Abstract: The present disclosure describes an emulsifier composition and methods of making and using the same. The emulsifier composition includes a blend of a first emulsifier and a second emulsifier made by reacting (A) a fatty acid composition with (B) one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) poly(alkylamine) to produce a partial amide, and reacting (a) the partial amide with (b) an acid and/or anhydride composition that includes or is a dicarboxylic acid, di-anhydride, tricarboxylic acid, tri-anhydride, or a mixture thereof, to produce the emulsifier, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises at least about 60% C16-18 fatty acids and at least 65% saturated fatty acids (e.g., at least 85% saturated fatty acids). The present disclosure further describes a drilling fluid including the emulsifier composition of the present disclosure, as well as methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: A coke oven battery modulation system, including a coke oven battery, a combustion air supply fluidly connected to the coke oven battery via a first conduit, a fuel supply fluidly connected to the coke oven battery via a second conduit, a stack fluidly connected to the coke oven battery via a third conduit, the stack forming a fluid flow including a flow rate, a damper arranged in the third conduit, a first actuator operatively arranged to adjust the damper, at least one sensor, and a controller operatively arranged to receive data from the at least one sensor and communicate with the first actuator to adjust the damper.

Abstract: This invention relates to the processing of plastics materials for re-use and valorisation in chemical recycling processes for the re-use of substantially plastics materials otherwise destined for disposal. In particular the invention relates to a process for the pyrolysis of substantially plastics material to obtain at least liquid hydrocarbons that are in the liquid state at 25° C. comprising the following steps: a) feeding the substantially plastics material optionally already in the molten and/or preheated state to a pyrolysis reactor; b) bringing said material in said pyrolysis reactor to a temperature of between 330° C. and 580° C. in the substantial absence of oxygen and at a pressure of between atmospheric pressure and 13 bar (a); c) holding said material in said pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of between 330° C. and 580° C.

Abstract: A plastic pyrolysis plant, and a method of performing plastic pyrolysis, utilises a reactor (14) adapted to crack the polymeric material feedstock (1) in an environment without oxygen to convert the polymeric material into a hydrocarbon vapour and a solid carbon product called coke, wherein the reactor (14) cracks the polymeric material; and an extruder (2) to melt, heat and pump the plastic feed to the reactor (14). The extruder defines inlet ports for additives in solid, liquid or gaseous form, and at least one vent (5) for extracting any contamination vapours that may form, such that the extruder (2) is configured to remove contamination from the polymeric material feedstock (1).

Abstract: A process for increasing a softening point of isotropic pitch includes providing a hydrocarbon feed including isotropic pitch having a first softening point and mixing the hydrocarbon feed with a carrier gas such that a mixture of the hydrocarbon feed and the carrier gas establishes at least one chosen from an annular-mist flow regime and a mist flow regime. The annular-mist flow regime includes a liquid film layer and a dispersion of entrained droplets, and the mist flow regime includes a dispersion of entrained droplets. The mixture of the hydrocarbon feed and the carrier gas approaches a vapor-liquid equilibrium. The process also includes discharging an effluent of the mixture into a separation vessel and separating a vapor phase and a liquid phase in the separation vessel. The liquid phase includes isotropic pitch having a second softening point greater than the first softening point.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the conversion of waste plastics into various useful downstream recycle-content products. More particularly, the present system and method involves integrating a pyrolysis facility with a cracker facility by introducing at least a stream of r-pyrolysis gas into the cracker facility. In the cracker facility, the r-pyrolysis gas may be separated to form one or more recycle content products, and can enhance the operation of the facility.

Abstract: The invention comprises methods of catalytically pyrolyzing plastics. Since it has been discovered that plastics provide insufficient coke to provide adequate heat during catalyst regeneration, heat-forming additives can be introduced into the methods. Systems and compositions useful in the catalytic pyrolysis of plastics are also described.

