Abstract: An oxycombustion circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a reactor chamber and a gas distribution arrangement provided in a bottom section of the reactor chamber for introducing gas into the reactor chamber. The gas distributor arrangement includes a first gas feeding system and a second gas feeding system for introducing oxygen-rich gas into the reactor chamber. The first gas feeding system includes a first wind box and the second gas feeding system includes a second wind box. The first wind box has a common wall with the reactor chamber and the second wind box is arranged under the first wind box and has a common wall with the first wind box.

Abstract: The oxyfuel boiler system comprises: an oxygen generator; a coal mill; a burner to burn pulverized coal; an after-gas port to which oxygen generated at the oxygen generator is supplied; a boiler provided with the burner and the after-gas port on its wall; a flue introducing combustion exhaust gas from the boiler to the outside; a recirculation gas supply pipe having an exhaust gas tapping port in the midway of the flue and supplying recirculation exhaust gas to the coal mill, the burner, and the after gas port; and an oxygen supply pipe supplying oxygen from the oxygen generator to the burner and the after-gas port, wherein the exhaust gas tapping port is disposed downstream of a dry dust-removing apparatus arranged in the flue, and there is provided an oxygen controlling apparatus for making a concentration of oxygen to be supplied to the after-gas port lower than that of oxygen to be supplied to the burner.

Abstract: An oxyfuel boiler 1 is equipped with an oxygen separation apparatus 23 to produce oxygen by separating oxygen from the air, a recirculation fan 26 to supply a portion of combustion flue gas branched from the combustion flue gas discharged from the boiler to the oxyfuel boiler 1, a temperature sensor 14a to detect gas temperature at a boiler outlet 1d in the oxyfuel boiler 1, and a control apparatus 150 to calculate gas temperature at a furnace outlet 1c in the boiler from the gas temperature at the boiler outlet 1d detected by the temperature sensor 14a and control the operating condition of the recirculation fan 26 so that the calculated gas temperature at the furnace outlet 1c becomes a desired preset gas temperature.

Abstract: A precombustor having a chamber having a first end and a second end, and an inlet configured to deliver a substantially parallel flow of solid fuel surrounded by oxygen at the first end. The first end further includes a recirculation step and the second end fluidly communicates with a furnace. The inlet and the recirculation step are arranged to form a recirculation zone of at least a portion of the solid fuel and the oxygen. A combustion system and method for operating a combustion system are also disclosed.

Abstract: This disclosure includes a system and method of controlling fuel combustion including providing a system, measuring a property, and providing oxygen and fuel in response to the property. The system includes a furnace arranged and disposed to receive fuel and oxygen and combust the fuel and the oxygen to form a combustion fluid, a plurality of heat exchanger sections arranged and disposed to receive heat from the combustion fluid, and a plurality of oxygen injectors arranged and disposed to controllably provide oxygen to the combustion fluid to adjust composition of the combustion fluid and temperature of the combustion fluid. The property measured is selected from the group consisting of temperature of the combustion fluid, composition of the combustion fluid, temperature of the heat exchanger sections, and combinations thereof and is performed in close proximity to the oxygen injectors.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a combustion system including a primary reactor arranged and disposed to receive a solid fuel and a first oxygen stream and deliver a first substantially gaseous product and a substantially solid or molten product, a secondary reactor in fluid communication with the primary reactor, and a furnace in fluid communication with the secondary reactor.

Abstract: A combustion installation comprising a combustion device for combustion of a fuel and an oxygen-containing gas to a combustion gas and a method for such combustion is described. A nozzle means is arranged for injection of the fuel into the combustion device and a membrane device for supplying oxygen to the combustion gases for production of the oxygen-containing gas, wherein the combustion device comprises at least a first inlet for the oxygen-containing gas and an outlet for the combustion gases. The combustion installation comprises at least a first ejector including the nozzle means and the first inlet, wherein the nozzle means and the first inlet are arranged to drive the flow of oxygen containing gas and fuel through the combustion device.

