Abstract: A primer composition comprises (a) a fluoroalkylene or fluoropolyether compound having at least one alkenyl radical and at least one hydrolyzable silyl radical, (b) an organic titanic acid ester, (c) an organic tin compound, and (d) a silane compound. The primer composition is fully adherent to various substrates of metals, glass, ceramics, cement, mortar, carbon, and plastics, and is particularly suited for use with a thermosetting elastomer composition based on a polymer having at least two alkenyl radicals and a perfluoropolyether structure in its backbone.

Abstract: A silane composition for preparing a semiconductor thin films of a solar cell is disclosed. The silane composition contains a polysilane compound represented by the formula SinRm (n is an integer of 3 or more, m is an integer of n to (2n+2) and an m number of R's are each independently a hydrogen atom, alkyl group, phenyl group or halogen atom, with the proviso that when all the m number of R's are hydrogen atoms and m=2n, n is an integer of 7 or more), and at least one silane compound selected from cyclopentasilane, cyclohexasilane and silylcyclopentasilane.

Abstract: Use in the treatment of ceramic materials for obtaining an easy stain removal, of mono- and bifunctional (per)fluoropolyether derivatives having the following structures: [Rf—CFY-L-O]mP(O)(O?Z+)3-m??(A) (O?Z+)2P(O)[O-L-YFC—O—Rf—CFY-L-O—P(O)(O?Z+)]m?-[O-L-YFC—O—Rf—CFY-L-O]P(O)(O?Z+)2??(B) Rf—CFY-L-W??(C) W-L-YFC—O—Rf—CFY-L-W??(D) wherein m? is an integer from 0 to 20, preferably from 0 to 4; L is an organic group selected from —CH2-(OCH2CH2)n—, —CO—NR?—(CH2)q—, with R?=H or C1–C4 alkyl group; n=0–8, preferably 1–3, q=1–8, preferably 1–3; Z=H, alkaline metal or NR4 group with R=H or C1–C4 alkyl group; Y=F, CF3; m=1,2,3, preferably 1,2; W is a —Si(R1)?(OR2)3-? group with ?=0,1,2, R1 and R2 equal to or different from each other are C1–C6 alkyl groups, optionally containing one or more ether O, C6–C10 aryl groups, C7–C12 alkyl-aryl or aryl-alkyl groups.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions comprising polyorganosiloxanes having relatively long alkyl groups and having aromatic groups and also polymers having perfluoroalkyl groups or fluorine-free polyurethanes are useful for treating textile fabrics.

Abstract: A composition for coloring the surface of a porous substrate is disclosed comprising a colorant, a binding agent, and a water-repelling agent is disclosed wherein upon application of the composition to the surface of the porous substrate, the composition penetrates the surface through the pores of the substrate, and adds color to the surface of the porous substrate. Also disclosed is the method for coloring a substrate, a colored surface of a porous substrate and a process for producing such a composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of coating a gasket that includes electrostatically spraying a solvent-free coating material onto a grounded gasket and then fusing the material to itself and the gasket. In one aspect, a particulate lubricant and a silicone are used as the coating material.

Abstract: Anti-reflective coating materials for deep ultraviolet photolithography include one or more organic dyes incorporated into spin-on-glass materials. Suitable dyes are strongly absorbing over wavelength ranges around wavelengths such as 248 nm and 193 nm that may be used in photolithography. A method of making dyed spin-on-glass materials includes combining one or more organic dyes with alkoxysilane reactants during synthesis of the spin-on-glass materials.

Abstract: A surface treatment, especially for titanium and aluminum alloys, forms a pigmented sol-gel film covalently bonded on the metal surface to produce desired color, gloss, reflectivity, electrical conductivity, emissivity, or a combination thereof usable over a wide temperature range. The coating retains its characteristics and impact resistance following exposures to temperatures at least in the range from ?321° F. to 750° F. An aqueous sol containing an alkoxyzirconium and an organosilane with an organic acid catalyst and zirconium stabilizer is applied to etched or grit blasted substrates by dipping, spraying, or drenching, to produce bonds in a single application comparable in strength and performance to standard anodize controls. Parameters affecting performance include the sol composition, the Si/Zr ratio, the ratio of sol ingredients, the concentration of the sol, the carrier solvent, solution age, catalysts, surface pretreatment, application method, curing process, and primer used.