Abstract: Methods for distributing catalyst in a counter-current reactor may include passing the catalyst from a catalyst hopper to a perforated plate distributor; distributing the catalyst into a reaction zone of the counter-current reactor by passing the catalyst from a catalyst discharge zone, through the perforations of the perforated plate distributor, into the reaction zone, wherein the catalyst enters the perforations of the perforated plate distributor at a superficial velocity from 0.01 m/s to 10 m/s, and the superficial velocity is in a substantially downward direction; and passing a hydrocarbon feed stream into the reaction zone, wherein the catalyst moves in a substantially downward direction through the reaction zone, the hydrocarbon feed stream moves in a substantially upward direction through the reaction zone, and wherein contacting the catalyst with the hydrocarbon feed stream cracks one or more components of the hydrocarbon feed stream and forms a hydrocarbon product stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to selective removal of mercaptans and H2S from low boiling hydrocarbon streams (primary stream) by reacting with olefins present in heavy/high boiling hydrocarbon stream (secondary stream) and get converted into high boiling sulphur compounds ending up into the secondary stream in an integrated staging reactor, which comprises of reactor, separator and stabilization sections in a single vessel. The separation of primary and secondary streams is integrated in the same reaction vessel with a self-regulating liquid seal mechanism at bottom and a vapour enriching mechanism at the top by utilization of change in phases of streams.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a marine fuel component produced from feedstock of biological origin and a method for producing the same. The present disclosure provides marine fuel blends containing the marine fuel component of biological origin and at least one additional marine fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for chemically treating a carbon-containing feedstock (e.g., a polymer-based feedstock), comprising contacting (e.g., by a hydrocracking reaction) the carbon-containing feedstock and a hydrogen stream in the presence of at least one hydrocracking catalyst to produce an alkane-containing product stream. The hydrocracking catalyst comprises at least one transition metal or transition metal sulfide supported on an oxide-containing support. This invention also relates to an alkane-containing mixture obtained by the process described herein and a system/apparatus for carrying out the process described herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated hydro-processing reaction vessel which comprises of all the reactor, separator and stabilization sections integrated in a single vessel or system for hydro-processing of low boiling vapour phase hydrocarbon feed; as primary stream undergoing multitude of mass transfer stages with the heavy boiling liquid phase hydrocarbon feed; as secondary stream.

Abstract: The application provides a method for simultaneously removing oxygen-containing compounds and aromatics from high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthetic light oil, comprising: subjecting the light oil and a composite extractant to a countercurrent single-stage or multi-stage extraction process in an extraction equipment, to obtain a raffinate phase stream, and an extract phase stream of oxygen-containing compounds+aromatics; washing the raffinate phase stream with water, to obtain a raffinate oil stream, from which oxygen-containing compounds and aromatics have been removed, and a water stream containing a small amount of extractants; and subjecting the extract phase stream to an extractive distillation process, to obtain a recycled stream rich in alkanes and olefins and a recycled solvent-rich stream, and carrying out a regeneration cycle on the solvent-rich stream through a solvent recovery tower and a regeneration distillation tower.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of purifying an organic material of biological origin, which includes providing a feedstock containing organic material of biological origin; purifying the feedstock in a pre-treatment step including heating the feedstock in a presence of an adsorbent at a temperature of at least 150° C., to obtain a heat-treated feedstock; filtering the heat-treated feedstock to remove adsorbent and to obtain a purified feedstock; and optionally subjecting the purified feedstock to further processing, wherein the purifying is performed in a cone vessel having a first cross sectional area in an upper part of the vessel which decreases downwards to a second cross sectional area, which is smaller than the first cross sectional area.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a process for producing hydrocarbons from a feedstock containing organic material of biological origin. An exemplary process includes providing a feedstock containing organic material of biological origin; subjecting the feedstock to pre-hydrotreatment, wherein the pre-hydrotreatment is carried out in an ebullated bed reactor, to obtain a partly hydrotreated feed; subjecting the partly hydrotreated feed to hydrotreatment, wherein the hydrotreatment is carried out in a fixed bed reactor, to obtain a stream of hydrocarbons; and subjecting the stream of hydrocarbons to isomerisation to obtain an isomerised stream of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a process for producing hydrocarbons from a feedstock including organic material of biological origin, by providing a feedstock including organic material of biological origin; pre-treating the feedstock in one or more pre-treatment stages to obtain a purified feedstock; subjecting the purified feedstock to pre-hydrotreatment to obtain a stream of partly hydrotreated feed; distilling the stream of partly hydrotreated feed to obtain at least two fractions, a first heavy bottom fraction which is removed from the process, and a second middle fraction which is collected for further treatment; subjecting the collected middle fraction to hydrotreatment to obtain a stream of hydrocarbons; and subjecting the stream of hydrocarbons to isomerization to obtain an isomerised stream of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for producing a blended jet boiling range composition stream may include: oligomerizing an ethylene stream to a C4+ olefin stream in a first olefin oligomerization unit, wherein the C4+ olefin stream contains no greater than 10 wt % of methane, ethylene, and ethane combined; wherein the ethylene stream contains at least 50 wt % ethylene, at least 2000 wppm ethane, no greater than 1000 wppm of methane, and no greater than 20 wppm each of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; oligomerizing the C4+ olefin stream and a propylene/C4+ olefin stream in a second oligomerization unit to produce an isoolefinic stream; subjecting at least a portion of the isoolefinic stream to a hydroprocessing process with hydrogen as treat gas to produce an isoparaffinic stream having no greater than 10 wt % olefin content; and using least a portion of the isoparaffinic stream to create the blended jet boiling range.

