Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods and compositions for grouting heat exchange pipe in a hole or trench in the ground. The grouting compositions of the invention have quick set and high thermal conductivity properties and are basically comprised of an amorphous silica material, an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, a water swellable clay and water present in an amount sufficient to form a slurry. The compositions optionally also include a set retarder and a thermal conductivity increasing agent.

Abstract: A fly ash composition is provided which includes an amount of lithium carbonate to reduce alkali silica reactivity when the fly ash composition is used in concrete applications. The fly ash composition includes from about 0.5 wt.% to about 98% wt.% subbituminous fly ash and from about 0.5 wt.% to about 3 wt.% lithium carbonate.

Abstract: Cement compositions and methods of cementing within subterranean formations penetrated by well bores wherein the flow properties of one or more dry particulate cementitious materials are improved and wherein the materials can be readily conveyed out of storage tanks and the like. A preferred composition of the present invention comprises a particulate flow enhancing additive dry-blended with one or more dry particulate cementitious materials, said flow enhancing additive being comprised of a particulate solid material carrying a flow inducing polar chemical, and a sufficient amount of water to form a pumpable slurry.

Abstract: An ultra-high performance composite concrete, with low cement and fiber content and having good mechanical properties as well as good impacts, shocks and projectile protection properties, includes hydraulic binder, aggregates, an admixture of metal fibers. Particularly, the composite concrete includes 70% to 85% of particles (A) having a particle size distribution which ranges from 0.01 to 3 mm up to particle size distribution which ranges from 0.01 to 0.50 mm; 2% to 10% of particles (B) having particle size of between 0.01 and 1 .mu.m; 3% to 20% of hydraulic binder; 0.1 to 3% of a dispersant or plasticizer; 0.05% to 8.5% of fibers; and, mixing water, wherein the percentages being weight percentages based on the sum of the weights of constituents a) to d).

Abstract: A composition comprises anhydrous alumino-silicate, diatomaceous earth, and/or other natural pozzolans, white clinker, and white gypsum interground together and in a ratio by weight of 5-20% anhydrous alumino-silicate, diatomaceous earth, and/or other natural pozzolans, 3-7% gypsum, and 73-92% white clinker.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing blended white cement comprises the following steps: (a) providing anhydrous alumino-silicate, diatomaceous earth, and/or other natural pozzolans; (b) providing white clinker; (c) providing gypsum; and (d) combining and grinding the anhydrous alumino-silicate; the white clinker, and the gypsum together to form the blended white cement.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to blended hydraulic cement compositions which are formed with subbituminous fly ash. In one embodiment, the cement composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 7 wt. % of a retarding agent; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % potassium carbonate; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % citric acid; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % lithium carbonate; and from about 85 wt. % to about 99.7 wt. % of a subbituminous fly ash. In another embodiment, the cement composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 7 wt % of a retarding agent; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 6 wt. % of an alkali source selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and blends thereof; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % citric acid; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % lithium carbonate; from about 25 wt. % to about 91.7 wt. % of a first subbituminous fly ash having a lime content; and from about 8 wt. % to about 60 wt.

Abstract: The activated kaolin powder compound is prepared from naturally-existing kaolin (hereinafter "natural kaolin"). The activated kaolin powder compound is prepared by heating natural kaolin to 480.degree. C. within at most one hour, calcinating the heated kaolin at high temperature by heating to 980.degree. C. over at least one hour, quenching the calcinated kaolin with water or air, and pulverizing the quenched kaolin to give particle sizes of 2 .mu.m or less. The activated kaolin powder compound is employed in an amount of about 5 to 15% by weight of cement for preparing mortar or cement. The cement composition containing the activated kaolin powder compound can provide a mortar or concrete having superior properties in compressive strength, flexural strength and water permeability.

Abstract: An additive for reducing the calcium aluminate cement content in a refractory mix containing calcium aluminate cement. The additive is comprised of about 80% by weight amorphous, powdered metakaolin, the metakaolin having a mean particle size of less than about 3.0 microns, and about 20% by weight microsilica, the microsilica having a mean particle size of less than 45 microns.