Abstract: A process for providing a coating composition which, provides an abrasive resistant coating having a refractive index of the substrate and controlled tintability. The composition which, when applied to at least one surface of a substrate comprises an aqueous-organic solvent mixture containing a mixture of hydrolysis products and partial condensates of an epoxy-functional silane, a carboxylic acid functional compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, multifunctional carboxylic acids, anhydrides, and combinations thereof, a metal oxide composite colloid, a disilane and an effective amount of a leveling agent for permitting the aqueous-organic mixture to spread on the substrate and thereby provide substantially uniform contact of the aqueous-organic mixture with the substrate. The coating compositions may further include a mixture of hydrolysis products and partial condensates of one or more silane additives, a colloidal silica material, and a tetrafunctional silane.

Abstract: Described is a coating composition adapted to enhance the adhesion of a polymeric coating or film applied to a substrate. The coating composition is interposed between the substrate and the polymeric coating and comprises (a) at least one coupling agent, partial hydrolysates thereof or mixtures thereof in a concentration greater than 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the total composition, and (b) an adhesion enhancing amount of an epoxy-containing material having at least two epoxy groups. The coating composition is substantially free of photochromic materials and colloidal particles chosen from silica, alumina or mixtures thereof. Also described is a process for using the coating composition and articles coated with the composition and additional coatings and films which can be photochromic.

Abstract: To provide a primer composition having an excellent balance between storage stability and adhesiveness, while permitting a longer open time. The primer composition includes: a compound (a) represented by the following formula (1): and an organic solvent (b).

Abstract: Anti-reflective coating materials for deep ultraviolet photolithography include one or more organic light-absorbing compounds incorporated into spin-on-glass materials. Suitable absorbing compounds are strongly absorbing over wavelength ranges around wavelengths such as 365 nm, 248 nm, and 193 nm that may be used in photolithography. A method of making absorbing spin-on-glass materials includes combining one or more organic absorbing compounds with alkoxysilane or halosilane reactants during synthesis of the spin-on-glass materials.

Abstract: A high temperature resistive coating composition includes a pigmenting component, a binder component, and a hardening agent. The pigmenting component includes a spinel of the formula AB2O4, in which A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Ni, or a combination thereof, and B is selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe and Cr, or a combination thereof. The binder component of the high temperature resistive coating is preferably a polysiloxane material, such as a silicon resin. Moreover, the hardening agent of the high temperature resistive coating includes a finely powdered material selected from the group consisting of diamond powder, BN, WC, SiC, Al2O3, AlN and SiO2. The resistive coating may be advantageously used for coating the interior of a self-cleaning oven, an oven rack, burner grates, and the like, particularly due to its ability to withstand high temperatures.

Abstract: Silicone resins comprising 5 to 50 mole % of (PhSiO3-x)/2(OH)x) units and 50 to 95 mole % (HSiO(3-x)/2(OH)x), where Ph is a phenyl group, x has a value of 0, 1 or 2 and wherein the cured silicone resin has a critical surface free energy of 30 dynes/cm or higher. These resins are useful as etch stop layers for organic dielectric materials having a critical surface free energy of 40 dynes/cm or higher.

Abstract: An active energy ray-curable antistatic coating composition contains (A) inorganic oxide fine particles having a side chain having a molecular weight of at least 300 and having a functional group and (B) an antistatic agent containing at least a quaternary ammonium salt group-containing polymer, a quaternary ammonium salt group-containing silane coupling agent and/or a hydrolysis condensate of the silane coupling agent, and optionally contains (C) a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate having at least 3 (meth)acryloyl groups in a molecule.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a treatment composition comprising a halogen bearing compound, a volatile siloxane fluid and at least one solvent. In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treatment of molded rubber articles by applying a treatment composition to a rubber article to form a treated surface, followed by applying an adhesive or a coating to at least a portion of the treated surface.

