Abstract: A treatment method for the sulfur- and particle-containing hot waste gas of an incineration process where refuse is burned in the presence of air comprises the steps of preheating air with the hot waste gas, passing the hot waste gas through one side of a heat exchanger, passing air through the other side of the heat exchanger and thereby heating the air and cooling the waste gas, and desulfurizing the cooled waste gas. At most a portion of the heated air is fed directly to the incinerator and there used to combust the refuse. Another portion of the heated air is mixed with the cool desulfurized gas. The mixture of cool desulfurized gas and the other portion of the heated air is then released to the atmosphere. The preheating of the air is done in a second heat exchanger separate from the first-mentioned heat exchanger and traversed by the waste gas and air. In addition particles are filtered from the waste gas between the heat exchangers.

Abstract: A heat generator comprising a fuel supply chamber (7a), having at its lower end an inwardly tapered section (12), comprising at its lower end a burner plate (14) with mixing strips (33) and a combustion pipe (20), said tapered section (12) being provided with apertures (8) for primary air in its upper part, apertures (13) for secondary air at a level just above the level of the burner plate (14) and apertures (22) for tertiary air at a level just below the level of the burner plate (14) at the level of mixing strips (33). Preferably all air supplies are preheated. The combustion pipe (20) stands in closed connection with an outlet-pipe, preferably provided with an adjustable ventilator.

Abstract: A heat recuperator and a method for recuperating heat from a furnace having a nozzle-mix burner to enhance the efficiency of combustion of one or more burners associated with the furnace. The recuperator comprises an exhaust tube which is connectable to a furnace combustion chamber for receiving heated exhaust gas therethrough. The exhaust tube has an outer cylindrical wall and an inner metallic tube concentrically supported therein. An annular space is defined between the outer cylindrical wall and the inner tube. The inner tube is formed, in at least a major length thereof, with a plurality of corrugations. An air inlet connection is provided at an inlet end of the annular space downstream of the exhaust tube. The annular space also has an outlet upstream of the exhaust tube adjacent an inlet end thereof and connectable to a burner supplying same with heated combustion air.

Abstract: A combustion system for domestic or small industrial heating needs, utilizing biomass fuels such as wood and brush chips, sawdust, logs, nut hulls, peat, leaves and other organic waste products of forestry, agriculture and industry with essentially smokeless, clean exhaust. By preheating the combustion air, insulating the combustion process and carefully controlling the fuel to air proportions and mixing parameters, essentially complete combustion with very little excess air at high temperatures is achieved even with fuels containing over half their weight in water. This water is then condensed out of the exhaust gases in uniquely designed air and water counterflow heat exchangers that can capture over 90% of the high heat value of the fuel. This invention is capable of maintaining clean combustion at high temperatures with little excess air, at burn rates much lower than the best popular "air-tight" woodstoves and is capable of higher heat outputs than most domestic heat plants.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for incinerating toxic and non-toxic waste using a modified preheater-type lime kiln is disclosed wherein the kiln is modified to incinerate waste and the preheater section is modified to provide an incineration processing aid such as limestone and also to more efficiently utilize and conserve heat values.

Abstract: An improved high temperature furnace is disclosed for consuming various fuels and organic waste materials while generating usable energy. The furnace has a high pressure aeration system in its combustion chamber to increase combustion efficiency. One set of obliquely oriented nozzles disposed at the periphery of the combustion chamber injects high velocity, heated air into the furnace and an opposed set of nozzles also injects high velocity, heated air tangentially from the adjacent center of the chamber. Heated, high velocity air from all the air nozzles is directed generally in the same tangential direction creating a swirling action or turbulence which accelerates the break up of the waste to increase the completeness of the combustion and retains the fuel in suspension within the furnace until combustion is essentially completed. The centrifugal force created by this swirling action impels the hot ash toward the outer chamber wall to minimize its upward escape through the incinerator flue.

