Abstract: In some examples, a non-incendiary tracer projectile structure for housing an electrically powered illumination source comprises a jacket comprising a generally pointed forward end and a generally blunt rearward end defining a rear opening, an internal retaining structure disposed towards the rearward end of the jacket to support a protective window that is transparent to a selected electromagnetic wavelength, wherein a portion of the rearward end of the jacket tapers in a radially inward direction whereby to define a circumferential narrowing of the rear opening so configured as to mechanically protect the internal retaining structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bullet, in particular precision bullet, comprising a bullet core with a bow-side section, a tail-side section with a bullet base and a guide band located therebetween, and a bullet jacket completely surrounding the bullet core, wherein in the region of the bullet core tail axially offset from the guide band and/or in the region of a tail-side end face of the bullet core base and/or in the region of the bullet core bow axially offset from the guide band a profiling is placed, in accordance with the bullet jacket, adapts complementary in shape in in such a way that an anti-rotation structure is formed between the bullet jacket and the bullet core.

Abstract: A monolithic bullet has a tapered nose and a cylindrical shank. The shank has a sealing boss, a groove, a case alignment boss, and a bore riding surface. The case alignment boss is adjacent the nose and has a diameter greater than the nominal groove diameter of a rifle barrel of the same caliber as the bullet. The groove is adjacent the sealing boss and has a diameter less than the nominal groove diameter of the barrel. The case alignment boss is adjacent the groove and has a diameter approximately equal to or less than the nominal groove diameter of the barrel. The bore riding surface has a diameter approximately equal to the nominal bore diameter of the barrel.

Abstract: A gas favoring boattail projectile has a body, a nose extending from the body as an ogive, a tip upon the nose, a meplat of the tip, a frustum outwardly of the body and opposite the nose, and a base opposite the tip. The frustum also appears as a boattail and the body appears as a cylinder. The projectile has a caliber denoting its widest diameter and serving as the basis for additional dimensions measured from it. The meplat has a proportional relationship to the boattail and the boattail has an angular relationship to the surface of the cylinder. The relationships of specific features of the invention optimize its accuracy on target while remaining within weight and other specified parameters.

Abstract: A projectile designed to be lead-free and have a ballistic coefficient ranging from about 0.13 to about 0.80 or greater for enhanced energy/performance at extended ranges may have an elongated body formed with a jacket including a wall having an end defining an ogive portion and a cavity or recess defined within the jacket and in which a core is received. The projectile can be configured in various calibers and sizes. The projectile core may be formed from a plurality of core sections, and at least one of the plurality of core sections may include tungsten powder and a lead-free binder material pressed together to form a substantially cylindrical shape or compact. One or more of the core sections further can be sintered, and the one or more core sections may be received in an end-to-end relationship within the cavity defined by the jacket to form a stacked, sectional core.

Abstract: A projectile having a projectile body for holding a penetrator, a projectile rear, and a projectile ogive. The projectile body has a narrowed point, on which the penetrator can be supported. The narrowed point results in reliable breaking open of the projectile body when the projectile hits a target.

Abstract: A projectile adapted for use with a cartridge in a firearm with a barrel. The projectile is of a .22 caliber. The projectile includes a body machined from a solid material having a rear end and forward end. The projectile includes a heel starting at the rear end. A crimp groove extends forward of the heel. An adjustable sealing band extends forward of the crimp groove. A pressure reducing groove extends forward of the rear driving band. A front driving band extends forward of the pressure reducing groove. An Ogive extends forward of the front driving band. Finally, there is a bullet tip extending forward of the Ogive. A specific version ment that has been found to be very accurate in the most amount of rifles has adjustable sealing band diameter of 0.224 inches, a pressure reducing groove diameter of 0.2165 inches and a front driving band diameter of 0.2213 inches.

Abstract: The invention relates to a projectile (1, 1?) comprising a retaining element (2, 2?) and a penetrator (3). The penetrator (3) is at least partly received in a retaining element (2, 2?) receiving opening (12, 12?) which runs centrally relative to the projectile axis (A) and has a penetrator front (4) and a penetrator rear (5). The penetrator rear (5) has a cylindrical shape, and the penetrator front (4) runs in a conical manner from the penetrator rear (5) in the direction of a penetrator tip (6) with respect to the projectile axis (A). The length ratio of the length (LPF) of the penetrator front (4) to the length (LPH) of the penetrator rear (5) is approximately 1 to 1, preferably approximately 1 to 1.5, particularly preferably approximately 1 to 2.2.