Abstract: A substrate treatment composition of an aqueous solution for imparting hydrophobicity to a substrate or for rendering the substrate hydrophobic. This solution preferably includes sodium and/or potassium methylsiliconate and sodium and/or potassium silicate. Also, the use of this composition for the treatment of a substrate to impart hydrophobicity or to render the substrate hydrophobic.

Abstract: A metal-coupling composition composed of silane cross-linking and coupling agents wherein the coupling agent includes a vinyl moiety. The coupling composition is a replacement for iron-phosphatizing/chromate primering and chromate primering in zinc phosphatizing processes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface treatment agent that endows a copper foil with excellent adhesion to insulating resins. The surface treatment agent of the present invention has as its active components an organosilicic compound expressed by a following General Formula (1) and/or an organosilicic compound expressed by a General Formula (2) and an olefin-based silane coupling agent. The surface treatment agent of the present invention provides particularly excellent adhesion between an insulating resin and a low-profile copper foil used for a high-frequency-adaptable substrate. In Formulas (1) and (2), R1 is a hydroxyl group or a C1 to C5 alkyl group, and R2 is a C1 to C10 alkylene group that may contain oxygen.

Abstract: A sol-gel coating material, containing (A) an acrylate copolymer solution, consisting of at least one acrylate copolymer; (B) a parent lacquer which can be produced by the hydrolysis and condensation of at least one hydrolysable silane of the formula (I): SiR4; wherein: R=hydrolysable groups, hydroxy groups and non-hydrolysable groups, with the proviso that there should be at least one hydrolysable group; and (C) a sol which can be produced by the hydrolysis, condensation and complexing of (C1) at least one hydrolysable metal compound of the (II): MRn; wherein: M=aluminium, titanium or zirconium, R=the aforementioned given groups and n=3 or 4; of (C2) at least one organic thio compound of the formula (III): S(R1X)2, wherein R1 represents a two-bond organic radical and X represents hydroxyl, thiol and/or primary and/or secondary amino groups; and of (C3) a hydrolysable silane of the general formula (I).

Abstract: Anti-reflective coating materials for ultraviolet photolithography include at least one organic light-absorbing compound incorporated into spin-on-glass materials. Suitable absorbing compounds are strongly absorbing over wavelength ranges around wavelengths such as 365 nm, 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm that may be used in photolithography. A method of making absorbing spin-on-glass materials includes combining at least one organic absorbing compound with alkoxysilane or halosilane reactants during synthesis of the spin-on-glass materials.

Abstract: A coating composition based upon at least partially hydrolyzed epoxy-functional alkoxy silanes and having particular utility in forming tintable, abrasion resistant coatings on lenses. Incorporation in the composition of a non-hydrolyzed epoxy-functional alkoxy silane provides a desired reduction in viscosity. Incorporation in the composition of a polyether surfactant provides a cured coating of the composition with increased tintability.

Abstract: Provided are a composition for forming film which can form a porous film excelling in dielectric constant, adhesiveness, uniformity of the film, mechanical strength and having low hygroscopicity; the prous film and the method for manufacturing the same, and a high-performing and highly reliable semiconductor device comprising the porous film inside. More specifically, provided is a composition for forming porous film obtainable by hydrolysis and condensation, in an acidic or alkaline condition, of a mixture of 100 parts by weight of one or more compounds selected of the group consisting of hydrolysable silicon compounds represented by Formulas (1) and (2) and partially hydrolyzed and condensed products of the hydrolysable silicon compounds represented by Formulas (1) and (2), and 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of one or more cross-linking agents selected from the group consisting of structure-controlled cyclic or multi-branched oligomers represented by Formulas (3) to (8).

Abstract: A coating liquid for forming insulating film which can form insulating film having high adhesion to semiconductor substrate is provided.

Abstract: Compositions are described with organopolysiloxanes which contain crosslinked units and are further crosslinkable. The compositions further contain a polyurethane containing blocked isocyanate groups. They are useful for treating fiber materials, especially textile sheet materials, and can be applied thereto in the form of aqueous solutions or dispersions. Textiles which are 50 to 100% by weight wool and have been finished with the compositions exhibit low shrinkage and low felting tendency during washing operations and also a pleasant, soft hand.

