Abstract: A fuel injector assembly includes a first coil that induces a time varying magnetic field into a second coil that is utilized to heat fuel flowing through the fuel injector. A first coil receives a first signal from a driver to generate a first magnetic field that moves an armature between an open and closed position. The second coil generates a second magnetic field generated by a current induced by the first coil into the second coil. The induced current is generated by an alternating current signal that is interposed onto a direct current signal sent to the first coil. The alternating current signal produces a time varying second magnetic field that induces heating of a magnetically active component with the fuel flow that in turn heats the fuel.

Abstract: In a control of an internal combustion engine control apparatus, the control apparatus includes: a fuel tank that stores a fuel; a vaporized fuel tank that is connected to an intermediate portion of an intake passageway of an internal combustion engine and that stores a vaporized fuel that is formed by vaporization of the fuel; an in-tank fuel supply device that supplies the fuel from the fuel tank into the vaporized fuel tank; and a normally-closed vaporized fuel supply valve that opens and closes a connecting portion between the vaporized fuel tank and the intake passageway. The control apparatus estimates air/fuel ratio in the vaporized fuel tank, and produces the vaporized fuel in the vaporized fuel tank by driving the in-tank fuel supply device, with the vaporized fuel supply valve closed, until the estimated air/fuel ratio becomes substantially zero, during operation of the engine.

Abstract: Method of operating a compression ignition engine on ether containing fuel obtained by on board conversion of an alcohol containing primary fuel and a system for use in the method. The ether containing fuel is prepared by dehydration of liquid alcohol containing fuel in present of a dehydration catalyst arranged in a radial flow reactor within a fuel accumulation chamber in a common rail.

Abstract: A fuel filter, in particular diesel fuel filter (10), of an internal combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, and a heating sensor module (72) are described. A filter housing (14) has at least one inlet for the fuel to be cleaned and at least one outlet (32) for the cleaned fuel. A filter element (36) is arranged in the inner chamber (20) of the filter housing (14) in such a manner that it separates the at least one inlet from the at least one outlet (32). At least one heating unit (106) for heating the fuel, at least one temperature sensor (110) for detecting a temperature of the fuel and at least one water level sensor (90) for detecting a water level of water separated from the fuel in a water collection chamber (22) are integrated in the heating sensor module (72).

Abstract: A fuel heater is provided to heat fuel with a safety feature (fuse effect). The internal combustion engine can be operated with ethanol, gasoline or a mixture of ethanol and gasoline. The fuel heater is an integrant part of the electronic injection system of internal combustion engines. The fuel heater is assembled inside the fuel rail and serves to increase fuel temperature before, during and after ignition at temperatures specified by the engine calibration strategy.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is provided for burning liquid ammonia in an energy device such as a diesel engine, boiler or gas turbine. In particular, the process and apparatus include mixing a renewable fuel with a low flame speed and high ignition temperature, e.g., ammonia, with a combustible liquid fossil or bio-fuel and supplying the mixture into a closed fuel loop where part is efficiently burned in an engine combustion chamber, and part is used to cool the engine and returned by the loop for mixture with fresh incoming fuel mixture. The invention provides for the mixing and emulsifying in such a way that vapor lock is avoided. In the loop, the mixture is emulsified into a disperse distribution of fuel droplets such that upon injection of a portion into the combustion chamber, the renewable fuel in an emulsified droplet evaporates, mixes with the air and forms a small combustion cell surrounding the liquid fuel droplet.

Abstract: A pre-heater system for a combustion engine. The combustion engine uses a liquid fuel and air, and is cooled by a cooling system. The pre-heater system includes a fuel pre-heater. The fuel pre-heater includes a coolant reservoir and a fuel line traversing the coolant reservoir. The coolant reservoir is in a fluid relationship with the cooling system, and the fuel line is in a fluid relationship between a fuel tank and the combustion engine. In some embodiments, the pre-heater system further includes an air pre-heater. The air pre-heater comprises an air box and a coolant line traversing the air box. The air box is in a fluid relationship between the ambient air and the combustion engine, and the coolant line is in a fluid relationship with the cooling system. In operation, the fuel and air is heated before being consumed by the combustion engine.