Abstract: A method of generating power by oxyfuel combustion. Carbonaceous fuel and oxidant gas are fed into a furnace. In a first operating mode, the oxidant gas includes a stream of substantially pure oxygen conveyed from an oxygen supply for combusting the fuel with the oxygen to produce exhaust gas including mainly carbon dioxide and water. The exhaust gas is discharged from the furnace and is divided into a recycling portion and an end portion. The recycling portion is recycled to the furnace. Heat is transferred from the end portion to the stream of substantially pure oxygen by circulating a liquid heat transfer medium in a passage between an exhaust gas cooler and an oxygen heater.

Abstract: An oxyfuel boiler system, comprising: an oxygen generator to separate oxygen from air; a coal supply unit to dry and pulverize coal; a burner having a fuel feed path for feeding pulverized coal supplied from the coal supply unit and an oxidizer feed path for feeding oxidizer; a boiler provided with the burner; an exhaust gas discharge line to discharge exhaust gas generated in the boiler into environment; an exhaust gas treatment apparatus provided in the exhaust gas discharge line, a CO2 separator provided downstream of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus in the exhaust gas discharge line to separate CO2 from the exhaust gas; an exhaust gas recirculation line including an exhaust gas tapping port provided in the exhaust gas discharge line to extract a part of the exhaust gas; and an oxygen supply line to supply the oxygen generated at the oxygen generator to the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas recirculation line, wherein the exhaust gas treatment apparatus is provided with at least an SO3 removin

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for controlling combustion in an oxygen fired boiler which are easily applicable to an existing air fired boiler for easy and stable control of the combustion. Oxygen with a setting amount in accordance with a boiler load demand 35 is supplied to a boiler body 4. Heat absorption amount of the boiler is measured from inlet temperature of feedwater supplied to the boiler body 4 and outlet temperature of steam. Recirculation flow rate of combustion exhaust gas 14a is controlled such that heat absorption amount 41 of the boiler body 4 becomes equal to a targeted heat absorption amount 42 to thereby control oxygen concentration in all gas guided to the boiler body 4.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for low-NOx combustion with at least one burner (5) using fuel and oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam. The low-NOx combustion according to the invention can be used in conventional melting and holding furnaces, in particular in aluminum holding furnaces or rotary drum furnaces and glass-melting furnaces, with the potential for considerable economies to be made.

Abstract: A bio-mass fueled boiler operating at delivered efficiencies in excess of 90%. Pre-heated, pressurized primary combustion air is supplied to a primary burn chamber via horizontal and vertical orifice containing conduits. Exhaust gases are directed past a reflective secondary burner supplying pre-heated, pressurized secondary combustion air into a secondary burn/ash collection chamber. Exhaust gases are directed from the secondary burn chamber via exhaust conduits having axial and cross-sectional shapes and wall geometries that promote internal turbulence and heat transfer. One or more gas/oil fired burners are fitted to or between the primary and secondary combustion chambers. Several operating modes are provided via associated blowers, air baffles, liquid and gas fuel conduits, pumps and sundry stove sensors and servos coupled to microprocessor control circuitry.

Abstract: The method of carbonization of organic waste according to the present invention comprises the steps of supplying organic waste to a dryer, reducing an amount of water in the organic waste by heating with high-temperature gas, supplying the organic waste to a carbonization furnace for carbonizing the organic waste in a high-temperature ambience, removing carbide from the carbonization furnace, incinerating gas, which is generated in the carbonization furnace, in a re-incinerating furnace, and supplying combustion gas of the re-incinerating furnace to the dryer as the high-temperature gas.

Abstract: An improved mass fuel combustion system can be designed in a variety of embodiments and alternatives, including designs which include independent gas feeds, independent gas pulsing, independently controllable vibration systems and an overall control system which can coordinate a host of parameters for optimal combustion. One design includes overlapping grate elements (50) through which combustion gas is introduced and may include apertures to introduce a pulsed mix gas as well as a separate temperature control gas. Efficient poppet designs (44) can be used to provide an economical and efficient combustion system.