Abstract: A coating composition based upon at least partially hydrolyzed epoxy-functional alkoxy silanes and having particular utility in forming tintable, abrasion resistant coatings on lenses. Incorporation in the composition of a non-hydrolyzed epoxy-functional alkoxy silane provides a desired reduction in viscosity. Incorporation in the composition of a polyether surfactant provides a cured coating of the composition with increased tintability.

Abstract: The composition for treating a siliceous substrate comprises: substantially water insoluble fluoro silane; an organic solvent in an amount sufficient for solubilizing the fluoro silane, and at least one ammonium and/or phosphonium compound, the weight ratio (ammonium and/or phosphonium compound/water insoluble fluoro silane) being greater than 0.005.

Abstract: An aqueous titanium oxide-dispersed sol comprising titanium oxide particles dispersed in water, said sol comprising chloride ions in an amount of 50 to 10,000 ppm by weight as the chlorine element. Titanium tetrachloride is hydrolyzed to form an aqueous titanium oxide-dispersed sol and the chloride ion concentration thereof is controlled. Another aqueous titanium oxide-dispersed sol comprising brookite-type titanium oxide particles dispersed in water, said titanium oxide particles having an average particle size of not more than 0.5 &mgr;m and a specific surface area of not less than 20 m2/g. Addition of titanium tetrachloride to hot water at 75 to 100° C. followed by hydrolysis at 75° C. to the boiling point of the mixture.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface treatment agent that endows a copper foil with excellent adhesion to insulating resins.

Abstract: A multi-layered woven side air curtain has pre-configured air holding cavities and a polymeric film laminated thereto. An adhesive polyether polyurethane or polyester polyurethane prime coat layer is first coated onto a textile substrate, and then a polymeric film, such as polyamide, polyolefin, or polyurethane is laminated thereto. The textile substrate may be woven of nylon, polyester, or other synthetic fibers. According to an alternative embodiment, a multi-layered composite film product is disclosed that can be used as a film laminate without the need for a prime coat adhesive layer being first applied to the textile substrate. In such a case, the adhesive prime coat is applied to the textile substrate in a single step via the film laminate itself. The side air curtain can be pre-configured or prefabricated to numerous varied designs and shapes prior to coating.

Abstract: A protective coating for organic substrates includes an emulsion having a branched trimethylsilylated alkylsilsesquioxane. The trimethylsilylated alkylsilsesquioxane has the formula: Me3SiO[R(Me3SiO)SiO]xSiMe3 wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon substituent with from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, Me is Methyl, and x ranges from 1 to 6. Also disclosed is a method of rendering an organic surface repellent to water, dust and dirt by treating the organic surface with an effective amount of the foregoing emulsion. The organic surface being treated can be a rubber surface such as wires, cables, the sidewall of automotive tires, footwear, and coated fabrics. The surface can also be a synthetic plastic surface such as automotive dashboards, automotive trim (both interior and exterior), automotive upholstery, flooring, residential siding, and piping.

Abstract: A self-shining aerosol-type shoe polish composition consisting essentially of 0.5 to 25% by volume of a silicone compound, optionally 3 to 25% by volume of a drying retardant and/or 0.1 to 1% by volume of an anti-static agent component, and the remainder of liquefied gas as a solvent as well as a propellant gas, exhibits excellent drying properties and self-shining effect when sprayed on the surface of shoes.

Abstract: A metal-coupling composition composed of silane cross-linking and coupling agents wherein the coupling agent includes a vinyl moiety. The coupling composition is a replacement for iron-phosphatizing/chromate primering and chromate primering in zinc phosphatizing processes.

Abstract: A new silicone condensation reaction, the condensation between an alkoxy silane or siloxane and an organo-hydrosilane or siloxane and catalysts therefore is described and claimed.

Abstract: A multi-layered woven side air curtain has pre-configured air holding cavities and a polymeric film laminated thereto. An adhesive polyether polyurethane or polyester polyurethane prime coat layer is first coated onto a textile substrate, and then a polymeric film, such as polyamide, polyolefin, or polyurethane is laminated thereto. The textile substrate may be woven of nylon, polyester, or other synthetic fibers. According to an alternative embodiment, a multi-layered composite film product can be used as a film laminate without the need for a prime coat adhesive layer being first applied to the textile substrate. In such a case, the adhesive prime coat is applied to the textile substrate in a single step via the film laminate itself. The side air curtain can be pre-configured or prefabricated to numerous varied designs and shapes prior to coating.