Abstract: The invention provides cementitious mixtures, particularly for use as shotcrete binding materials. The resultant shotcrete has characteristics of rapid setting as low as 5 to 10 minutes, high early compressive strength (5 to 25 MPa in two hours curing, 20 to 60 MPa in one day curing), high permanent compressive strength and negligible shrinkage. High aluminous content roasted cement clinkers with gypsum, anhydrite, lime, limestone, bentonite and other additives are used in the mixtures. There are especially suitable for use in shotcrete engineering. The methods of using the improved shotcrete are similar to those of using Portland cement, with significantly decreased rebound at site.

Abstract: A flowable fill composition is shown which is prepared by mixing together a lime component, a pozzolanic component, aggregate material and water. The composition has a set compressive strength after 28 days of 2000 psi or less and is characterized by the substantial absence of cement or other self-setting adhesive components.

Abstract: A supplementing agent for mineral binder systems is disclosed, especially for the construction industry, containing at least 1 finely divided, swellable layer silicate and possible at least 1 other additive, the proportion of the swellable layer silicate being more than 60 wt. % and the swelling volume of the layer silicate being around 5-50 ml, in terms of a suspension of 2 g layer silicate in 100 ml water.

Abstract: A lightweight, cementitious composition and method which includes a noncementitious filler, Portland cement, bentonite, diatamaceous earth and lime. The noncementitious filler may be sawdust, rubber chips, flyash or combinations of two or more of these ingredients. Once mixed with water and air, the composition can be molded to form a variety of structures, including electrically nonconductive posts, and can be used to absorb and contain liquid contaminants in a vessel.

Abstract: A method of treating a dilute aqueous suspension of solid particulate material comprising waste material from a process for recovering petroleum from oil sand includes diluting the suspension with at least 75% of its own volume of water thereby to increase the settling rate of the particulate material and allowing the particulate material to settle to form a concentrated solid sediment. The treated suspension may have been obtained from a process in which an alkaline solution is used to treat the oil sand. The water from which the concentrated solid sediment is separated may be returned to the process for recovering petroleum from oil sand. The solid sediment may be transferred to a separation vessel in which it is fractionated into a coarse particle fraction and a fine particle fraction. The fine particle fraction may comprise essentially particles having an equivalent spherical diameter not greater than 3 .mu.m. The concentrated solid material recovered may be calcined to form a pozzolanic material.

Abstract: To treat waste containing harmful metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, etc., the waste is mixed with a treating agent containing, as the essential constituent component, solid acid(s) and/or cement and additionally a caking inhibitor, kneaded with water where necessary, then solidified by curing. Harmful metals are thereby stabilized in the thus-solidified cakes and are not released therefrom.

Abstract: Novel cementitious systems comprised of gypsum, calcined clay, and clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates are disclosed which have the following properties: (1) a water demand of less than about 33% nc; (2) one-day strengths of at least about 1000 psi; and (3) low alkali functionality. By increasing the amount of calcined clay, the resulting cementitious system will sequentially gain the following properties: (1) alkali non-reactiveness; (2) alkali resistance; and (3) low chloride permeability. Novel methods of preparing the novel cementitious systems of this invention are also disclosed. The novel methods not only reduce production costs by decreasing fuel and raw material consumption, but they also allow the cement producer to proactively address significant environmental concerns related to the manufacturing process.

Abstract: An improved lightweight cementitious product made up of an aqueous cementious mixture using cement and expanded shale, clay and slate mix, that can incorporate fly ash, lime, and the weight saving component, which is micronized polystyrene particles having particle sizes in the range of 50 to 2000 microns, and characterized by having water contents in the range of from about 0.5% to 50% v/v. The ultra low water compositions can be extruded and can be molded under high pressure.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to blended hydraulic cement compositions which are formed with subbituminous fly ash. In a first embodiment, the cement composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 7 wt. % of a retarding agent; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the total composition of potassium carbonate; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the total composition of citric acid; and from about 85 wt. % to about 99.7 wt. % of the total composition of a subbituminous fly ash. In a second embodiment, the cement composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 7 wt % of the total composition of a retarding agent; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 6 wt. % of the total composition of an alkali source selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and blends thereof; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the total composition of citric acid; from about 25 wt. % to about 91.7 wt.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to processes for making blended hydraulic cement compositions. In one embodiment, the process includes the steps of: providing from about 85 wt. % to about 99.7 wt. % of the total composition of a subbituminous fly ash; separating out about a 10% portion of the fly ash; adding from about 0.1 wt. % to about 7 wt. % of the total composition of a retarding agent, from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the total composition of citric acid, and from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the total composition of potassium carbonate to the 10% portion; and blending the remainder of the ash with the 10% portion to create a blended hydraulic cement composition.