Abstract: A sub-mass projectile for a firearm includes a core having a relatively lower mass than a standard projectile for the firearm. A force inducer is associated with the core. The force inducer has an interface that interacts with the firearm. The interface includes a bearing surface with a relatively larger outer diameter than a standard projectile for the firearm. The bearing surface bears against a surface of the firearm during operation so as to increase resistive forces between the sub-mass projectile and the firearm to a magnitude sufficient to approximate the kinetic forces of a standard mass projectile on the firearm during operation.

Abstract: A non-jacketed expandable bullet including a monolithic sintered body. The monolithic sintered body includes a base portion and a deformed hollow nose portion extending distally from a distal end of the base portion. Also, a method of manufacturing a non-jacketed expandable bullet including providing a monolithic sintered body including a base portion and a hollow peripheral portion extending distally from a distal end of the base portion and forming the hollow peripheral portion into the shape of a hollow tapered nose.

Abstract: A non-jacketed expandable bullet including a monolithic sintered body. The monolithic sintered body includes a base portion and a deformed hollow nose portion extending distally from a distal end of the base portion. Also, a method of manufacturing a non-jacketed expandable bullet including providing a monolithic sintered body including a base portion and a hollow peripheral portion extending distally from a distal end of the base portion and forming the hollow peripheral portion into the shape of a hollow tapered nose.

Abstract: A non-jacketed bullet including a monolithic sintered body and a sintered projectile tip. The monolithic sintered body includes a base portion and a deformed hollow nose portion, and the sintered projectile tip includes a base portion and a nose portion. A portion of the sintered projectile tip extends into the deformed hollow nose portion of the monolithic sintered body and a portion of the sintered projectile tip extends from a distal end of the deformed hollow nose portion of the monolithic sintered body. Also, a method of manufacturing a non-jacketed bullet including providing a monolithic sintered body including a base portion and a hollow peripheral portion providing a sintered projectile tip, inserting a portion of the sintered projectile tip into the hollow portion of the monolithic sintered body, and forming the hollow peripheral portion into the shape of a hollow tapered nose.

Abstract: The present invention in some aspects is directed to small arms ammunition and programmed upset characteristics thereof imparted to them using high energy beams. More particularly, the invention relates to ammunition and methods of making ammunition having predetermined patterns of engraving and/or cutting or hardening and/or annealing imparted in the ammunition's forward portion using a programming laser or electron beam system adapted for treating projectiles to effect predetermined and consistent upset configurations.

Abstract: A limited range projectile includes pyrotechnic material and reactive material. The pyrotechnic material is ignited at projectile launch. The pyrotechnic material ignites the reactive material. If the projectile reaches a maximum desired range prior to impact with a target, the ignited reactive material transforms the projectile into an aerodynamically unstable object.

Abstract: Firearm projectiles and methods of manufacturing firearm projectiles from a supply of clad wire. In some embodiments, the clad wire is manufactured as electrical wire, such as copper-clad steel wire. Bullets and shot, as well as methods of forming bullets and shot, from clad wire are disclosed.

Abstract: An armor penetrating round includes an elongated core portion (e.g., a hollow tool steel core) defining a front end, an aft end, and a central cavity which extends from the aft end toward the front end. The central cavity has (i) an aft cross-sectional diameter adjacent the aft end and (ii) a front cross-sectional diameter adjacent the front end, the aft cross-sectional diameter being larger than the front cross-sectional diameter. The armor penetrating round further includes a slug portion (e.g., a pre-compacted pellet of powdered metal) which is disposed within the central cavity adjacent the aft end, and an outer jacket (e.g., a copper jacket) which extends around the elongated core portion to operate as an interface between the armor penetrating round and a gun barrel when the armor penetrating round is fired through the gun barrel.