Abstract: Granules based on pyrogenically prepared silicon dioxide doped with aluminum oxide by means of an aerosol, which granules have the characteristic data: mean particle diameter: from 10 to 150 &mgr;m BET surface area: from 25 to 100 m2/g pH value: from 3 to 6 tamped density: from 400 to 1200 g/l They are produced by dispersing in water pyrogenically prepared silicon dioxide doped with aluminum oxide by means of an aerosol, spray drying the dispersion, and optionally carrying out tempering and/or silanization. In the silanized form, the granules have the following characteristic data: mean particle diameter: from 10 to 160 &mgr;m BET surface area: from 15 to 100 m2/g pH value: from 3 to 9 tamped density: from 400 to 1200 g/l carbon content: from 0.3 to 12.0 wt.

Abstract: A process or preparing a coating composition which involves forming a hydrolysis product is described.

Abstract: In general, increased video image contrast is achieved by reducing light transmission through an antistatic/antireflective (ASAR) coating disposed on the surface of the display screen of a cathode ray tube (CRT) by adding an organic dye to the coating. A silane coupling agent is added to the coating to prevent diffusion of the dye out of the coating which gives rise to undesirable water marks on the display screen. However, the silane coupling agent at the required concentrations weakens the mechanical strength of the coating, reduces its electrical conductivity, and changes its light reflective index. To avoid this, two or more different silane coupling agents are added to the ASAR coating with the plural silane coupling agents having an additive, or combining, effect which allows for the use of reduced amounts of the coupling agents and avoids the aforementioned problems. One agent is hydrophobic, while the other bonds to the organic dye.

Abstract: The invention is directed to coating a plurality of polyurethane films onto a stretchable knit fabric substrate and heat sealing such substrates together to yield an air curtain or air bag having improved air-holding properties.

Abstract: Described is an improved process for producing hydrophobic particulate inorganic oxides useful for reinforcing polymeric compositions, e.g., rubber, by using a certain amount of hydrophobizing agents in an aqueous suspension of inorganic oxide having a pH of 2.5 or less and increasing the pH of the suspension after hydrophobizing the filler.

Abstract: A black high temperature emissivity paint comprises 27.5 wt black pigment, 50.5% acrylic resin and 22 wt % silicone resin excluding solvent. The black pigment comprises (Co,Fe) (Fe,Cr)2 O4 and Ni. The black high temperature emissivity paint is applied to components of gas turbine engines and the gas turbine engine is run at the gas turbine engines normal operating conditions. The component coated with the black high temperature emissivity paint is viewed by an optical pyrometer and the optical pyrometer is used to determine the temperature of the component. The pyrometer measures the energy radiated by the component. The advantage of the black high temperature emissivity paint is that the colour, and hence the emissivity, remain unchanged at temperatures of 1100° C. and greater. This enables the pyrometer to be used without the need to recalibrate the pyrometer to take into account changes in emissivity of the black high temperature emissivity paint. It enables higher temperature use with more accuracy.

Abstract: The process comprises, (a) adding to a polymerizable composition containing a component A comprising at least one silane compound containing at least one epoxy group and at least two alkoxy groups directly bonded to the Si atom of the molecule or hydrolysate thereof and a component B comprising fine particles of silica, an effective amount of at least one cationic photopolymerization initiator and an effective amount of at least one thermal polymerization catalyst, (b) coating at least one surface of the substrate with the composition resulting from step (a), (c) submitting the coated substrate to a photopolymerization step for pre-curing the coating layer; and thereafter, (d) submitting the substrate with the pre-cured coating layer thereon to a thermal curing at a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined time to complete curing of the coating layer.