Abstract: A fuel system is provided including a diesel fuel reservoir configured to supply a diesel fuel having a first amount of dissolved oxygen. An advanced diesel engine is arranged generally downstream from the diesel fuel reservoir. A deoxygenation system has an inlet fluidly coupled to the diesel fuel reservoir and an outlet fluidly coupled to the advanced diesel engine. The deoxygenation system is configured to remove dissolved oxygen from the diesel fuel. The diesel fuel provided to the advanced diesel engine has a second amount of dissolved oxygen. The second amount of dissolved oxygen is less than the first amount of dissolved oxygen.

Abstract: Fuel efficiency in a combustion engine is increased by treating the fuel in a reaction chamber prior to delivering the fuel into the combustion chamber of the engine. The method includes the step of entraining a stream of exhaust gas to travel upstream through the reactor chamber in a first flow pattern. The method also includes the step of entraining a stream of fuel to travel downstream through the reactor chamber in a second flow pattern, where at least one of the first and second flow patterns comprises a structured turbulent flow.

Abstract: A fuel delivery system for a vehicle includes a fuel injector that meters fuel flow and provides for preheating fuel to aid combustion. A control circuit including a synthetic inductor drives a heated element within the fuel flow.

Abstract: Free heat or scavenged heat from the coolant system or circulating oil from the crankcase of an internal combustion engine supplies heat to a fuel pre-heater causing the liquid fuel to become superheated and partially vaporized. Liquid fuel preferably diesel is converted from a fluid at ambient temperature to a superheated fuel breaking down the hydrocarbons bonds of the fuel (cracking) before being sent directly to the fuel injectors. Water fog may be added to the air intake manifold. Catalysts inside the fuel preheater also aid in breaking down the fuel (cracking). The fuel pre-heater also operates as a coolant/oil filter to remove debris and sludge from the circulating coolant water or circulating crankcase oil of an internal combustion engine. Fuel efficiency has repeatedly been tested to increase 20% or better with highway driving. Exhaust emissions have been tested to show 20% or more reductions in greenhouse gases.

Abstract: A tuned power amplifier includes: a tuning capacitor connected in series with multiple loaded chokes that represent an inductance of an oscillator, and multiple semiconductor power switches connected to the series connections between the tuning capacitor and the loaded chokes. The loaded chokes may be induction heating coils of inductively heated fuel injectors. The induction heating coils may be connected to a common voltage source. An on state and an off state of the semiconductor power switches may be synchronized with, or at a frequency below, a natural resonant frequency of the tuned power amplifier.

Abstract: A fuel heating device may improve cold start performance and solve a number of problems of conventional auxiliary tank and heating systems of a flex fuel vehicle (FFV). The fuel heating device may include a heater having embedded therein a heat emission object for heating fuel, a solenoid valve connected the heater such that a flow path to a first outlet is opened or closed to selectively supply fuel, a temperature sensor installed in the heater, and a controller for turning on and off the heater and opening and closing the solenoid valve according to a temperature of the fuel, in which the outlet of the heater is connected with a cold start injector through a cold start line and an inlet of the solenoid valve is connected with a fuel line connected from the fuel tank.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel heating equipment of a diesel engine for preheating and heating fuel to supply the fuel to the engine. The fuel heating equipment of the diesel engine includes a main heating part having a collective tank, which is formed between runners connected to a first side of the engine and an exhaust pipe, and is heated by exhaust heat introduced from the runner, and a fuel supply pipe, which extends from a fuel tank and is wound around the collective tank to heat fuel, which passes through the fuel supply pipe due to heat conducted from the collective tank, so as to supply the fuel to the engine. The fuel heating equipment of the diesel engine further includes a preheating part provided such that the fuel supply pipe is inserted along the exhaust pipe to prevent the fuel, which is cooled by cold outside air in the winter season, from being directly introduced to the collective tank.