Abstract: The disclosure herein describes a furnace for consuming solid fuel, such as wood, which comprises a gravitational feed chute for feeding the solid fuel in a combustion chamber; the chute has an open lower feed end adjoining the combustion chamber, the feed end being equipped with a plurality of flexible spaced retaining elements which serve to support the load of solid fuel in the chute; air nozzles are provided in the combustion chamber facing the feed end of the chute to create a circulation forcing combustion gases to pass through a zone of high temperature in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: Fluid waste material is completely atomized and decomposed in a burner wherein the material to be decomposed and an oxidizing agent are maintained at a suitable relative ratio at every point in the burner so that waste transforms into a stable combustion product. Catalysts or other subsidiary materials are not required. The oxidizing agent may be air, air enriched with oxygen, or oxygen, and plasma is produced from the air or from the waste material itself. Water may be introduced into the plasma to promote the formation of hydrogen halogenides if the waste material itself contains halogens. The atomized gases may be deacidified and washed.

Abstract: In the process for cleaning of flue gases of a power plant boiler, the flue gases are dust filtered at first and then wet desulfurized. By the wet desulfurization the flue gases are cooled down and have to be reheated before they are fed to the stack of the power plant. In known processes the flue gases to be reheated are reheated by a flame burning oil or gas. This reheating is expensive and leads to the handling and storage of a further fuel in the power plant. In order to avoid this disadvantages, according to the invention the flue gases are reheated by means of reheating energy of at least one reheating flame burning coal dust. Coal dust is a fuel which is available in a power plant, the power burners of which coal dust.

Abstract: In a combustion chamber (20) the biomass to be degasified is placed via a conveyor screw (11) on to a trough (24). In the degasification chamber (20) there prevails a high temperature due to the vicinity of the flame chamber (27), so that the biomass is being degasified. The escaping gasses are burned in the flame chamber (27). Between the wall of the degasification chamber (20) and an outer casing (28) there is an air chamber (29) in which the fresh air introduced from the outside is preheated and thereafter is guided partly through the trough (24) and partly to another section of the flame chamber (27).

Abstract: A grateless furnace has a combustion chamber, means to introduce solid fuel into the combustion chamber and to permit said fuel to form a fire bed in the bottom thereof, the combustion chamber being of such configuration that slag formed during combustion of the fuel accumulates under the influence of gravity, at a low part of the bottom of the combustion chamber, said low part having an opening through which said slag may pass for removal from the furnace. The bottom of the chamber may be V-shaped.

Abstract: An apparatus and method accomplishes the burning of biomass fuel materials with up to 80 percent efficiency. The inventive method and apparatus utilize a catalytic converter in communication with a combustion chamber to combust more completely combustion product gases to eliminate hydrocarbon pollutants and produce carbon dioxide gas. The catalytic converter is included within a passageway originating from and terminating in the combustion chamber so that the carbon dioxide gas is directed into the combustion chamber to control the rate of combustion therein. A heat exchanger in communication with the combustion chamber converts for use the heat carried by the carbon dioxide gas.

Abstract: Material is comletely atomized, and converted into a plasma state by directing the feeding of the burner so that the material to be decomposed and an oxidizing agent (oxygen, air, etc.,) are in a suitable ratio at every point of the equipment so that the waste transforms in stable combustion products. There is no need for a catalyst or for any other subsidiary materials. The recovery of certain end products as chemical basic materials is also effected. The oxidizing agent may be air, air enriched with oxygen or oxygen. Plasma can be produced from air, or from the waste, itself. With waste materials containing halogens, it is advisable to introduce water into the plasma to promote the formation of hydrogen halogenids. A MHD generators or conventional heat exchangers may be used and the final gases are to be desacidified before letting them outdoors by treatng them with a weak alkaline washing solution.

Abstract: In the process for cleaning of flue gases of a power plant boiler, the flue gases are dust filtered at first and then wet desulfurized. By the wet desulfurization the flue gases are cooled down and have to be reheated before they are fed to the stack of the power plant. In known processes the flue gases to be reheated are reheated by a flame burning oil or gas. This reheating is expensive and leads to the handling and storage of a further fuel in the power plant. In order to avoid this disadvantages, according to the invention the flue gases are reheated by means of reheating energy of at least one reheating flame burning coal dust. Coal dust is a fuel which is available in a power plant, the power burners of which burn coal dust.

