Abstract: A power generation process for use in a processing unit that includes the steps of: using a regenerator to produce a flue gas stream; removing catalyst particles from the flue gas stream; routing the flue gas stream to a combustor/expander unit after performing the step of removing catalyst particles; and using rotation of the turbine of the combustor/expander unit as a source of rotary power. Preferably, the combustor/expander unit includes a combustion chamber and a power recovery turbine housed within a single casing. In certain embodiments, the flue gas stream is routed between the regenerator and the combustor/expander without passing through a compressor.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a treatment system for medical and toxic waste. The system comprises two parts, a heterogeneous gasification system, in which syngas is produced from non-homogeneous waste, and a pyrolysis system, in which medical and hazardous waste are pyrolyzed using the syngas produced from the heterogeneous gasification system. The heterogeneous gasification system comprises a gasifier reactor having a reactor zone connected with an ash distillation zone, a re-fueling structure, an open-top water tank that wraps around the entire bottom section of the gasification system, and a gasification-agent supply module having a supply-end connected to the bottom of the gasifier reactor and a demand-end connected to the pyrolysis system. The pyrolysis system comprises a rotatable pyrolysis reactor having a horizontal and hollow cylindrical shape, a pyrolyzed-ash precipitator, which is connected to the pyrolysis reactor zone, and a condenser connected to the pyrolyzed-ash precipitator.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to additives for coal-fired furnaces, particularly furnaces using a layer of slag to capture coal particles for combustion. The additive(s) include iron, mineralizer(s), handling aid(s), flow aid(s), and/or abrasive material(s). The iron and mineralizers can lower the melting temperature of ash in low-iron, high alkali coals, leading to improved furnace performance.

Abstract: A flue gas additive is provided that includes both a nitrogenous component to reduce gas phase nitrogen oxides and a halogen-containing component to oxidize gas phase elemental mercury.

Abstract: Biosolids in the nature of sewage sludge are processed in a controlled environment to produce a dried sludge product of relatively high dry solid content with the elimination of or reduced levels of pathogens. The water containing sewage sludge is dried while cascading within a processing chamber using heated air at a temperature below the ignition or smoldering temperature of the sewage sludge to prevent the formation of embers. The sewage sludge before discharge is retained within the processing chamber for a sufficient time and temperature as mandated by the Environment Protection Agency rules and guidelines.

Abstract: A power generation system using low-grade coal includes a low-grade coal refining facility that heats the low-grade coal to refine the low-grade coal into high-grade coal, a CO2 recovery facility that recovers CO2 from an exhaust gas generated by refining the low-grade coal in the low-grade coal refining facility, while using steam generated by refining the low-grade coal in the low-grade coal refining facility, and a power generation facility that performs the power generation using, as fuel, the high-grade coal obtained by refining the low-grade coal in the low-grade coal refining facility.

Abstract: A system includes a feed preparation system, with a fluid injection system configured to inject a fluid into a feed stream to generate a feed-fluid mixture. The feed stream includes a first solid, a second solid, and a gas. The feed preparation system also includes a cyclone configured to separate the feed-fluid mixture into a first stream that includes the first solid and the gas, and a second stream that includes the second solid and the fluid.

Abstract: Biosolids in the nature of sewage sludge is processed in a controlled environment to produce a dried sludge product of relatively high dry solid content with the elimination of or reduced levels of pathogens. The water containing sewage sludge is dried while cascading within a processing chamber using heated air at a temperature below the ignition or smoldering temperature of the sewage sludge to prevent the formation of embers. The sewage sludge before discharge is retained within the processing chamber for a sufficient time and temperature as mandated by the Environment Protection Agency rules and guidelines.

Abstract: Provided are a device and a method for manufacturing a semi-carbonized fuel of a biomass that does not require an external heat source and is capable of suppressing adhesion of tar, condensed water, or the like to a pipe. The device includes a drying device for heating and drying a biomass, a pyrolysis device for decomposing the dried biomass, and a combustion device for supplying heat to the drying device and the pyrolysis device. The pyrolysis device is supplied with a part of a combustion exhaust gas generated in the combustion device, directly mixes the supplied combustion exhaust gas and the biomass to heat and pyrolytically decompose the biomass, and supplies a mixed gas of a generated pyrolysis gas and the combustion exhaust gas to the combustion device. The combustion device is supplied with an air for combustion, combust the supplied mixed gas, and generate the combustion exhaust gas.