Abstract: The decomposition of a projectile in a target body, particularly a hunting projectile in wild animals after penetration therein, determines the energy output of the projectile and thereby the effect of the shot. For projectiles with double cores, the properties of the ingredients used in the cores decisively affect the decomposition and particularly the deformation behavior of the cores. According to the invention, a partial decomposition projectile comprising two cores is provided with one solid core (3) made of a material suited to said projectile and the other core (4;22) is divided up into two areas (4a,4b;22a;22b), whereby one area (4a;22a) is made of ball-shaped elements made of a metal material granulate (5;23) and the second area (4b;22b) is made of a metal or ceramic powder and the ball-shaped elements or granulates (5;23) are pressed to become free of shrink holes, in order to improve decomposition behavior control.

Abstract: Bullets, including lead-free bullets with frangible cores, are described herein. In some embodiments, a bullet includes a jacket having an inner surface defining a cavity having an open end and a closed end. The bullet also includes a lead-free core positioned within the cavity and extending from the closed end to a first intermediate portion of the cavity. The core includes a plurality of particles that are compacted within the cavity to form the core. The bullet also includes a seal positioned within the cavity and extending from the first intermediate portion to a second intermediate portion of the cavity. The seal abuts the inner surface of the jacket, thereby substantially sealing off the core within the cavity. The bullet may also include a polymeric tip having a forward portion projecting forward from the open end and a rearward portion extending rearward into the cavity.

Abstract: A solid projectile useful in a round of gun ammunition wherein, upon striking a target, the projectile selectively disintegrates, leaving intact at least one portion or appurtenance of the projectile which is recoverable for purpose of identification of rifling markings thereon and/or other analysis.

Abstract: The decomposition of a projectile in a target body, particularly a hunting projectile in wild animals after penetration therein, determines the energy output of the projectile and thereby the effect of the shot. For projectiles with double cores, the properties of the ingredients used in the cores decisively affect the decomposition and particularly the deformation behavior of the cores. According to the invention, a partial decomposition projectile comprising two cores is provided with one solid core (3) made of a material suited to said projectile and the second core (4) is made of a powder (5) consisting of metal or ceramic ingredients, said powder being pressed to become free of shrink holes, in order to improve decomposition behavior control.

Abstract: A bullet having a jacket, having a rear section, and a front section, having an open front end; a rear core disposed in the rear section of the jacket and bonded thereto; and a front core, separate from the rear core, disposed in the front section of the jacket, adjacent the open front end. The front section of the jacket can expand after impact with the target and release the front core to form an initial volume of disruption, while the rear core and at least the rear section of the jacket penetrate, past the initial volume of disruption.

Abstract: A munition, such as a projectile formed of at least one reactive material, is provided. In one embodiment, the projectile includes a body portion formed of at least one reactive material composition wherein the at least one reactive material composition defines at least a portion of an exterior surface of the projectile. In other words, a portion of the reactive material may be left “unbuffered” or exposed to the barrel of a gun or weapon from which it is launched and similarly exposed to a target with which the projectile subsequently impacts. In one embodiment, the projectile may be formed with a jacket surrounding a portion of the reactive material to provide additional structural integrity. The projectile may be formed by casting or pressing the reactive material into a desired shape. In another embodiment of the invention, the reactive material may be extruded into a near-net shape and then machined into the desired shape.

Abstract: A bullet comprises a casing engaging segment, a rifling leade mating segment, and a tip segment. The rifling leade mating segment has a frusto-conical shape tapering from a first diameter at a first end portion thereof to a second diameter at a second end portion thereof. The rifling leade mating segment extends from a first end portion of the casing engaging segment. The tip segment extends from the second end portion of the rifling leade mating segment. The first diameter is greater than the second diameter.

Abstract: A reduced signature weapon cartridge is provided which, when fired, produces little or no muzzle blast or noise signature. In particular, a reduced signature weapon cartridge of the present invention comprises a movable piston disposed within the cartridge, disposed in between the high pressure chamber and the projectile. When fired, propellant gases rapidly force the piston forward within the cartridge case, thereby launching the projectile at a subsonic velocity, thereby eliminating the conventional noise signature associated with supersonic velocities. Thereafter, the propellant gases are slowly released from the cartridge case via perforations formed within the piston, grooves formed in the periphery of the piston, or via a gap between the piston and cartridge wall, thereby reducing or eliminating the conventional muzzle blast.