Abstract: A combustion air preheater for heating combustion air with heat energy provided from flue gas includes both a heat pipe type heat exchanger for effecting low temperature heat transfer between the flue gas and the combustion air and a tube-and-shell type heat exchanger for effecting higher temperature heat transfer. The preheater includes a first heat exchanger, having first and second heat transfer compartments with a plurality of heat pipes extending therebetween and a second, connected heat exchanger which includes a plurality of heat tubes supported by tube sheets within a shell. Ducting is provided to direct flue gas over the tubes of the second heat exchanger and then through one of the compartments of the first heat exchanger and additional ducting is provided to direct combustion air through the other compartment of the first heat exchanger and through the tubes of the second heat exchanger.

Abstract: A bio-mass burner having a continuous feed on demand to a first combustion chamber that contains a hollow grate structure. The novel method of operation includes the use of at least one venturi tube which is in fluid communication with the hollow grate structure to establish an air flow into a second combustion chamber. Primary air to support combustion in the first chamber is supplied to the underside of the grate structure. Secondary air to support combustion in the second chamber is supplied through the hollow grate structure and then to the venturi tube in a sufficiently tortuous path through the first combustion chamber to insure that the air is superheated at the outlet of the venturi tube. A baffle arrangement in the first combustion chamber directs the fuel product toward the grate structure and assists in preventing any unburned gases from being ejected into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A furnace for burning dry or wet wood waste products such as hogged bark and the like is provided with a grating therein comprised of aligned rows of bricks resting on supporting cross beams, with at least some of the rows of bricks maintained a uniform distance from other rows of bricks by spacers disposed between such spaced-apart rows of bricks. The furnace is charged by turbulent air entering both above and below the grating, with a select portion of such air being pre-heated. A temperature gradient is established between an area immediately beneath the grating and the area above the grating in the range of 2200.degree. F. and can be controlled by selected initial placement of the bricks and spacers to achieve an optimum cross sectional area for flow of heated, turbulent air through the grating to produce a temperature for efficient heating, drying and burning of wood waste products in an essentially pollution-free manner.

Abstract: A furnace for burning dry or wet wood waste products such as hogged bark and the like is provided with a grating therein comprised of aligned rows of bricks resting on supporting cross beams, with at least some of the rows of bricks maintained a uniform distance from other rows of bricks by spacers disposed between such spaced-apart rows of bricks. The furnace is charged by turbulent air entering both above and below the grating, with a select portion of such air being pre-heated. A temperature gradient is established between an area immediately beneath the grating and the area above the grating in the range of 2200.degree. F. and can be controlled by selected initial placement of the bricks and spacers to achieve an optimum cross sectional area for flow of heated, turbulent air through the grating to produce a temperature for efficient heating, drying and burning of wood waste products in an essentially pollution-free manner.

Abstract: A low-cost energy-conserving system for heating and cooling the equipment and environment of a manufacturing installation, and more particularly, a printing plant, including an incinerator for burning waste paper generated as a result of the printing process, a first heat exchanger for utilizing exhaust gases from the incinerator for heating air to be supplied to a heat treating device or apparatus, and more particularly, a web press oven, first ductwork for conducting heated air from the first heat exchanger to the web press oven for heating purposes, second ductwork for conducting solvent-laden air from the web press oven to the incinerator where the solvents are burned to utilize their heating value and to also produce pollution-free gases, a second heat exchanger utilizing exhaust gases from the incinerator for heating air to be provided to the plant for environmental heating purposes, an outside air duct for providing air to be heated by the second heat exchanger, third ductwork for conducting heated air

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for incinerating hazardous wastes through the use of a high temperature incineration process. According to the method of the present invention, substantially pure oxygen is preheated by partial combustion with a fuel such as kerosene. The partial combustion of the oxygen preheats the oxygen to a temperature which is sufficient to produce a hypergolic reaction when the oxygen is mixed with additional fuel. Turbulent flow is produced in the oxygen and simultaneously, a mixture of fuel and hazardous waste is atomized into the turbulent preheated oxygen, thereby quickly mixing the fuel, hazardous wastes, and oxygen. A hypergolic reaction is produced, producing high temperatures which break down the hazardous wastes. The apparatus of the present invention includes a oxygen pre-heater which partially combusts the oxygen and a cylindrical incinerator shell. A oxidant injector plate is disposed between the oxygen preheater and the incinerator shell.