Abstract: A process for making liquid fuels, especially diesel fuel, from primary alcohols. The process involves subjecting a feedstock comprising primary alcohols to Guerbet coupling to yield a first intermediate mix; subjecting the first intermediate mix to hydrogenolysis to yield a second intermediate mix; and subjecting the second intermediate mix to etherification to yield a liquid fuel suitable for use in internal combustion engines.

Abstract: Methods for the operation of membrane reactors (MRs) are disclosed for the efficient production of hydrogen-enriched fuel blends with tunable composition and high hydrogen recovery at both elevated and isobaric pressure operation. These methods enable use of greatly reduced operating temperatures relative to packed bed reactors (PBRs) and elimination of the need for a secondary separation unit operation. These methods provide greater productivity and hydrogen recovery while relaxing membrane selectivity constraints relative to conventional MR operation.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods for removing radon from a natural gas stream. The system includes a radon permeable membrane. The radon permeable membrane is configured to separate a natural gas stream into a radon rich permeate stream and a radon reduced retentate stream. The radon rich stream can be stored for a period of time to yield a decayed permeate stream or reinjected into the source formation. The system can include a second radon permeable membrane configured to separate the radon reduced retentate stream into a second permeable stream and a second retentate stream. The decayed permeate stream and second retentate stream can be combined to form a sales gas.

Abstract: A process for producing high-purity methane is disclosed wherein a mixture containing predominantly methane, and at least one higher hydrocarbon, such as ethane or propane, and nitrogen is liquefied and fed to a first fractionation column that removes nitrogen and other light gases from the mixture through the top of the first fractionation column as a vapor. The remainder of the mixture is fed to a second fractionation column that removes the higher hydrocarbons and other heavier components through the bottom of the second fractionation column as a liquid producing high-purity methane out the top of the second fractionation column as a vapor. The high-purity methane vapor is warmed, compressed, and liquefied by heat exchange. The liquid leaving the second fractionation column can be further purified in a stripping column to remove non-hydrocarbon components such as carbon dioxide.

Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure relates to lubricant compositions comprising an oil, a wax, or a combination thereof, wherein at least one of the oil or the wax comprises a very long chain fatty acid; and wherein at least one of the oil or the wax has been modified via a transgenic route to increase a concentration of the very long chain fatty acid relative to a reference concentration of the very long chain fatty acid in the oil or the wax without the modification. In a further aspect, the VLC FA can include one or more of eicosenoic acid, erucic acid, or nervonic acid.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to oil compositions of ester blends that are useful in the chemical arts, such as in the manufacture of products, such as base oils and battery immersive cooling fluids. In particular, the present disclosure pertains to blends of an alkenylene diester, such as a dialkyl fumarate or a dialkyl maleate, and a compound of Formula I.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a polyalkoxysiloxane base oil of formula (I) in which each R1 is independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group or a phenyl, each R2 is independently a C2 to C22 alkyl or alkenyl group or a phenyl, R3 is either a methyl group or a CH2 group connected to the other R3 group by a single bond, thus forming a ring in which the 2 terminal silicon atoms are connected by a CH2—CH2 bridge, x is an integer between 0 and 50, y is an integer between 1 and 500 and such that the ratio y/x is strictly greater than 0.5, or of a mixture of polyalkoxysiloxane base oils of formula (I), as a lubricating agent.