Abstract: A bullet includes at least a mid core and a rear core in tandem alignment. The hardness of the mid core is greater than the hardness of the rear core. A jacket envelops both the mid core and the rear core. The jacket has a generally cylindrical sidewall, which is in contact with the mid core, and a boat-tail, which is in contact with the rear core. The rear core is substantially contained within the boat-tail. The mid core and the rear core may be substantially lead-free. In one embodiment, the bullet includes a front core in tandem alignment with the rear core and in contact with a nose portion of the jacket. In another embodiment, the mid core extends from the nose portion of the bullet to the boat-tail.

Abstract: A munition includes a structural component formed from a composite material comprising a energetic material dispersed in a metallic binder material. A method is also provided that includes forming a energetic material, combining the energetic material with a metallic binder material to form a mixture, and shaping the mixture to form a composite structural munition component.

Abstract: Methods and articles are provided for frangible slugs. A method of manufacturing a frangible slug includes heating substantially spherical metallic powdered particles, wherein substantially all of the powdered particles have diameters larger than 125 microns and smaller than 250 microns, to form heated powdered particles. The method includes heating a microcrystalline wax, to form a melted wax. The method also includes combining the heated powdered particles with the melted wax, to form a liquid mixture. The method further includes filling a payload cavity of a frangible slug container with the liquid mixture to form a liquid mixture payload.

Abstract: A jacketed bullet has a core of a dense metal or metal alloy, an inner jacket at least partially surrounding and bonded to the core; and an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner jacket and core.

Abstract: A lead-free projectile having a metal jacket (10) with a tip in the form of a truncated parabellum. The metal jacket (10) is partially filled with cold-pressed metal powder (18), the remainder of the metal jacket being filled with metal-filled polymer (26). The metal-filled polymer (26) extends through the truncated parabellum and forms a tip on the projectile. A projectile (bullet) having a higher grain is obtained. Methods of manufacture are also disclosed.

Abstract: A casing for warhead components, and a warhead including such a casing. The casing includes a laser sintered material. The laser sintered material may include metal powder such as aluminium powder and binder particles. The casing may be include a lacquer coating, and optionally an outer lining. A warhead including the casing.

Abstract: Rifle bullet for hunting purposes, with a jacket of a lead-free soft ductile material and a core, connected to the jacket, made from a material softer than the jacket. The aim of the invention is to improve the bullet to provide a persistent cut of hair and bleeding at the point of entry, mushrooming in a controlled manner with considerable cross-sectional enlargement, whilst only marginally breaking up with a high residual weight (90% and more). The rifle bullet has a thinly-jacketed bullet tip and has a marked sharp edge at the transition point of the jacket on the bullet tip to a substantially thicker-jacketed tail section. The rifle bullet is internally provided with a circumferential channel reducing the wall thickness of the jacket at said point, filled with the core material.

Abstract: The disintegration of a bullet in the body of a wild animal is determined by the power output of the bullet and therefore by the effect of the shot. A different type of disintegration is required for small as opposed to large animals. According to the invention, a disintegrating hunting bullet is provided in the form of an enveloped bullet, characterized in that the core (3) is made of balls (4,5) or granules made of a metal substance and the balls (4,5) or granules are pressed free from cavities in order to create set rupture points.

Abstract: A bullet includes a frontward facing aperture. Contained within the aperture is a relatively hard bullet frontal element that provides advantageous bullet impact performance. In one embodiment, the frontal element is a steel sphere that provides advantageous penetration and weight retention when the bullet impacts laminated glass, such as an automobile windshield.

Abstract: When intervention ammunitions are fired in shooting ranges, subsequently there occur high levels of released energy, stop butt damage, at the target. Therefore the invention provides a complete destruction shell, in the form of an encased shell, characterized in that the core (3) of the shell consists of balls (4, 5) or metal granular materials, and the balls (4, 5) or granular materials are compressed without forming inclusions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bullet for infantry ammunition comprising a bullet core (1), a bullet tip (13), and a metal case (2). The aim of the invention is to create a durable connection between the bullet core (1) and the metal case (2). To this end, the metal case (2) is a shell, which is open at the front and which is pulled onto the bullet core (1) from the rear. The bullet tip (13) projects away from the metal case (2), and a constriction (4) is provided on the bullet core (1). The case end (5) that is open at the front projects into this constriction.