Abstract: A combustion method in which heat is generated from particulate laden combustible gas containing mineral matter created from gasifying waste wood, coke or other combustible material in which the waste is fed into a pile, under-fire combustion air dries and gasifies the waste, oxidizing the fixed carbon in a first chamber to generate heat at a temperature less than the melting temperature of the non-combustible material so as not to form slag, adding air in the first chamber in an amount less than stoichiometric with the air introduced in a swirling fashion to move the particulate laterally away from the discharge of the primary chamber, impeding the movement of this particulate also by adding secondary combustion air in a downward swirling direction in the secondary chamber so that very little non-combustible material reaches the second chamber where melting can occur.

Abstract: A system for recovering heat from combustion flue gas, which transfers heat from the flue gas into combustion-supporting air, which is then used to burn a fuel in a combustion zone in a furnace or the like, so that useful heat is generated and a hot combustion flue gas is formed. Two heat sinks are provided, each for alternate absorption of heat from the hot flue gas, and desorption of heat into ambient combustion air so that the air is preheated. A reversible fan or blower is associated with each sink. The hot flue gas is passed successively through one heat sink and fan to atmospheric discharge for a finite time interval, while concomitantly passing cold and usually ambient combustion air successively through the other fan and heat sink so that the air is heated and a preheated combustion air stream is formed, which is subsequently passed to the combustion zone. After the finite time interval, the reversible fans are reversed for another finite time interval usually equal to the first time interval.

Abstract: An apparatus for the elimination of fumes and odors from exhaust gases simultaneously with the recovery of heat from such gases and, in particular, a rotating control means for controlling the flow of such gases, in sequence, through heat exchange chambers and a central purification chamber of such apparatus wherein the gases are preheated and incinerated to remove fumes and odors. The apparatus has annular inlet, exhaust and purging ducts located adjacent a number of heat exchange chambers disposed adjacent a purification chamber. The flow of gases from and to the ducts through selected heat exchange chambers is maintained by a rotating control means disposed between the ducts and the heat exchange chambers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to permit the burning of high and varying moisture content fuels without requiring supplemental fuel (oil or gas) firing. The invention provides in-situ drying of the high and varying moisture content fuels by modulating the temperature of the combustion air entering the furnace (11) of the vapor generator (10). The variable flow paths taken by the air and flue gas are functions of the moisture content of the fuel being fired. The flue gas may be selectively by-passed around an economizer (20) for direct introduction into a first air heater (30). The gas is then passed through a precipitator (34) and a second air heater (40). Combustion air is passed through the second air heater (40) and may be then apportioned between the first air heater (30) and a by-pass (60) around the air heater (40) before introduction into the furnace (11).

Abstract: A new furnace is provided which employs a forced draft to efficiently and cleanly burn a wide variety of fuels such as wood and refuse. The furnace is designed to internally and continuously pyrolyze (gasify) fuel prior to the burning phase which is conducted in a lower chamber of the furnace where air is admitted at a controlled rate. Combustion temperature is maintained at 1800.degree. F. or higher to completely burn gasified fuel by enclosing the burning zone with refractory material and by not extracting sensible heat from the combustion region until after exhaust gases exit the lower chamber. Ash is produced in a fine powder as a consequence of its being removed from the combustion effluent by gravity and cyclonic (i.e. turbulent) separation.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus having primary and secondary combustion chambers burns waste wood with an optional third chamber. The third chamber is used to blend the combustion products down to the desired process temperature. High pressure swirl air is admitted tangentially to the primary chamber above a burning fuel pile. The swirl air reacts with a small proportion of the pyrolized gases to maintain a steady temperature at the exit from the primary chamber. The swirl air also centrifugally separates particulate matter from the gas stream leaving the primary chamber. The total quantity of underfire and swirl air is closely controlled to maintain substoichiometric conditions in the primary chamber. Secondary air complete combustion of the pyrolized volatiles in the secondary chamber. The secondary air is admitted tangentially to establish a rotating mass of relatively cool combustion air adjacent to the walls of the secondary combustion chamber.