Abstract: A method for operating a boiler using oxygen-enriched oxidants includes introducing oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen and air, in which the oxygen concentration ranges from about 21% to about 100% by volume. Fuel and oxygen-enriched air are introduced into the combustion space within the steam-generating boiler. The fuel and oxygen-enriched air is combusted to generate thermal energy. At least a portion of the flue gases are collected and at least a portion are recirculated through the boiler. In the steam-generating boiler, the oxygen-enriched oxidant is introduced at one or more locations within the radiation zone and the convection zone of the boiler. Additionally, flue gas is collected and recirculated into one or more locations within the radiation zone and/or the convection zone of the boiler.

Abstract: The method is applicable to a combustion system of the circulating fluidized bed type which system includes a hearth and a cyclone, and operates using fuel that is inserted into the bottom of the hearth, where a reducing atmosphere is created and where the fuel undergoes pyrolysis with separation into two phases, namely a solid phase made up of grains of coke, and a gaseous phase containing volatile matter. Provision is made for a primary air injection, secondary air injections, and a late air injection to be performed at different levels. The late air injected between the top of the hearth and the inlet of the cyclone is used to increase the efficiency with which the cyclone collects the particles that reach the top of the hearth unburnt, and thus to increase the combustion efficiency of the system. The system includes air injection means making it possible to implement the method.

Abstract: A method for operating a boiler using oxygen-enriched oxidants includes introducing oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen and air, in which the oxygen concentration ranges from about 21% to about 100% by volume. Fuel and oxygen-enriched air are introduced into the combustion space within the steam-generating boiler. The fuel and oxygen-enriched air is combusted to generate thermal energy. At least a portion of the flue gases are collected and at least a portion are recirculated through the boiler. In the steam-generating boiler, the oxygen-enriched oxidant is introduced at one or more locations within the radiation zone and the convection zone of the boiler. Additionally, flue gas is collected and recirculated into one or more locations within the radiation zone and/or the convection zone of the boiler.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for decreasing attack of detrimental components of solid particle suspensions on heat transfer surfaces in a heat transfer chamber in a fluidized bed reactor. The method includes introducing solid particles into a first chamber, which is a dilution chamber, on top of a bed of solid particles therein through a dilution chamber inlet disposed in an upper part of the dilution chamber, and discharging solid particles from the dilution chamber through an outlet disposed in a lower part of the dilution chamber, into a heat transfer chamber, and introducing a flushing gas into at least a portion of the dilution chamber for performing at least one of inactivating in and separating from the bed of solid particles in the dilution chamber, impurities detrimental to heat transfer surfaces in the heat transfer chamber.

Abstract: A combustor system provides high temperature, high-dwell combustion of emission products, as from charcoal kilns, with inner and outer combustion chambers. Multiple inlets receive emission products from multiple heat exchangers omnidirectionally extending for continuous heat exchange connection between the combustor and emission sources. Hot products of combustion are delivered to each heat exchanger, each with multiple ducts in mutual heat exchange relationship including at least a hot products of combustion duct for receiving at the proximal end hot products of combustion from an outlet of the outer chamber, and conveying the hot products of combustion to the distal end at a respective emission source, an emissions inlet duct for receiving emission products at the distal end from the emission source, and a return products of combustion duct for receiving at the distal end the hot products of combustion and returning them to the combustor.

Abstract: A facility for reclaiming useful products from solid municipal and hazardous waste uses a rotary kiln to convert the material into a stream of inorganic ash and a stream of gaseous combustion products. The stream of combustion products passes in heat exchange relation to unburned waste and produces a stream of volatile carbon compounds which are deficient in oxygen. The streams of combustion products and volatile carbon compounds are converted in a plasma arc generator into a stream of hot, disassociated atoms. The stream of hot gas is cooled by passage through one or more heat exchangers that reclaim process heat. The stable compounds that are produced are hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The process is controlled by monitoring carbon dioxide in the carbon monoxide stream. The carbon monoxide and hydrogen may be used separately or combined, as in a methanol synthesis plant.

