticles is described. The TiO2 nanoparticles are immobilized by first treating a textile with a base, and then contacting with TiO2 nanoparticles in a solution of an alcohol and acid. The textile may be subsequently irradiated with UV light prior to use. The antimicrobial textile shows high effectiveness against the growth and proliferation of microorganisms transmitted within indoor environments.

Abstract: A natural strip or strip-based weaving or weave fabric product or a natural strip or strip-based woven product is coated and protected with a crosslinking polyvinyl acetate (XPVAc or x-PVAc) adhesive. Said adhesive is applied and cured on the exterior surfaces of said product as a first coating layer or a primer in combination with a coating layer of acrylic, alkyd, asphalt, epoxy, latex, polyurethane, silicone coatings, urethane, vinyl ester, etc. coated over the cured adhesive as a second coating layer or a topcoat. Said product is woven or fabricated with stalks, stakes, staves, stems, sticks, strands, shoots, splints, straws, strings, twigs, bark, branches, laths, leaves, rods, roots, whicker, etc. of a fiber plant, a tree, or a crop, or the combination thereof.

Abstract: A thermoplastic artificial leather includes a thermoplastic composite laminate and a textile base. The thermoplastic composite laminate includes a foamed thermoplastic elastic layer, an unfoamed thermoplastic elastic layer and a thermoplastic adhesive layer. The foamed thermoplastic elastic layer has a first surface, a second surface and a plurality of foamed structures. The second surface is opposite to the first surface. The unfoamed thermoplastic elastic layer is disposed on the first surface of the foamed thermoplastic elastic layer. The thermoplastic adhesive layer is disposed on the second surface of the foamed thermoplastic elastic layer. The textile base is laminated on the thermoplastic adhesive layer of the thermoplastic composite laminate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a silicone elastomeric coating composition for synthetic leather, particularly silicone-based synthetic leather, a silicone elastomeric coating (e.g., a topcoat) formed as a reaction product of the cure of the coating composition, methods of making the topcoat and synthetic leather utilizing the same and uses of synthetic leather products. The topcoat is designed to provide synthetic leather with an improved abrasion and scratch resistant topcoat.

Abstract: Hydrothermal pretreatment of mechanically compressed straw in unagitated reactors provides a simple and inexpensive solution to poor C5 monomer yields with autohydrolysis processes. Unlike raw straw, compressed straw pellets or briquettes can be pretreated on commercial scale using unagitated batch reactors or simplified unagitated continuous systems. The chemistry of hydrothermal pretreatment is thereby altered such that loss of C5 sugars to unwanted byproduct reactions is reduced. With compressed straw, water content can be introduced within the reactor while it is pressurized, which reduces energy costs and capital expense. Provided are methods of processing straw feedstocks using semi-continuous or continuous systems and a pretreatment reactor adapted to processes compressed straw with high throughput through a small reactor volume in which water content is added within the reactor under pressure.

Abstract: A system for treatment of a biomass material and a method for transporting biomass material, said system comprising: —a first vessel (3) in which said biomass material is treated at a first pressure;—a second vessel (5) in which said biomass material is collected at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure; and—a transporting pipe (7) connecting an outlet (9) of the first vessel (3) with an inlet (11) of the second vessel (5) for transporting the biomass material from the first vessel to the second vessel, wherein said transporting pipe (7) comprises at least one restriction (13) for control of the flow in the transporting pipe and hereby providing a pressure drop to the transported biomass material, wherein at least one of said at least one restriction (13) is provided somewhere in the second half of the length of the transporting pipe (7) starting from the first vessel (3) and ending at the second vessel (5).