Abstract: A bullet includes at least a mid core and a rear core in tandem alignment. The hardness of the mid core is greater than the hardness of the rear core. A jacket envelops both the mid core and the rear core. The jacket has a generally cylindrical sidewall, which is in contact with the mid core, and a boat-tail, which is in contact with the rear core. The rear core is substantially contained within the boat-tail. The mid core and the rear core may be substantially lead-free. In one embodiment, the bullet includes a front core in tandem alignment with the rear core and in contact with a nose portion of the jacket. In another embodiment, the mid core extends from the nose portion of the bullet to the boat-tail.

Abstract: A projectile for use in firearms and of the type having on one end a hemispherical tip which communicates at its base with a nose segment which then attaches to a cylindrical body terminating in a surface whose width represents the diameter of the aforementioned cylindrical body. One or many parts of the projectile are coated or plated in a material that creates a surface featuring recesses when it hardens. This surface acts as an aerodynamic aid when the projectile is in flight. The coating or plating may be applied directly to the projectile or layered on top of a jacket.

Abstract: A projectile including a spherical core and a hook or loop outer cover, has an overall diameter, including the cover which is equal to or less than an internal diameter of a 68 caliber paintball gun for use in the gun in place of paintballs. The diameter of the projectile permits gravity fed, drop loading of projectiles into a conventional paintball gun barrel without an compression of the projectile being required whatsoever. The resultant small gap surrounding the projectile within the barrel permits some pressurized gas to escape around the projectile when firing, thus limiting the velocity of the projectile to a safer velocity for closer range use of conventional paintball guns. A gun is also described having a shuttle for pushing a projectile through the barrel thereof by action of a stretched resilient band. The barrel is sized similarly to a conventional 68 caliber paintball gun for firing either paintballs or the projectiles described herein.

Abstract: A powder-based projectile useful in the manufacture of gun ammunition comprising a jacket having an inner volume which is tapered from a maximum diameter adjacent the open end of the jacket to a minimum diameter adjacent the closed end of the jacket and a core formed outside the jacket and having a complementary tapered geometry with respect to the inner volume of the jacket. Projections from the outer surface of the core are embedded within the inner wall of the jacket to enhance the spin stability of the jacket/core combination and to enhance the frangibility of the projectile upon it striking a target. A method for the manufacture of the projectile is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a projectile for small-bore weapons ammunition comprising the steps of producing a compact from a mixture of a heavy metal powder and a light metal powder at room temperature, and without further treatment of the compact, introducing the compact into a metal jacket, including pressing the compact into the jacket with a pressure sufficient to ensure substantially complete filling of a selected portion of the jacket by the compact. The compacts fill less that the entire volume of the jacket, leaving a portion of the jacket void of the compact. Prior to the pressing of the compact into the jacket, a disc having an outer diameter substantially equal to the internal diameter of said jacket adjacent the open end thereof is introduced into the jacket. Thereafter, that portion of the jacket adjacent its open end is infolded toward the longitudinal centerline of the jacket to at least substantially close the open end of the jacket.

Abstract: An ammunition article includes a molded plastic cartridge casing body having a first end and a second end, and a projectile attached to the first end of the cartridge casing body. The cartridge casing body is molded around at least a portion of the projectile. A molded plastic base for an ammunition article, a molded plastic blank cartridge, and a molded plastic cartridge casing body having a pronged web are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of forming a gun ammunition projectile 52 including a leading end defined by an ogive 53 including the steps of admixing a quantity of a first powdered metal having a first melting point and a first density, with a quantity of a second powdered metal having a second, and lower, melting point and a second, and lesser, density, pressing a quantity of the admixed metal powders into a self-supporting compact having at least an outboard end disposing the compact in a cup-shaped jacket, heating the compact in the jacket, in a vertical attitude, to a temperature of at least the melting point of the second metal but less than the melting point of the first metal, for a time sufficient to result in a liquefied portion of the second metal migrating to and accumulating at the one outboard end of the compact.

Abstract: A bullet includes a frontward facing aperture. Contained within the aperture is a relatively hard bullet frontal element that provides advantageous bullet impact performance. In one embodiment, the frontal element is a steel sphere that provides advantageous penetration and weight retention when the bullet impacts laminated glass, such as an automobile windshield.