Abstract: A method for the production of alcohol and other bioproducts from power boiler woody biomass extract containing hemicelluloses, with or without combining extract from wood prior to Kraft cooking. The process is integrated with the host Kraft pulp mill plant process to minimize the heat loss from extracting hemicelluloses and the energy used in the process.

Abstract: A method for torrefaction of water containing cellulosic materials is performed in an inert atmosphere. The cellulosic material is cascaded through the apparatus between a plurality of rotatable trays vertically stacked within multiple processing zones. Steam being generated from heating of the cellulosic material is recycled back to the apparatus to provide an inert atmosphere. The steam may be superheated in a heat exchanger. Exhaust from the torrefaction zone of the apparatus has some moisture and other volatiles removed prior to being reheated in a burner. The heated exhaust is used in the heat exchanger to superheat the recycled steam.

Abstract: According to embodiments, a co-fired or multiple fuel combustion system is configured to apply an electric field to a combustion region corresponding to a second fuel that normally suffers from poor combustion and/or high sooting. Application of an AC voltage to the combustion region was found to increase the extent of combustion and significantly reduce soot evolved from the second fuel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system comprising a compressor in mechanical communication with a turbine; the compressor being operative to produce compressed air; a premixer; the premixer being operative to mix a fuel with the compressed air; a carbonator being located downstream of the premixer; the carbonator being operative to receive a mixture of carbon dioxide and syngas and to convert a metal oxide into a metal carbonate by reacting it with the carbon dioxide; a calciner; the calciner being operative to receive the metal carbonate from the carbonator; and to dissociate carbon dioxide from the metal carbonate; and a combustor; the combustor being located downstream of the carbonator; where the combustor is operative to combust syngas received from the carbonator.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention feature storing excess energy from solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal energy sources and combinations thereof in the form of upgraded fossil fuels.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: Processes and systems are provided for using bromine and/or bromide-containing organic compound to reduce mercury emissions during coal combustion.

Abstract: A method and system for reducing the un-burned carbon content in coal combustion products are disclosed. A coal combustion product is separated into a coarse particle fraction and a fine particle fraction, and the coarse particles are comminuted by milling, grinding or the like. Additives may be added of the coarse particles prior to comminution. The comminuted particles are then co-combusted with coal to burn at least a portion of the un-burned carbon contained in the original coal combustion product.

Abstract: A method and system for producing modified coal combustion products are disclosed. The additives reduce the particle sizes of the coal combustion product and may reduce the amount of un-burned carbon in the coal combustion product, making the modified product useful as an addition to cementitious materials.

Abstract: A gasifier comprises an internal chamber, a slag collection region, a slag passageway, a slag breaker, and an actuator. The internal chamber comprises a main combustion region that is configured and adapted to gasify fuel. The slag collection region is located beneath the main combustion region. The slag passageway operatively connects the main combustion region to the slag collection region. The slag breaker comprises a face that is movable relative to the internal chamber. The face is configured and adapted to move within the slag passageway in a manner such that the face contacts and mechanically breaks solidified slag into chunks of solidified slag that then fall into the slag collection region. The actuator is connected to the slag breaker and is configured and adapted to move the face of the slag breaker.

Abstract: The melting equipment has a melting furnace that combusts and melts ash, a secondary combustion chamber disposed above the melting furnace, a slag extraction chute that guides slag generated in the melting furnace downward, a bypass channel (20) that connects the slag extraction chute and the secondary combustion chamber, an ejector (22) that is provided between the bypass channel (20), has a contraction portion (23) at which the channel cross sections are narrowed, and suctions the combustion exhaust gas (G) into the bypass channel (20), and an adhesion-prevention unit (31) (41) that prevent an incorporated substance that incorporates into the combustion exhaust gas (G) from attaching to the inner wall surface (21a) of the ejector (22).

Abstract: A system and techniques for waste oil combustion are provided. The techniques include straining waste oil, separating contaminants from the strained waste oil to produce segregated layers of waste oil, selectively drawing a segregated layer of the waste oil, entraining the drawn waste oil to a burner for combustion, and regulating flow rate to produce a controllable amount of heat output. The system includes a container for straining waste oil, a storage drum for separating contaminants from the strained waste oil via gravity separation to produce segregated waste oil, an oil uptake channel for entraining the waste oil from the storage drum, a fuel regulator for controlling rate of flow of the waste oil from the storage drum to a burner head via the oil uptake channel, and a burner head control for repositioning a burner head under the input stream to produce a controllable amount of heat output.