Abstract: In a process for gasifying and burning waste materials, the waste materials are introduced into an incinerator (1) and end up on a burning grate (6) to which combustion air is conducted through various undergrate forced draft chambers (8a to 8e). In the first area combustion air is introduced at a superstoichiometric level in order to ignite the waste materials. Then, via the undergrate forced draft chambers (8c to 8e), oxygen is mixed into the air which is used for the gasification, thereby establishing a substoichiometric level which results in gasification of the waste materials. The combustible gases which result from this process pass via a waste gas flue (12) into a second furnace (2), in which the gases are burned at a superstoichiometric level through the introduction of combustion air. The resulting waste gases pass to a heat exchanger (3).

Abstract: A method and installation for reducing emissions during the incinerating of waste results from a combustion chamber, a return situated downstream of the combustion chamber for returning a portion of a flue gas to the combustion chamber in a continuous cycle and a flue gas purification installation; and from situating the flue gas purification installation between the combustion chamber and the return, removing chlorine, heavy metal and sulfur dioxide from the flue gas produced in the flue gas purification installation, and admixing the oxygen required for combustion as pure oxygen with the flue gas to generate synthetic air in the ratio of 4:1 to 1:1, and preferably 2:1 to 1.5:1 while excluding ambient air.

Abstract: The specification describes a system for the thermal treatment of energetic materials which generate a tremendous volume of gaseous products upon combustion. The system includes a containment system which maintains an interface between hot exhaust gas products and a cooler gas, yet allows the relatively slow removal and treatment of the exhaust gas products from the containment system while permitting the inflow of gas into the containment system to replace an equivalent volume of exhaust gas products removed therefrom.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for limiting the passage of a gas such as air through an opening, particularly an opening through which solid material passes, by providing a sealing chamber in advance of the entrance to the low pressure chamber having a large plenum with a variable speed exhaust blower in its upper portion, and a grate situated in its lower portion for access of air to the plenum. The blower speed is responsive to differential pressure measurements taken in the low pressure chamber and immediately adjacent the exterior of the low pressure chamber. Upstream of the plenum are one or more mechanical seals or flexible baffles which contact the top of the solid charge material and ride over it as the solid material passes beneath the mechanical seal.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a burner-containing apparatus, such as a boiler or a furnace, having reduced noxious emissions. A burner receives input air and has an exhaust for exhausting flue gases. A flue gas recirculation system is provided for recirculating a portion of the flue gases back to an input of the burner. A fogging device, which produces a fog from a fogger water supply and a fogger air supply, humidifies the recirculated flue gases.

Abstract: A technique for decontaminating material, including disposing a grid network of perforated pipes on a base, and covering the same with contaminated soil. A barrier layer is laid on the contaminated material and provided with a vent port coupled to a vapor disposal unit via a suction system. A source of heated gas is coupled to the grid system to force heated air through the contaminated soil and vaporize the contaminants. A mobile decontamination system includes an insulated container having a top lid for loading contaminated material in the container, and an insulated back door for removing decontaminated material. Apertured pipes on the container floor convey a high temperature gas to the contaminated material to vaporize the contaminants. A suction system is coupled to a vapor outlet of the container to remove vaporized contaminants.

Abstract: The procedure for supplying combustion air during grate firings, in which the primary combustion air is introduced into the fuel, and secondary combustion air is introduced directly into the flow of exhaust gas, and in which, in addition, some of the exhaust gas is tapped off from the flow of exhaust gas and returned to the combustion process, includes the withdrawal of exhaust gas directly above the fuel in the area where there is a large quantity of unused primary air, and the delivery of this exhaust gas that has been tapped off to the combustion air, the quantity of which is reduced according to the quantity of exhaust gas that is mixed with it.