Abstract: Method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine is provided. The method includes supplying to the engine a fuel composition comprising a primary additive having a structure given by or a salt thereof. R1 and R2 are independently H, C1-C20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ester, amide, ketone, ether, or hydroxyl group. R3 and R4 are independently H, C1-C20 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ester, amide, ketone, ether, amino, or hydroxyl group or wherein R3 and R4 are part of a cyclic group. R5 is C1-C100 hydrocarbyl group, carboxyl group, ether, or hydroxyl group. Lastly, p is 0 to 2, n is 1 to 5, m is 0 to 2, and p+n+m is less than 6.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diesel engine lubricating oil composition comprising or resulting from the admixing of: (i) base oil, (ii) a functionalized polymer, (iii) an overbased magnesium based detergent, and (iv) one or more, optionally borated, higher and/or lower molecular weight PIBSA-PAM dispersant. The composition has a total sulfated ash of less than or equal to 0.9 wt. %, a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 5 to 20 cSt, a total phosphorous level of less than or equal to 0.120 wt. %, and a total sulfur level of less than or equal to 0.35 wt. % and provides a Detroit DD-13 scuffing test result of at least 31 hours. Also provided are a method of making the composition, a method of lubricating a diesel engine, a method of improving wear performance and engine cleanliness and reducing emissions of a diesel engine, and a diesel engine oil additive concentrate composition.

Abstract: A grease composition includes a base oil, a thickener, and an extreme pressure additive. The base oil contains trimellitate ester and poly-a-olefin. A proportion of the trimellitate ester to a total amount of the trimellitate ester and the poly-a-olefin is 10.0 mass % or more and 60.0 mass % or less. The thickener contains lithium 12-hydroxystearate and lithium stearate. A proportion of the lithium 12-hydroxystearate to a total amount of the lithium 12-hydroxystearate and the lithium stearate is 5.0 mass % or more and 95.0 mass % or less. The extreme pressure additive contains molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate. A proportion of the molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate to a total amount of the trimellitate ester, the poly-a-olefin, the lithium 12-hydroxystearate, the lithium stearate, and the molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate is 0.6 mass % or more and 16.0 mass % or less.

Abstract: This invention relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising: at least 50 mass % or more of one or more base oils; detergent; and 0.01 to 20 mass % of a functionalized polymer comprising a partially or fully saturated olefin homopolymer or copolymer backbone and at least one functional group, having: i) an Mn of 10,000 g/mol or more (GPC-PS) of the polymer prior to functionalization, ii) where in the functional group is derived from an acylating agent and a compound containing amino and/or hydroxyl groups, and iii) optionally, wherein the homopolymer or copolymer backbone is derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of C2 to C30 (such as linear) alpha olefins and C4 to C20 conjugated dienes; where PIBSA-PAM having an Mn of 1,600 g/mol or more (GPC-PS) is absent or substantially absent from the lubricating oil composition, or, if present, is present in an amount such that the weight ratio of the functionalized polymer (B) to the high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM is at least 0.25:1.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition provides improved anti-shudder performance by lubricating an automatic transmission or continuously variable transmission. The lubricating oil composition includes (a) one or more ashless dispersants; and (b) at least one acidic phosphorus compound. When the at least one acidic phosphorus compound is composed only of phosphoric acid, the lubricating oil composition additionally contains one or more neutral phosphorus compounds. The neutralization ratio of the (a) one or more ashless dispersants/the (b) at least one acidic phosphorus compound is 60 to 100%. The lubricating oil composition further includes at least one friction modifier.