Abstract: Gas generation apparatus and methods are provided, including apparatus and methods for efficient vaporization, and optional burning, of meltable fuels. The apparatus and methods provide controlled generation and combustion of any low melting point dimensionally stable combustible meltable fuel. This is preferably accomplished by first converting the solid or semi solid meltable fuel material into a liquid state, then into vapor, and finally mixing with an air source or other oxidizer before combustion.

Abstract: A flue gas additive is provided that includes both a nitrogenous component to reduce gas phase nitrogen oxides and a halogen-containing component to oxidize gas phase elemental mercury.

Abstract: Described is an integrated process of cogasifying an engineered fuel, formulated to be suitable for working under reducing environment, with coal and cofiring another engineered fuel, formulated to be suitable for working under oxidizing environment, with coal to produce electric power.

Abstract: Systems for stabilizing combustion while minimizing NOx generation by using high-flame-speed additives to stabilize the flame front in combustors operating at relatively low temperatures and/or under oxygen constraints. The system is adapted for use in coal-fired boilers, oil-fired boilers, and gas turbine engines. The methods stabilize the flame front to permit stable combustion under an expanded range of part-load conditions. The system provides substantially complete combustion of coal in coal boilers resulting in ash saleable for use in concrete manufacturing.

Abstract: An apparatus for torrefaction of water containing cellulosic materials is performed in an inert atmosphere. The cellulosic material is cascaded through the apparatus between a plurality of rotatable trays vertically stacked within multiple processing zones. Steam being generated from heating of the cellulosic material is recycled back to the apparatus to provide an inert atmosphere. The steam may be superheated in a heat exchanger. Exhaust from the torrefaction zone of the apparatus has some moisture and other volatiles removed prior to being reheated in a burner. The heated exhaust is used in the heat exchanger to superheat the recycled steam.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: An apparatus for combustion of biomass is provided. The apparatus generally includes opposingly paired sidewalls, a fixed panel traversing the opposingly paired sidewalls, an actuatable panel opposite the fixed panel, and a fuel platform supported by a panel of either of the panels. A portion of the fuel platform is reversibly receivable through a portion of a panel opposite the panel supporting the fuel platform in furtherance of fuel conditioning upon actuation of the actuatable panel.

Abstract: A process and an installation for increasing the burning energy of a natural fuel gas upon burning the same for domestic or industrial purposes. The process includes the step of supplying the natural gas into a treatment chamber confined by a cylindrical-shaped wall made up of a diamagnetic material, in front of which electromagnetic units are placed in a spiral shape to create a rotating magnetic field which acts on the gas with only one polarity. The installation has a reactor equipped with electromagnetic units and with a heat circuit, with an oil tank, where a number of electric resistors are placed in order to heat the oil, a pump, an oil cooler and a circuit for the transport of oil from the tank to the electromagnetic units of the reactor, an electric panel, and conduits for the transport of the natural gas.

Abstract: The present invention proposes a device (10) for regulating the temperature of a gas in a hot gas main for feeding hot gas to a blast furnace. Such a device (10) comprises a mixing pot (14) with a first mixing chamber (16) and a second mixing chamber (18), the first and second mixing chambers (16, 18) being in fluid communication with each other by means of a Venturi-type restriction (20). The first mixing chamber (16) is provided with a first inlet port (22) for feeding hot gas into the first mixing chamber (16), a second inlet port (26) for feeding cold gas into the first mixing chamber (16) and a third inlet port (56) for feeding cold gas into the second mixing chamber (18).

Abstract: A system, device and method for enhancing burning of a solid object in a combustion process is provided where one or more incineration devices (101) for burning a solid object (101), at least one sonic device (301) and wherein said at least one sonic device (301) is a transmitter of high intensity-ultrasound adapted to, during use, apply high intensity ultrasound to said solid object (101) thereby removing ash from said solid object (101) and increasing the speed of the burning of said solid object (101).

Abstract: The protein preparation produced from rape seeds has a protein content of less than 90% based on the dry mass, has a brightness L*, determined according to CIE-L*a*b* color scale, of at least 70 and also has at least water-binding, oil-binding and emulsifying functionality. The method for producing a protein preparation includes dehulling the rape seeds and a mechanical deoiling process, wherein only part of the oil is separated and/or wherein the process is carried out at a temperature, averaged over the duration of the pressing process, of less than 80° C., and/or an extraction process wherein the amount of non-protein material is reduced in the protein flour and then the grain size is prepared in order to obtain a pourable material having a predetermined particle size distribution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for generating process steam by burning dried lignite in a steam generator, comprising the drying of moist lignite in a fluidized bed dryer (1) with internal heat exchanger units (2) through which a heating medium flows, wherein at least some of the water is driven out of the lignite and removed from the dryer as vapors, dust is removed from the vapors in a dedusting device and the dried lignite is cooled in at least one cooler (6) arranged downstream of the fluidized bed dryer (1). The method according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the brown coal dust occurring in the dedusting device is brought into direct contact with the dried and cooled lignite.