Abstract: Combustion apparatus comprises a combustion chamber for effecting primary combustion of combustible material charged thereinto, an exhaust conduit for exhaust gases emitted by the primary combustion, primary air inlet means for directing primary air into said combustion chamber, and secondary air inlet means for directing secondary air into the exhaust conduit at least in the region adjacent the combustion chamber so as to promote further combustion of said exhaust gases, said secondary air inlet means including an air distributor arranged centrally of the conduit characterized in that secondary air inlets are additional provided in the wall of the conduit over at least part of the extent of the air distributor.

Abstract: To avoid high NOx emissions, the fuel is oxidized with an extremely high exhaust gas recirculation ration substantially without flames and without pulsations.

Abstract: A method for controlling combustion in a furnace into which combustible material, e.g., urban refuse, industrial waste, and a controlled quantity of combustion air are fed. The furnace includes a mixing/stirring region where unburnt gas and secondary combustion air are mixed and stirred. A part of exhaust gas derived from the furnace is blown into the mixing/stirring region depending on variation in the quantity of the secondary combustion air, and a flow rate of mixture gas consists of the exhaust gas and the secondary combustion air to be fed into the mixing/stirring region is maintained within a predetermined region so that effective combustion takes place.

Abstract: The combustion of fuel having a highly fluctuating thermal value is controlled to permit optimization of air supply and reduction of waste gas impurities. The fuel passes through a combustion chamber having a degassing and evaporation zone, a primary combustion zone, and a secondary combustion zone. Measurements are taken in the evaporation and degassification zone to determine the thermal value of the fuel. This is done by detecting the intensity of H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2 spectra emanating from the fuel. The measurement results are utilized to optimize the combustion parameters. Such measurements are also made in the following zones in order to provide further control of the combustion process.

Abstract: According to a process for the combustion of organic substances, such as domestic or industrial waste and the like, in a fluidized incineration bed (1) at a mean combustion temperature of 800.degree. C., the flue gased emitted by the fluidized bed (1) are heated with the associated flue dust to a temperature of at least 900.degree. C., preferably 1000.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., in a subsequent combustion zone (23), in order to destroy toxic substances are burnt. To this effect, the flue gases are introduced in the incinerating chamber of an industrial furnace, for example a steam generator (2) of a coal-operated power plant. By connecting in the gas supply line a fluidized bed (1) upstream of a steam generator (2) fired with coal, a substantial reduction in NOx formation is achieved.

Abstract: A filter apparatus for use with smokestacks, comprising: a smoke collector mounted opposite and spaced from the chimney outlet to collect the smoke emitted from the chimney. A turbine draws the smoke from the collector and feeds it to a circuit where the smoke is first washed by water jets, then by steam jets then again by water jets and is then filtered in an electrostatic filter. If the gases contain living microorganisms, these are killed in a burner. If the gases are not clean enough, they can be recirculated. If the apparatus fails, the gases are safely discharged by the chimney.

Abstract: An improved burner head for a forced air furnace is disclosed which includes a burner tube fitted with gas nozzles, air flow openings, and a flame tube. At least one radial opening is provided between the end of the burner tube and an end of the flame to allow exhaust gas recirculation via a ribbed ring secured between the burner tube and the flame tube upstream of the radial opening but downstream of the gas nozzles and airflow openings. The ribbed ring includes ribs protruding radially inward crosswise to the longitudinal axis of the burner head. The burner head allows for a substantial reduction in NOx, to a level on the order of less than 50 ppm.

Abstract: The combustion of fuel having a highly fluctuating thermal value is controlled to permit optimization of air supply and reduction of waste gas impurities. The fuel passes through a combustion chamber having a degassing and evaporation zone, a primary combustion zone, and a secondary combustion zone. Measurements are taken in the evaporation and degassification zone to determine the thermal value of the fuel. This is done by detecting the intensity of H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2 spectra emanating from the fuel. The measurement results are utilized to optimize the combustion parameters. Such measurements are also made in the following zones in order to provide further control of the combustion process.