Abstract: This disclosure relates a system for heating fuel supplied by a common rail fuel supply to an internal combustion engine. The system includes a high pressure fuel line, plural fuel injectors connected in series along the high pressure fuel line in the common rail, and a continuous low pressure passage including a heat exchanging portion in close proximity to the high pressure fuel line. A heated fluid source is operative to fluidly communicate with the continuous low pressure passage and circulate heated fluid to heat fuel present in the high pressure fuel line prior to, and during a cold start operation of the internal combustion engine. Other embodiments relate to a method of providing fuel to an internal combustion engine that includes sensing the temperature of fuel supplied to a fuel system and determining whether the sensed fuel temperature is greater than a predetermined value.

Abstract: An engine arrangement includes an internal combustion engine supplied with fuel by at least one fuel pump, a heat recovery circuit carrying a fluid in a loop, successively through the fuel pump, an evaporator, and an expander capable of generating power from the fluid expansion.

Abstract: Free heat or scavenged heat from the coolant system or circulating oil from the crankcase of an internal combustion engine supplies heat to a fuel pre-heater causing the liquid fuel to become superheated and partially vaporized. Liquid fuel preferably diesel is converted from a fluid at ambient temperature to a superheated fuel breaking down the hydrocarbons bonds of the fuel (cracking) before being sent directly to the fuel injectors. Water fog may be added to the air intake manifold. Catalysts inside the fuel preheater also aid in breaking down the fuel (cracking). The fuel pre-heater also operates as a coolant/oil filter to remove debris and sludge from the circulating coolant water or circulating crankcase oil of an internal combustion engine. Fuel efficiency has repeatedly been tested to increase 20% or better with highway driving. Exhaust emissions have been tested to show 20% or more reductions in greenhouse gases.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a fuel rail made of plastic material with a heating system (10,100). The said rail is applied, mainly, in the form of devices for aiding the cold start of engines which consume fuels whose specific vaporization heat is high, for example, alcohol. The fuel rail made of plastic material with a heating system presents reduced cost and weight and the same functional characteristics if compared to the fuel rails known by the state of the art, which are usually made of metal. Furthermore, the said fuel rail made of plastic material with a heating system presents internal compartments configured in such a manner that the slider sliders containing slide pins (51, 52, 53) of the injection mold can be easily removed, since there is no formation of negative faces.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing heated fuel to a fuel injector of an engine are provided. According to the approaches described herein, adequate cold-start fuel atomization may be provided without compromising driver satisfaction due to excessive pre-ignition delay, while at the same time reducing unnecessary heating of fuel during warm engine off conditions.

Abstract: Provided is a method for controlling evaporation gas treating apparatus that can effectively prevent evaporation gases from leaking out of a vehicle with minimizing power consumption of a battery in the vehicle and improving efficiency of purging the evaporation gases, by selectively operating a heater for when a large amount of evaporation gases are contained in active carbon of a canister.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the disclosure, an apparatus is provided for fueling a device using a cryogenic fluid. The apparatus may comprise: a cryogenic fluid supply container; a vessel connected to the supply container with an entrance valve to regulate flow of cryogenic fluid from the supply container; a heat transfer system capable of transferring heat from a device to the vessel to heat gas in the vessel; and an accumulator connected to the vessel with an exit valve to regulate flow of gas from the vessel to the accumulator. The accumulator may be capable of being connected to a device. In other embodiments, methods are provided of controllably mixing at least one fluid within a fluid mixing device.