Abstract: A cementitious mixture includes hydraulic cement, fly ash, and an effective amount of unfired nature finely divided material, such as a clay, containing at least about 35% alumina, to accelerate the early strength of a mix. A method of accelerating early strength in a cementitious mix comprises the adding of alumina in the form of an unfired raw material, such as clay, in an effective amount in such mix.

Abstract: A method for solidification and stabilization of soils contaminated with vy metals and organic compounds removable by activated carbon includes the steps of placing a selected weight of the contaminated soil in a vessel, adding water to the contaminated soil in the vessel, mixing the soil and the water in the vessel, adding activated carbon to the mixture of soil and water in the vessel, mixing the soil, water and carbon in the vessel, adding cement and fly ash to the mixture of soil, water and carbon in the vessel, mixing the soil, water, carbon, cement and fly ash in the vessel and pouring the mixture of soil, water, carbon, cement and fly ash into a mold and curing the mixture therein.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns a soil or ground quality stabilizer comprising a mixture formed by mixing a burned sewage sludge ash the main contents of which are CaO, SiO.sub.2 and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 with a lime of calcium hydroxide to reduce hydraulicity and a fine Fe oxides mixture powder byproduced in steel production the main content of which is iron oxide. The soil or ground quality stabilizer is added into a pavement material containing crushed stones, natural soil, etc. to improve the strength and viscoelasticity of the natural soil and can give a desired CBR strength to the soil having an increased moisture content. The preferable adding ratio of the fine Fe oxides mixture powder into the mixture of the burned sewage sludge ash and the lime of calcium hydroxide is within the range of 15-35 weight %.

Abstract: Novel cementitious systems comprised of gypsum, calcined clay, and clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates are disclosed which have the following properties: (1) a water demand of less than about 33% nc; (2) one-day strengths of at least about 1000 psi; and (3) low alkali functionality. By increasing the amount of calcined clay, the resulting cementitious system will sequentially gain the following properties: (1) alkali non-reactiveness; (2) alkali resistance; and (3) low chloride permeability. Novel methods of preparing the novel cementitious systems of this invention are also disclosed. The novel methods not only reduce production costs by decreasing fuel and raw material consumption, but they also allow the cement producer to proactively address significant environmental concerns related to the manufacturing process.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising naturally-occurring humic allophane soil or Ando soil as an essential ingredient admixed with a binder material, said composition is useful in preparation of solid media effective as deodorant, absorbent, adsorbent and the like for treating fluids, in particular contaminated water and malodor air.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing wet, oily petroleum refinery wastes and other similar wastes without the need for Portland cement. The waste is combined with at least 5 weight percent of a novel cementitious reagent composition comprised of Powder River Basin fly ash and circulating fluid bed combustion ash in weight ratios ranging from 1:9 to 9:1.

Abstract: A slurry composition for stabilizing the upper layers of the earth comprising a lime and a fly ash having a calcium oxide content of less than 18% and water.

Abstract: High-strength, high-hardness concrete, mortar, or grout is prepared by blending portland cement, water, and aggregate with a source of reactive silica, pouring the concrete mixture into a form, allowing the concrete to cure until it reaches its conventional 28-day strength, and immersing the cured concrete in a solution of alkali metal hydroxide and aluminum nitrate at 60.degree.-110.degree. C. for 3-14 days. Alternatively, the cured concrete may be sprayed with the solution and maintained at 60.degree.-110.degree. C. for 3-14 days. A dense, hard surface layer of alkali metal aluminum silicate is formed, the compressive strength and surface hardness of the concrete is increased, and the water infiltration rate into the concrete is decreased.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods of combating lost drilling fluid circulation in wells, particularly in wells penetrating vugular and naturally fractured formations such as geothermal wells. The methods basically comprise the steps of forming a quick set cementitious composition which when drilled after setting produces cuttings compatible with the drilling fluid being used, introducing the cementitious composition into the drilling fluid thief zone in the well, allowing the composition to set into a cementitious plug in the thief zone and then continuing the drilling of the well bore through and below the cementitious plug.