Abstract: The composition for treating a siliceous substrate comprises:

Abstract: The invention relates to a sol-gel coating material, containing (A) an acrylate copolymer solution, consisting of at least one acrylate copolymer (A1), (B) a sol which can be produced by the hydrolysis, condensation and complexing of at least one hydrolysable metal compound (B1) of the dormula (1): MRn; wherein the variable and the index have the following meanings: M=aluminium, titanium or zirconium; R=hydrolysable group, hydroxy groups and non-hydrolysable groups, with the proviso that there should be at least one, preferable two hydrolysable groups; and n=3 or 4; by the hydrolysis, condensation and complexing of at least one hydrolysable silane (B2) of the formula (II): Si(R1)2(R2)2; wherein the varible R1 and R2 have the following meanings: R1=alkyl and/or cycloalkyl radicals and R2=alkoxy and/or cycloakoxy radicals; and by the hydrolysis, condensation and complexing of at least one hydrollysable silane (B3) of the formula (III): SiR4; wherein the variable R has the afor

Abstract: Provided is a baked color pencil lead which comprises a baked lead obtained by impregnating pores of a porous baked lead comprising at least a filler with a solution containing a polysiloxane having a structural unit represented by the following Formula (I) and subjecting it to heat treatment in an oxidation atmosphere and/or a non-oxidation atmosphere and a colorant filled into the pores of the resultant baked lead and which is excellent in mechanical strength (bending strength, tensile strength, impact strength and the like) while exhibiting a satisfactory coloring power and sufficient drawn line density: wherein R1 and R2 each represent an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxy group or a siloxane group, and they may be the same or different.

Abstract: Resinous composition comprising: (A) 100 weight parts of

Abstract: A hydrophobic gypsum composition is provided which contains gypsum, a granulated hydrophobing additive and a pH effecting additive in an amount sufficient to maintain the pH of the composition in the range of 8 and 12.5, in the presence of water. The granule contains an organopolysiloxane having silicon bonded hydrogen, a water soluble or water dispersible binder, and a carrier, preferably gypsum or a stearate salt, in an amount sufficient to hydrophobe the gypsum. The pH effecting additive is preferably lime but may be any appropriate additive.

Abstract: Silica surfaces are contacted with compositions containing organosilicon compounds to prepare modified silica fillers. The compositions contain only organosilicon compounds which are monomeric dichlorosilanes and trialkoxysilanes. The treating compositions may be (i) mixtures or blends of dialkyldichlorosilanes, and trialkoxysilanes free of hydrocarbon or organofunctional groups reactive with silica surfaces, or (ii) mixtures or blends of substituted dialkyldichlorosilanes in which the substituted dialkyldichlorosilanes are free of hydrocarbon or organofunctional groups reactive with silica surfaces, and trialkoxysilanes free of hydrocarbon or organofunctional groups reactive with silica surfaces. These mixtures and blends contain dialkyldichlorosilanes and trialkoxysilanes in a weight ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:2, respectively.

Abstract: A water repellent silicone coating agent composition comprising (A) a diorganopolysiloxane having a viscosity of 20 to 20,000 mPa·s at 25° C. in which the terminal ends of the molecular chain are blocked by silanol groups or silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups, (B) a cross-linking agent represented by general formula RaSiX4-a, in which R is a monovalent hydrocarbon group comprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms, X is a hydrolyzable group, and subscript a is an integer of 0 to 2, (C) a condensation reaction catalyst, (D) a hydrophobic surface treated dry process silica having a carbon content of 3.7 to 5% by weight and a bulk density of 40 to 99 g/L, or a hydrophobic surface treated dry process silica having a carbon content of 2.7 to 5% by weight and a bulk density of 100 to 300 g/L, (E) an organic functional silane coupling agent-based adhesion-imparting agent, (F) an organic solvent, and optionally (G) a non-reactive silicone fluid.

Abstract: A composition which retains a flash point of more than 21° C. even on storage and is obtainable by mixing and reacting (i) from 50 to 70% by weight of at least one alkyltrialkoxysilane, (ii) from 10 to 25% by weight of at least one alkoxysiloxane and/or at least one tetraalkoxysilane, (iii) from 15 to 25% by weight of at least one aqueous silica sol, (iv) from 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one acid, and (v) from 0.1 to 60% by weight of at least one alcohol and/or glycol, the sum of the above components being not more than 100% by weight, by introducing components (i) and (ii) and also, if desired, a fraction of component (v) as an initial charge, adding component (iii), adjusting the mixture to a temperature in the range from −5 to 10° C.