Abstract: An eco-friendly system for generating thermal energy from waste biomass comprises a furnace, a set of boiler tubes placed on the top of the furnace, a rectangular or tubular structure housing the boiler tube and the furnace, an outlet for the flue gases leading to a cyclone, said cyclone carrying a tubular body for leading away a part of flue gases and fitted with a butterfly control valve for regulating flow of effluent gases, a tubular body connecting the body to the suction blower, a water tank, a hopper for waste biomass, and a fuel injection blower for introducing fuel inside the furnace by means of pressurized air jet blown through the pipe.

Abstract: A liquid fuel-fired furnace installation is composed of at least one fuel tank (1), a fuel evaporation plate (2), a fuel vapor distribution plate (3) and a valve cutting-off the vapor flow, whereas the fuel tank (1) is connected with an evaporation plate (2) via a conduit (7), and the evaporation plate (2) is equipped with a vapor outlet (8) connected with a cut-off valve (4) and a vapor distribution plate (3) is connected with an inlet stub pipe (11), and in its upper part the plate has holes (12) though which the fuel vapors are exhausted. The installation is characterized by having fuel (P) delivered gravitationally via the conduit (7) into the evaporation plate (2) according to the connected vessels rule, which assures that an aerial layer is left over the fuel table (13).

Abstract: Provided is a novel method and system to separate magnetically non-susceptible impurities from coal intended for combustion, and it includes the removal of such impurities together with magnetically susceptible impurities that are collocated within the same lump of coal, prior to the combustion of the coal, by the use of the magnetic properties of the magnetically susceptible impurities. The described subject matter is based on the fact that the former impurities are normally collocated in the same lumps of coal as the latter, especially as far as pyrite and cinnabar are concerned, provided the lumps have not been liberated, in particular, they meet the requirement that at least 50% by mass of the coal lumps should be at least 2 mm in maximum dimension.

Abstract: Provided is an air-blown integrated coal gasification combined cycle power generation system equipped with a carbon-dioxide capturing device, in which the integrated coal gasification combined cycle power generation system eliminates the need for an air separator by obtaining a new carrier source that replaces nitrogen gas serving as a carrier gas for pressurizing and carrying pulverized coal and char. In an integrated coal gasification combined cycle power generation system that employs an air combustion method of using air as an oxidizing agent to generate coal gas in a gasification furnace and that supplies the coal gas to a gas turbine after separating and capturing carbon dioxide from the coal gas in a carbon-dioxide capturing device, a portion of the carbon dioxide separated and captured by the carbon-dioxide capturing device is used as a carrier gas for pulverized coal and char.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents are added to the coal ahead of combustion and/or are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: A lateral duct 15 for interconnecting a riser 1 and a cyclone separator 2 has an introduction portion 16 at the connection with the riser 1 which has a cross-sectional area equal to that of the riser 1, and a throttled portion 17 between the introduction portion 16 and the cyclone separator 2 which has cross-sectional areas gradually reduced from the introduction portion 16 to the cyclone separator 2 so as to increase a flow velocity of combustion gas.

Abstract: The present invention provides combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels and controlled amounts of metal oxide strength enhancing materials. The combustion products are useful as additives to cementitious materials. A hydrocarbon fuel such as coal is introduced into a combustion chamber and selected amounts of materials comprising CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 are also introduced into and/or downstream from the chamber. The hydrocarbon fuel undergoes combustion while the metal oxide strength enhancing materials react with each other and/or the ash or other reaction products of the hydrocarbon fuel. The combustion products have been found to significantly increase compressive strengths of cements such as Portland cement. A reduction in SO2 emission levels also results from the introduction of the metal oxide strength enhancing materials into the combustion process.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing calcium, alumina, silica, and halogen are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents are added to the coal ahead of combustion and/or are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components ? reduce emissions of mercury and sulfur; ? reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; ? increase the efficiency of the coal burning process through de-slagging of boiler tubes; ? increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; ? decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and ? make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: Pollution control substances may be formed from the combustion of oil shale, which may produce a kerogen-based pyrolysis gas and shale sorbent, each of which may be used to reduce, absorb, or adsorb pollutants in pollution producing combustion processes, pyrolysis processes, or other reaction processes. Pyrolysis gases produced during the combustion or gasification of oil shale may also be used as a combustion gas or may be processed or otherwise refined to produce synthetic gases and fuels.