Abstract: A fuel state control unit for use with internal combustion engines can include a primary heating chamber, a secondary heating chamber, and an expansion chamber. The primary heating chamber has a fuel conduit through which fuel is conveyed. A heater in the primary heating chamber transmits heat to the conveyed fuel in the primary heating chamber. The heater is controlled to maintain a predetermined temperature of the fuel. The heated fuel from the conduit is conveyed into a secondary heating chamber. A pressure plate separates the secondary heating chamber from the expansion chamber. The ports of the pressure plate can regulate the flow of the fuel into the expansion chamber. The heated fuel in the expansion chamber can then be conveyed to an engine so as to increase engine efficiency and reduce the amount of pollutant gases in the engine exhaust.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel heating system for preheating a vegetable oil based fuel for use in a diesel engine, said fuel heating system comprising a fuel tank (1), a heating device (3), a heat carrier arrangement (4,6) comprising a liquid heat carrier, and a heat exchanger (6) arranged inside said fuel tank, wherein said heating device is arranged to use vegetable oil based fuel from said fuel tank for heating the heat carrier, said heat carrier arrangement allows transport of hot heat carrier from said heating device to said heat exchanger and transport of cold heat carrier from said heat exchanger back to said heating device, and said heat exchanger is arranged to allow heat transfer from said heat carrier to said vegetable oil based fuel in said fuel tank.

Abstract: An engine system and method for preheating a fuel for a cold startup of an IC engine are provided. The engine system may include an IC engine coupled to a source of fuel and configured to receive and combust a fuel from the source to rotate a shaft. The engine system may also include a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the source of fuel and disposed upstream of the IC engine, and a preheat circuit. The preheat circuit may include a pump in fluid communication with the heat exchanger, a motor coupled to the pump and configured to drive the pump, and a preheater in fluid communication with the pump. The pump may be configured to pressurize a heat transfer medium and the preheater may be configured to preheat the heat transfer medium, the heat transfer medium being introduced to the heat exchanger to warm the fuel.

Abstract: A device for treating liquid carbonous fuel having external and internal electrodes having a dielectric insert positioned between and coaxially arranged to form a treatment chamber. The chamber is connected to a fuel line by an outlet channel located along the longitudinal axis of the electrodes and at least one inlet channel disposed in the external electrode, wherein the inlet and outlet channels are embodied according to a relationship (1), wherein Siin is the cross-section area of an i-th inlet channel, n is the number of inlet channels and Sout is the cross-section area of the outlet channel. ? i = 1 n ? ? S iin = ( 0.1 ? / ? 2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new auxiliary system of cold start, preferably used in the internal combustion engines that use alcohol as fuel. The engines ‘Flex Fuel’ (alcohol/gasoline/GNV) are included in the possibility of the use of this invention. The cold starting system makes use of resistances (3) positioned in the entrance of the injectors (4); resistances (6) inside of each injector (1) or one resistance (5) for every pipe holder of nozzles (2), and the three possibilities can be used simultaneously, combined two by two or separately, depending on the necessity of warm up alcohol flow and the energy consumption. It can also make use of groups of resistances (11, 12, 13) positioned in the intake. Additionally one or two auxiliary injectors can be foreseen (supplementary) in the intake collector with the same alcohol heating system.

Abstract: A fuel tank for storing an alternate fuel and providing the fuel to an internal combustion engine includes: an inner shell with an internal cavity designed to store fuel; an outer shell configured and positioned relative to the inner shell such that an interstitial volume is created between the inner and outer shells; and a heating unit positioned in the interstitial volume. In some embodiments, the interstitial volume is filled with air; in other embodiments, the interstitial volume is filled with a thermally insulative material.

Abstract: Methods and systems for efficiently utilizing a fuel heating system incorporating an exhaust gas recirculation (“EGR”) stream and an EGR cooling system are disclosed. Waste heat energy in an exhaust gas recirculation stream of an engine system is used to heat the fuel being fed to the combustion chambers of the engine. A conventional EGR cooler can be replaced with a fuel heat exchanger/EGR cooler. Utilizing these components allows fuel heating to be accomplished simultaneously with partial EGR gas cooling by using waste EGR heat. This reduces the heat rejection requirement of the engine coolant and also reduces the electrical power requirements of the fuel heater.