Abstract: A process and plant for improving the incineration of fuels, in order to reduce the production of noxious gases, particularly nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.X) and also to reduce the emission of dioxines and furans when incinerating solid or liquid wastes containing precursors of dioxines and furans. Air containing an excess of oxygen is used for incinerating the combustible materials. The amount of oxygen contained in the enriched air is preferably of about 30 to 35% with respect to the normal content of oxygen (23.19%). The plant comprises essentially at least one combustion chamber and an equipment for supplying air enriched with oxygen to said combustion chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of flue gases is provided having an upright vessel with a generally cylindrical wall, two spaced cooling circuits, the inner surface of the wall, an inlet port for introducing flue gases into the vessel, a fan for forcing the introduced flue gases radially outwardly against the inner surface of the vessel, and an outlet port for outletting the dedusted flue gases. The force of the impact of the introduced flue gases against the inner surface of the vessel causes dust particles in the flue gases to remain on the inner surface while the dedusted gases are outletted through the outlet port. The outlet port has an inlet opening located substantially centrally of the vessel and spaced relatively closely below the fan. The upright vessel can be provided with a number of cooling fins which extend helically in the same direction as the direction of rotation of the fan.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the NO.sub.x content of hot stack (exhaust) gas produced by a furnace burning a fossil fuel, comprising recycling part of said NO.sub.x -containing stack gas, in admixture with cold fresh air, back into the combustion chamber of the furnace.

Abstract: Temperature of exhaust gases from a fluidized-bed boiler is lowered by means of heat exchange and dust entrained in the exhaust gases is efficiently collected by a dust collector. Part of the gases discharged from the dust collector are mixed with heated combustion air and are charged into a fluidized bed. Therefore, problems caused by dust entrained in the exhaust gases to be mixed with the combustion air as well as the cold corrosion problem can be substantially solved so that the technique for reducing the NO.sub.x contents in the exhaust gases from the fluidized-bed boiler is satisfactorily established.

Abstract: Exhaust gas treatment method and apparatus extract heat from an exhaust gas by operating in a water-condensing mode which allows more heat to be recovered, removes particulate matter and condensed acid from the exhaust gas, and washes heat exchange surfaces to keep them clean and wet to improve heat transfer. Systems for heating water, air, and both water and air are disclosed. Methods of constructing and assembling improved heat exchangers are disclosed.

Abstract: In the process for cleaning of flue gases of a power plant boiler, the flue gases are dust filtered at first and then wet desulfurized. By the wet desulfurization the flue gases are cooled down and have to be reheated before they are fed to the stack of the power plant. In known processes the flue gases to be reheated are reheated by a flame burning oil or gas. This reheating is expensive and leads to the handling and storage of a further fuel in the power plant. In order to avoid this disadvantages, according to the invention the flue gases are reheated by means of reheating energy of at least one reheating flame burning coal dust. Coal dust is a fuel which is available in a power plant, the power burners of which coal dust.

Abstract: A waste material incineration system (10) and method of combusting waste material is provided wherein system (10) includes a longitudinally directed furnace (14) having a first combustion zone (42) and a second combustion zone (44). Waste material or other fuel is inserted into furnace (14) through a furnace inlet (26) and passes by gravity assist into a vortexing pattern dependent upon the geometrical contouring of the internal walls of furnace (14) in combination with preheating air conduits (86, 88 and 90). Subsequent to vortexing in the first combustion zone (42), the substantially fully combusted gases are transported through second combustion zone (44) for insert into a heat exchanger unit (12) and then passes to a scrubber unit (34) where the exhausted gases are further cleansed to expulsion of the cleansed exhaust gases through an exhaust stack (16) to the ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: An improved biomass gasifier combustor system including a furnace, a screw feeder system for feeding a biomass fuel to the furnace and a venturi eductor system adapted for drawing a gaseous combustion product from a combustion chamber of the furnace is disclosed. The furnace enclosure forms a principal chamber in which a housing containing a secondary air chamber is disposed so as to form a partition in the principal chamber which divides the principal chamber into two regions, one of which regions is a gasification chamber and the other of which is a gas combustion chamber.