Abstract: A weather resistant soil cement with an open pore structure for resisting freeze-thaw damage is formed of cement, fly ash, Free aggregates, water, and an aqueous foamed surfactant, and other application specific additives. The material is uniquely suited for using indigenous soils, mill tailings, or granular waste products as the aggregate component of the mixture, although commercially produced aggregates may be used depending on economics and availability. Due to its low density and flowable nature, it can be pumped or placed by gravity and without compaction. The resulting product is a low density material with construction and mining applications, that is suited for use as a fill or mad base. Specific product formulations are easily designed to permit removal at local sites with conventional excavating equipment.

Abstract: A cementitious mixture includes hydraulic cement, fly ash, and an effective amount of unfired nature finely divided material, such as a clay, containing at least about 35% alumina, to accelerate the early strength of a mix. A method of accelerating early strength in a cementitious mix comprises the adding of alumina in the form of an unfired raw material, such as clay, in an effective amount in such mix.

Abstract: The present application is directed to a structural building unit formed from a set solid mixture consisting essentially of about 30% to about 75% by weight portland cement, about 1% to about 25% by weight percent ground expanded cellular polystyrene, about 1% to about 35% by weight ground cellulosic fiber, about 2% to about 15% by weight fly ash, about 1% to about 10% by weight silica fume, about 1% to about 15% by weight bentonite, about 25% to about 50% by weight water, about 0% to about 3% by weight air entrainer, about 0% to about 10% by weight paraffin wax emulsion and about 0% to about 15% by weight rubber emulsion.

Abstract: This agricultural field utilization of tonnage quantities of a composite powder of coal combustion fly ash containing desulfurization residue prevents the escape of fugitive dust from the powder and effectively manages any cementitious tendencies of the powder, while raising the pH of the soil and adding plant nutrient elements to the soil. The powder is added to water at a weight ratio of 10:8-20 in an enclosed tank having a capacity of at least about 2,000 gallons. Mixing is conducted for at least about 5 minutes to form a soil treatment slurry composition easily flowable through a pipe of about 1-inch diameter. The treatment composition is applied on the agricultural soil before the composition hardens to a cementitious state, preferably by spraying directly from the mixing tank. The coating thickness is sufficient to amend just the top portion of the agricultural soil that supports plant growth, to elevate the pH above about 6.

Abstract: A mortar composition based on aluminous cement which provides an attractive ceramic tile-like surface gloss and other desirable properties including superb hardness, reduced water absorption, high strength, high acid resistance, and good heat and weather resistance, is disclosed. Also disclosed is a molded article of manufacture which comprises the mortar composition, as well as fiber-reinforced mortar compositions and molded articles of manufacture made therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel composition which is useful for forming construction blocks and encapsulating hazardous materials, a process for producing blocks and encapsulating the material, and blocks made of the material. This composition is a mixture of klin dust or volcanic fly ash and aggregate. The process comprises the steps of (a) blending a dry mixture comprising the kiln dust or volcanic fly ash mixture with water; (b) transferring the blended mixture into a compression zone and (c) compressing the blended mixture in the compression zone to form a brick of the desired size.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel composition which is useful for forming construction blocks and encapsulating hazardous materials, a process for producing blocks and encapsulating the material, and blocks made of the material. This composition is a mixture of pozzoulanic fly ash and bottom ash. The weight ratio of fly ash:bottom ash is preferably in the range 80:20% by weight to 20:80% by weight. The process comprises the steps of (a) blending a dry mixture comprising the ash mixture with water; (b) transferring the blended mixture into a compression zone and (c) compressing the blended mixture in the compression zone to form a brick of the desired size.

Abstract: Abstract A method for stabilizing the upper layers of the earth's surface is claimed that comprises the steps of: mixing an amount of lime with an amount of water, simultaneously or sequentially mixing an amount of fly ash with the lime/water mix to form a slurry, distributing said slurry onto the earth's surface and working said slurry into the upper layers of the earth's surface.