Abstract: A direct-fired coal combustion system includes a swirl chamber having an input configured to receive a coal-water slurry and causing the coal-water slurry to mix with discharge air from a compressor to gasify the coal-water slurry and create a synthesis gas. The system also includes a cyclone separator directly coupled to the second end of the swirl chamber and a second stage combustion input coupled to an output of the cyclone separator.

Abstract: This disclosure includes a system and method of controlling fuel combustion including providing a system, measuring a property, and providing oxygen and fuel in response to the property. The system includes a furnace arranged and disposed to receive fuel and oxygen and combust the fuel and the oxygen to form a combustion fluid, a plurality of heat exchanger sections arranged and disposed to receive heat from the combustion fluid, and a plurality of oxygen injectors arranged and disposed to controllably provide oxygen to the combustion fluid to adjust composition of the combustion fluid and temperature of the combustion fluid. The property measured is selected from the group consisting of temperature of the combustion fluid, composition of the combustion fluid, temperature of the heat exchanger sections, and combinations thereof and is performed in close proximity to the oxygen injectors.

Abstract: To achieve an improvement in concentration distribution in a vertical direction at an inlet of a pulverized coal distributor and uniformly distribute pulverized coal to respective pulverized coal burners.

Abstract: The invention refers to a process and an installation for increasing the burning energy of a natural fuel gas upon burning the same for domestic or industrial purposes. The process claimed by the invention for increasing the burning energy produced by the natural fuel gas is characterized in that it comprises the steps of supplying the natural gas into a treatment chamber confined by a cylindrical-shaped wall made up of a diamagnetic material, in front of which some electromagnetic units are placed in a spiral shape, of said electromagnetic units the terminal ones are diametrically opposed relatively to the longitudinal vertical axis of the chamber, to create a rotating magnetic field which acts on the gas with only one polarity, in the conditions in which a rotating thermal field created by the cores of the electromagnetic units maintained at a temperature between 31° C. . . . 65° C.

Abstract: A system, device and method for enhancing burning of a solid object in a combustion process is provided where one or more incineration devices (101) for burning a solid object (101), at least one sonic device (301) and wherein said at least one sonic device (301) is a transmitter of high intensity- ultrasound adapted to, during use, apply high intensity ultrasound to said solid object (101) thereby removing ash from said solid object (101) and increasing the speed of the burning of said solid object (101).

Abstract: Methods by which new or used boilers or furnaces ranging from small industrial to the largest utility units that are designed for coal or oil or natural gas or shredded waste or shredded biomass firing can substantially improve their technical operation and sharply reduce their capital and operating costs by implementing component modifications and process steps that (a) minimize the adverse impacts of coal ash and slag on boiler surfaces and particulate emissions thereby also facilitating the use of oil or gas designed boilers for coal firing, (b) drastically reduce the loss of water used to transport coal in slurry form to power plants, (c) essentially eliminate the combined total nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), mercury (Hg), trace metals, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, (d) separate and permanently sequester carbon dioxide released during combustion and (e) improve the coal and solid fuel combustion efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed device provided with an oxygen-fired furnace (1) , a separator (2) for separating gas and solid particles, a return circuit for returning solids to the furnace (3), and an outlet duct (4) leaving the separator and conveying gases to a heat-recovery boiler, the device being characterized in that it includes injector means for injecting combustible) gas into the outlet from the separator 2), said combustible gas being propelled by recycled carbon dioxide into the residual vortex created at the outlet from the separator, so as to ensure intimate mixing takes place in the downstream duct (4) with the combustion flue gases, thereby reducing the oxygen content of said flue gases by residual combustion.

Abstract: Processes and compositions are provided for decreasing emissions of mercury upon combustion of fuels such as coal. Various sorbent compositions are provided that contain components that reduce the level of mercury and/or sulfur emitted into the atmosphere upon burning of coal. In various embodiments, the sorbent compositions are added directly to the fuel before combustion; are added partially to the fuel before combustion and partially into the flue gas post combustion zone; or are added completely into the flue gas post combustion zone. In preferred embodiments, the sorbent compositions comprise a source of halogen and preferably a source of calcium. Among the halogens, iodine and bromine are preferred. In various embodiments, inorganic bromides make up a part of the sorbent compositions.