Abstract: A catalytic stove comprised of a housing having a fuel-burning chamber and an effluent chamber. The effluent chamber is separated from the fuel-burning chamber by a common wall. The wall is at the top of the fuel burning chamber and is inclined to form a cathedral or domed chamber ceiling. Air inlet ports are located in the fuel burning chamber and draft air is introduced to burning fuel at substantially the same rate from each port. The effluent from the fuel flows to a catalyst in the top of the fuel burning chamber. The effluent flows substantially directly from the fuel to the catalyst without undersirable eddying thereby preventing the effluent from cooling and condensing into creosotic droplets. The catalyst assists in burning an increased percentage of the flue gases. An air diffuser is provided contiguous to the catalyst and provides an air mix with the effluent from the burning fuel to further facilitate oxidation in the catalyst.

Abstract: A waste material incineration system (10) and method of combusting waste material is provided wherein system (10) includes a longitudinally directed furnace (14) having a first combustion zone (42) and a second combustion zone (44). Waste material or other fuel is inserted into furnace (14) through a furnace inlet (26) and passes by gravity assist into a vortexing pattern dependent upon the geometrical contouring of the internal walls of furnace (14) in combination with preheating air conduits (86, 88 and 90). Subsequent to vortexing in the first combusion zone (42), the substantially fully combusted gases are transported through second combustion zone (44) for insert into a heat exchanger unit (12) and then passes to a scrubber unit (34) where the exhausted gases are further cleansed to expulsion of the cleansed exhaust gases through an exhaust stack (16) to the ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: In the process for cleaning of flue gases of a power plant boiler, the flue gases are dust filtered at first and then wet desulfurized. By the wet desulfurization the flue gases are cooled down and have to be reheated before they are fed to the stack of the power plant. In known processes the flue gases to be reheated are reheated by a flame burning oil or gas. This reheating is expensive and leads to the handling and storage of a further fuel in the power plant. In order to avoid this disadvantages, according to the invention the flue gases are reheated by means of reheating energy of at least one reheating flame burning coal dust. Coal dust is a fuel which is available in a power plant, the power burners of which burn coal dust.

Abstract: Apparatus for bulk curing tobacco comprising a barn having a heat exchanger therein defining interior flow paths for heated water and exterior heat exchange surfaces disposed within the curing air flow path within the barn, hot water storage tank unit, a power operated pump for circulating hot water between the hot water storage tank unit and the heat exchanger, a hot water heating unit and a power driven pump for continuously circulating water between the hot water heating unit and the hot water storage unit.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler system and a manner of operating the same is provided wherein a fluidized particulate bed in which solids are not recycled is utilized. High temperature flue gas is directed to a boiler means. A portion of both the high temperature and a low temperature gas stream are recycled to a fluidizing gas stream for fluidizing the particulate bed.

Abstract: A solid fuel boiler or furnace with a flue gas-air mixture introduced into the fuel grate is disclosed. The flue gas is mixed with air such that approximately 30% of the mixture is flue gas. By providing this mixture under the burning fuel bed, the temperature of the fuel bed is lowered and excess oxygen is reduced. A more reactive fuel bed results providing various advantages including improved boiler operation and a clinker-free fuel bed.

Abstract: An afterburner for use as a secondary combustion chamber in a starved-air combustor system to further combust any combustible material in the combustion gas and entrained solid particle material discharge from the combustion chamber of the starved-air combustor system. The afterburner is lined with refractory and includes a diverter plate positioned transversely to the incoming flow of combustion gases. The afterburner is divided into a plurality of reaction zones, each of which has an associated reaction air supply. The diverter plate imparts a cyclonic flow to the combustion gas which is enhanced by air injected in the combustion zones. The temperature of the gas discharged from the afterburner is monitored and the flow of reaction air controlled responsive to changes in discharge gas temperature from a predetermined temperature.