Abstract: A frangible projectile for gun ammunition wherein the projectile includes a core 96 formed from one or more metal powders which are pressed into a self-supporting compact and incorporated into a metal jacket 10. The metal jacket is initially cup-shaped (generally cylindrical in overall geometry) with an open end 14 and a closed end 16. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention the closed end of the jacket becomes the trailing end of the projectile. In another embodiment, the closed end of the jacket becomes the leading end of the projectile. In either embodiment, that surface 20 of the closed end 16 of the jacket which faces inwardly of the volume of the jacket is indented and stressed over substantially its entire area in accordance with a pattern of indentions 22 which enhances the frangibility of this closed end of the projectile when the projectile strikes a target.

Abstract: The preset invention discloses and claims a frangible projectile and method for delivering a wide array of selected agents to a target from stand-off distances. The frangible projectile includes fluorescent or optical powders and provides a method for covertly marking and detecting a target of interest. Alternately, the frangible projectile includes inert nano-powders and provides a method for preventing a high-order detonation of a target containing explosive material from stand-off distances.

Abstract: A bullet has a core with a leading end defining a cavity. A jacket surrounds the core and exposes the cavity. A nose element is at least partly received within the cavity. The nose element may be a plastic ball with an exposed nose surface that smoothly transitions to an adjacent portion of the jacket. The cavity may be a conically tapered cavity, and the nose element may enclose a chamber portion of the cavity. The core is formed of a ductile material, and may be a soft lead material of high purity.

Abstract: Projectiles or war-heads with an inner arrangement for the formation of bulging zones (4,4a) are proposed, comprised of an enclosed bulging medium (1) which is terminal-ballistically substantially ineffective and is radially enclosed by a penetration material (2) which is terminal-ballistically effective, with the bulging medium (1) having a lower density as compared with the enclosing penetration material (2). This leads to the effect that on impact or on penetrating a target plate (3) the bulging medium (1) remains behind relative to the encompassing terminal-ballistic effective body (2) and is laterally increasingly bulged by the bulging material (1) which continues to flow in from behind. As a result of the high pressures, a conical (crowned) pressure and bulging zone (4,4a) is formed dynamically, which zone radially widens or fragments the passing ambient effective material (5,5a).

Abstract: Projectiles or war-heads with an inner arrangement for the formation of bulging zones (4,4a) are proposed, comprised of an enclosed bulging medium (1) which is terminal-effective ballistically substantially ineffective and is radially enclosed by a penetration material (2) which is terminal-ballistically effective, with the bulging medium (1) having a lower density as compared with the enclosing penetration material (2). This leads to the effect that on impact or on penetrating a target plate (3) the bulging medium (1) remains behind relative to the encompassing terminal-ballistic effective body (2) and is laterally increasingly bulged by the bulging material (1) which continues to flow in from behind. As a result of the high pressures, a conical (crowned) pressure and bulging zone (4,4a) is formed dynamically, which zone radially widens or fragments the passing ambient effective material (5,5a).

Abstract: Projectiles or war-heads with an inner arrangement for the formation of bulging zones (4,4a) are proposed, comprised of an enclosed bulging medium (1) which is terminal-ballistically substantially ineffective and is radially enclosed by a penetration material (2) which is terminal-ballistically effective, with the bulging medium (1) having a lower density as compared with the enclosing penetration material (2). This leads to the effect that on impact or on penetrating a target plate (3) the bulging medium (1) remains behind relative to the encompassing terminal-ballistic effective body (2) and is laterally increasingly bulged by the bulging material (1) which continues to flow in from behind. As a result of the high pressures, a conical (crowned) pressure and bulging zone (4,4a) is formed dynamically, which zone radially widens or fragments the passing ambient effective material (5,5a).

Abstract: Projectiles or war-heads with an inner arrangement for the formation of bulging zones (4,4a) are proposed, comprised of an enclosed bulging medium (1) which is terminal-ballistically substantially ineffective and is radially enclosed by a penetration material (2) which is terminal-ballistically effective, with the bulging medium (1) having a lower density as compared with the enclosing penetration material (2). This leads to the effect that on impact or on penetrating a target plate (3) the bulging medium (1) remains behind relative to the encompassing terminal-ballistic effective body (2) and is laterally increasingly bulged by the bulging material (1) which continues to flow in from behind. As a result of the high pressures, a conical (crowned) pressure and bulging zone (4,4a) is formed dynamically, which zone radially widens or fragments the passing ambient effective material (5,5a).