Abstract: The combustion chamber of the oven is bounded at the top by a lid which can be swung open and at the bottom by a grating. The grating has one or more sections which pivot about an axis to dump slag. A hollow interior of the grating forms a section of the exhaust gas system. The lid includes a channel for air supply, the air passing through a perforated plate in the bottom of the lid into the combustion chamber. A perforated tube extending vertically along the axis of the combustion chamber opens into the channel in the lid and supplies air down into combustible materials filled into the combustion chamber. The depth to which the air is supplied can be regulated by a piston which can be adjusted vertically within the tube to extend the air flow to the depth desired. The incinerator is filled from above in layers.

Abstract: A burner assembly for combusting pyrolysis gases includes a chamber, a first cone-shaped conduit connected at its larger end to the chamber and a second conduit mounted to extend through the smaller end of the first conduit to have an open end positioned in the interior of the first conduit. Further, a conical baffle is mounted within the first conduit to have its apex adjacent the open end of the second conduit and a duct means is mounted to the first conduit for admitting air into the first conduit.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an improved after burner for a multi-chamber incinerator including a pair of successive gas flow tubes having arcuate surfaces disposed one over the other such that the said one is an arcuate surface having a radius to a longitudinal centerline axis which is oriented in the same vertical plane but offset above the longitudinal centerline axis of the said other of said arcuate surfaces, baffles for directing gas flow including such flow from the first of said tubes to the second of said tubes, ports for ingesting air into said tubes at an angle to the path of gas flow through the tubes and super oxygenating the tubes and burners in the tubes to totally consume combustible pollutants carried by the gas flow.

Abstract: The air entering the reactor in a pyrolysis system is preheated by burning a part of the process gas from the reactor in the entering air, thereby maintaining an inlet temperature to prevent solidifying of the slag in the furnace, to maintain the pyrolytic reaction and to reduce the quantity of free oxygen in the entering air.

Abstract: Continuously flowing solid material, such as municipal waste, is pretreated in an air-starved hot moving grate carbonizer furnace to drive off low temperature volatiles, and then further devolatized in a shaft furnace wherein limited amounts of air are let into a downwardly moving stack of the precarbonized material at a plurality of locations spaced sufficiently apart as to preclude formation of hot spots, i.e., localized regions of intense reaction, such as would cause clinkers to be formed. Low Btu gas is exhausted from the pretreatment carbonizer and shaft furnace and sterile ash residue is discharged from the bottom of the shaft furnace.

Abstract: A charging shaft in a furnace housing, communicating at its bottom with an adjoining combustion chamber, is topped by a sloping lid having an air-intake opening near its lower end, that opening registering with an underlying baffle defining with that lid a narrow rising channel for incoming air. Distillation gases evolving in the shaft, admixed with some of the entering air but prevented by that air from escaping through the channel, are recirculated through a port at the top of the shaft to an entrance near its bottom -- just above a horizontal grate -- by way of an adjacent duct provided with a lateral air inlet, the duct narrowing at that inlet into a constricted throat from which the recirculated gases are aspirated by the entering additional air. The connection between the charging shaft and the combustion chamber may be formed by an upright grill, or by a diverging passage accommodating an ancillary combustion device such as an oil burner.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the thermal destruction of solid fuel material in a gravity-type multiple hearth furnace having groups of two or more superimposed hearths. Solid fuel is fed to the upper hearth of each group of hearths. Auxiliary fuel is selectively burned in the lower hearth of each group of hearths to maintain the discharge temperature of the exhaust gas flowing from each said upper hearth above the ignition temperature of said gases so that each group of hearths is operated as a combined drying and burning zone. Preheated air for combustion is introduced into the lower hearth of the lowermost group of hearths so that oxygen available for combustion increases as the solid fuel moves downwardly. Ash is removed from the lower hearth of at least the lowermost group of hearths.