Abstract: Described herein are novel glycolipid surface-active compositions, products of, and methods of making the same.

Abstract: A method for treating fabric, method comprising: treating fabric with a detergent composition comprising a methyl ester ethoxylate and a fragrance; treating fabric with a fabric conditioning composition; optionally rinsing; and optionally drying said fabric wherein said fragrance comprises a component selected from geraniol, phenafleur, cyclamal, bet-ionone, verdyl acetate dimethylbenzylcarbinol acetate, dihydromrycenol, limonene and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Cleaning systems employing detergent compositions in combination with builders comprising alkalinity and chelants are provided. The detergent compositions include amine oxide surfactant and alcohol ethoxylate surfactant blends having a mixture of chain lengths and branching provided. The detergent compositions are particularly efficacious for flexible cleaning systems for cosmetic and other soils as they provide the benefit of separate dosing of surfactants in the detergent from alkalinity sources in a builder composition. Methods of using the detergent compositions and/or the cleaning systems are provided.

Abstract: The invention concerns a detergent composition, comprising: (a) from 0.5 to 40 wt. % of alignin derived anionic surfactant, wherein the lignin derived anionic surfactant has the following structure (1) or (2), preferably (1): Formula (1) or, Formula (2) wherein: M is a counterion; R1 and R2 are alkyl or alkenyl groups, each either linear or branched; the alkyl or alkyenyl groups R1 and R2 added together contain from 5 to 15 carbon atoms; with the proviso that R1 and R2 each contain at least 1 carbon atom; the invention also concerns a method, preferably a domestic method of treating a textile.

Abstract: The present invention is for an acidic cleaning composition which has excellent cleaning performance, low toxicity and good antimicrobial efficacy. The inventive acidic cleaning compositions are capable of sanitizing or disinfecting a variety of hard surfaces. The inventive acidic cleaning compositions can take a variety of forms, such as: disinfecting wipes, all-purpose disinfecting sprays, kitchen cleaners, bathroom cleaners, toilet cleaners, etc. The inventive acidic cleaning compositions have good cleaning properties and low residue.

Abstract: Stable anhydrous solid concentrate formulations used to disinfect surfaces, the dilutions of these concentrate formulations, and methods of making these concentrate formulations and methods of diluting these concentrate formulations.

Abstract: Chelating agents may be incorporated into a variety of fabric care compositions and delivery formats. The fabric care compositions may include at least one component, according to Formula 7: in which: R1-3 is an OH or an H and at least 2 adjacent R's are OH; and A is a OR4 or N(R4)2 or N(R4)(H) or NH2, where each R4 is independently a linear or branched C1-18 carbon chain.

Abstract: A laundry scent additive having polyethylene glycol repeat units and perfume. The laundry scent additive enables consumers to control the amount of scent imparted to their laundry.

Abstract: Provided is a mechanism capable of further reducing the number of residues remaining on a surface of a polished object to be polished after CMP. A post-chemical mechanical polishing cleaning composition containing the following components (A) and (B), and having a pH of more than 7.0 and 10.0 or less is provided: Component (A): a nonionic polymer Component (B): at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound having an amino group and a hydroxyl group, a compound represented by formula (1): H2N[(CH2)xNR1]yR2, and hexamethylenetetramine.

Abstract: A water-soluble automatic dishwashing detergent pouch includes an automatic dishwashing detergent composition that is enclosed by a water-soluble film. The automatic dishwashing detergent composition includes from about 1.0 g to about 20 g dipicolinic acid and/or salt thereof; and from about 0.1 g to about 5.0 g polyepoxy succinic acid polymer. A method of washing dishware in an automatic dishwashing machine includes contacting the pouch with dirty dishware in an automatic dishwashing machine in the presence of water.

Abstract: A water-soluble automatic dishwashing detergent pouch includes an automatic dishwashing detergent composition that is enclosed by a water-soluble film. The automatic dishwashing detergent composition includes dipicolinic acid and/or salt thereof; transition metal bleach catalyst that is a dinuclear manganese-complex, greater than about 0.2 wt. % bleach activator that is tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED); and a source of peroxygen that is sodium percarbonate.