Abstract: A method of, and compositions for, the making of a fire-resistant door core assembly. Doors produced from the door core assemblies. In the making of a door core assembly, an aqueous slurry containing gypsum cement and diatomaceous earth is prepared. The slurry may also include expanded mineral ore material and Portland cement. The slurry preliminarily hardens during a green cure stage.

Abstract: A cement composition for temporary, environmentally sound structures, including berms for erosion and flood control, comprising portland cement, flyash, sodium silicate, water and aggregate in predetermined amounts to obtain a pumpable cement composition having less than 2 inches of slump and a 28 day compressive strength of between about 100 and about 400 psi.

Abstract: A hydrated granular fly ash composition is disclosed. The granular fly ash may be transported with minimal dust problems while maintaining its capacity to act as a solidifying agent at a remote destination. The process for producing the fly ash involves evenly dispersing a pre-determined amount of water into the fly ash so that it is transformed into a granular form substantially eliminating dust production. An apparatus for processing the fly ash includes a hopper for receiving the fly ash, a conveyor and a modified conditioner in which the fly ash is hydrated.

Abstract: A method is shown for stabilizing clay bearing soils in which a silica compound is incorporated into the soils in addition to the application of lime. The silica compound can be either an amorphous, silica fume, a crystalline silica, a silica gel, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, finely ground glass or combinations thereof. The silica compound promotes the formation of calcium silicate hydrates over the formation of calcium aluminate hydrates in the resulting pozzolanic reaction occurring in the clay bearing soils. The silica compound and lime can be incorporated into the soils in a single step.

Abstract: An admixture for a dense and durable concrete mix consisting essentially of diatomaceous earth and silica fume in the ratio of from 1 to 1 up to 1 to 8. Optionally, fly ash and lignosulfonate dispersant may be added to the admixture.

Abstract: A pumpable backfill grout which hardens into a controlled low strength material and an additive for making up such a backfill grout. The grout consists essentially of portland cement, a smooth surfaced vesicular expanded perlite, fly ash, fine aggregate, water, an air entraining agent, a quick dispersing thixiotropic suspending agent and a bentonite thickening agent.

Abstract: A method is shown for stabilizing sulfate bearing soils in which a silica compound is incorporated into the soils with the soils being further stabilized by the application of lime. The silica compound can be either an amorphous, flume silica, a crystalline silica, a silica gel, sodium silicate, potassium silicate or combination thereof. The silica compound and lime can be incorporated into the soils in a single step.

Abstract: A process for sealing soil formations, especially for sealing the base of a waste dump or encapsulating waste dumps or old sources of pollution. By this process, sewage sludge or river mud is mixed with water absorbent aggregate that is approximately 30-70 wt %, based on sludge or mud dry weight, forming a compressible non-hardening mixture. The resultant mixture is then applied to the soil formation and compressed mechanically, forming a non-hardening seal.

Abstract: A low density aggregate product and method for making the same utilizing coal ash slag resulting from a typical coal gasification system wherein the resulting aggregate product has a lower density than the initial coal ash slag. The coal ash slag is combined with a small amount of a binder and then fired for a predetermined time and temperature to produce the aggregate. Also, by heating the coal ash slag and binder, a gaseous efflux is emitted to form interlaced channels throughout the aggregate which have a characteristic length and diameter.

Abstract: Disclosed is a highly reactive hydraulic binder for the preparation of building, construction and raw materials which contains burned oil shale and at least one compound, selected from the group, consisting ofan amorphous oxide of 3- and/or 4-valent cations,an amorphous hydroxide of 3- and/or 4-valent cations, andan aluminate of 1- and/or 2-valent cations, as well asat least one water reducing agent.

Abstract: A composition, suitable for use as a base in the construction of roads, parking lots, and other areas, is formulated from an ash aggregate comprising municipal solid waste incinerator ash, MSWIA, mixed with an aggregate material; upon addition of cement, compaction and curing, a volumetrically stable solid is formed. The incinator ash is combined with an aggregate material, crushed, and sifted to remove particles having a size greater than three eighths (3/8") inch prior to the addition of cement. The moisture content of the ash aggregate mixture and ash aggregate/cement mixtures are carefully adjusted to achieve maximum compressive strength. When ash aggregates containing less than 50 percent MSWIA are combined with at least 5 percent cement by dry weight, volumetrically stable solids are formed within seven days that have compressive strengths in excess of 300 psi.