Abstract: A water-soluble automatic dishwashing detergent pouch includes an automatic dishwashing detergent composition that is enclosed by a water-soluble film. The automatic dishwashing detergent composition includes dipicolinic acid and/or salt thereof; and from above about 0 g to less than about 8.0 g silicate salt, with the level of silicate salt being less than about 3.0 wt. % of the automatic dishwashing detergent composition. The weight ratio of dipicolinic acid and/or salt thereof to silicate salt is greater than about 5:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to endoproteases. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of endoproteases for reduction or elimination of beer haze.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an in vitro method for producing 13CO2 gas from 13C-labeled biomass. The invention also relates to an in vitro method of quantifying 13CO2 gas produced from 13C-labeled biomass, and an in vitro method for determining whether a source of 13C-labeled biomass will produce a predictable amount of 13CO2 gas during in vivo digestion. The 13C-labeled biomass can be 13C-labeled Spirulina platensis in some cases.

Abstract: Methods of capturing atmospheric carbon-dioxide gas by generating energy via combustion of a biomass feedstock and providing at least a portion of the energy to a bioprocessing facility. The combustion of the biomass feedstock produces a flue gas having carbon-dioxide gas that can be captured. Related facilities.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to a cell culture apparatus and a cell culture method. One aspect of the disclosure provides a perfusion cell culture bag comprising one or more polymer films, having edges bonded together to form edges around an undivided interior compartment of the bag; first and second ports each formed in an exterior surface of the bag; first and second liquid-permeable tubes each extending into and in fluid communication with the interior compartment of the bag and operatively coupled to a respective port; and a third port formed in an exterior surface of the bag, the third port being in fluid communication with the interior compartment of the bag; wherein the first tube comprises a first inner support structure defining a central lumen of the tube and a first outer filter layer surrounding the first inner support structure.

Abstract: A bioreactor for producing a biological medicament from a biological liquid that originates from a sample taken from a patient or a donor includes two flexible films joined locally via weld zones on the inner surfaces of the two films to form leak-tight barriers that mutually delimit a plurality of circulation channels connecting a plurality of compartments. At least one of the films comprises a plurality of interconnection vias, each of which opens into one of the channels or compartments. A support is used to support such a bioreactor.

Abstract: Methods of protein production in a linked culture and production bioreactor system are provided. Such methods include a culture bioreactor (N-1 bioreactor) linked to production bioreactor (N bioreactor). More specifically, the methods include (a) culturing cells with a gene that encodes the protein of interest in a continuous perfusion culture bioreactor (N-1 bioreactor); inoculating a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) production bioreactor (N bioreactor) with cells obtained from step (a); and culturing the cells in the CSTR production bioreactor under conditions that allow production of the protein of interest.

Abstract: The culture insert container has a lower culture container having a bottom portion equipped with a porous membrane and a sidewall, and having an upper insertion fixture having a cylindrical sidewall that is inserted into said lower culture container. The cylindrical sidewall has a land arranged so as to protrude from a top end of the sidewall of the lower culture container at a location such as will cause a top surface of said porous membrane and a bottom end portion of the cylindrical sidewall which is inserted within the lower culture container to be maintained in a noncontacting state. A land is arranged at an outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall so as to cause a constant distance to be maintained between an inner surface of the sidewall of the lower culture container and the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product are provided for monitoring neuron growth within a lattice and stopping a spread of an infection. An infection visual recognition module monitors and captures images of the lattice during the neuron growth. The presence of the infection in the neurons within the lattice is identified. The identifying includes performing, via a deep neural network, visual recognition on the captured images to identify the presence of the infection. In response to the identifying, applying a laser to the infected area of the lattice with sufficient energy for stopping the infection. The lattice is flushed to remove chemical byproducts and dead cells resulting from the laser application.

Abstract: A system for modeling organ-on-a-chip and other biological models includes a 3D-printed platform that includes an internal chip with bioprinted vascular and interstitial infill capable of being seeded with active cells such that the functioning of organs (for example, human organs) may be replicated accurately.