Abstract: A fuel heating device comprises a heater housing (7) including a bottom wall (17), an upper inlet opening (13) provided in an upper part of the heater housing and an outlet opening (18) provided in a lower part of the heater housing diametrically opposite to the inlet opening, and a heater member (9) including a heat emitting portion (9h) received in a middle part of a heating chamber (6) defined by the heater housing. As the inlet opening is provided in an upper part of the fuel housing, bubbles that may be created by the vaporization of the fuel heated by the heater member is allowed to rise upward and then escape out of the inlet opening. The bubbles that have returned to the fuel supply passage (4) are cooled by fresh fuel, and condense to liquid state once again. Therefore, the heater housing and fuel supply passage are kept free from the presence of fuel vapor, and the fuel therein can be pressurized by a fuel pump to a proper level at all times.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a hydrocarbon concentration of a gas stream in a line includes at least one sensor for measuring a hydrocarbon concentration, the position of said sensor being set off in relation to the line.

Abstract: A system including, an internal combustion engine including a combustion chamber, a first injector to provide a first injection fluid to the combustion chamber, and a heated pressurization system to heat the first injection fluid in a pressure vessel to achieve a sufficient injection pressure. By heating the injection fluid in a pressure vessel, pressure in the vessel can be increased to a specified injection pressure.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel injector for an internal combustion engine. The fuel injector comprises a housing with an injector stem positioned inside the housing such that the injector stem comprises lower and upper portions. A first fluid chamber is located at the lower portion and a second fluid chamber is located at the upper portion with a seal positioned between the fuel chambers. A fuel duct is connected to the first fluid chamber and input and output ducts are connected to the second fluid chamber to allow fuel to fill and drain from the second fluid chamber. A first valve attached to the input duct and a second valve attached to the output duct are selectively actuable to open and close. The fuel injector further comprises a spring biasing the injector to a closed position, a heating element and a controller element.

Abstract: A fuel enhancer device provides a substantially higher miles per gallon gas saving of at least ten (10) miles per gallon for motor vehicles powered by fuel-injected, internal combustion engines. The device pre-heats the fuel, and subjects the fuel to a magnetic field, prior to the fuel's entry into the engine fuel injectors. The device is simple to install within a fuel line system next to an engine's bank of fuel injectors.

Abstract: A fuel injector system for raising fuel to its supercritical state and injecting the supercritical-state fuel to the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine is disclosed. A plurality of injector embodiments provides alternative ways to heat the pressurized fuel to its supercritical state. Injection of supercritical fuel into the combustion chamber is known to improve fuel entrainment and reducing ignition delay to thereby increase combustion rate, which leads to an increase in fuel efficiency. According to some embodiments, the system provides for preventing coking that may otherwise occur in an exhaust gas heat exchanger used for preheating the high pressure fuel. In other embodiments, engine cold start assistance is provided by storing pressurized, heated fuel in an insulated container.

Abstract: A fuel heater module and a water-in-fuel sensor module are disclosed that are configured to be connected to an outside surface of a filter assembly. The fuel heater module includes an inlet port and an outlet port with a heating element positioned in the fluid path between the inlet and outlet. A thermostat is included for controlling operation of the heating element. The water-in-fuel sensor module is configured to detect water in the filter housing that it may be drained from the filter housing. Both modules are configured to be attached to an outside surface of the filter housing thereby being readily replaceable.

Abstract: A pre-injection fuel atomization system for a combustion engine that reduces droplet size of incoming fuel at air intake, creating an aerosol that is injected by fuel injectors into the combustion chambers. The system uses a vibrating crystal in a transducer, the vibrations atomizing the fuel into an aerosol. The droplet size is reduced to around 0.1 microns, providing more surface area available for fast surface combustion. The fuel droplets are maintained in a stoichiometric ratio to oxygen in the air so that burning is complete and clean.

Abstract: A PCV circuit for an internal combustion engine is modified to deliver the PCV fluid to an atomization chamber which also receives fuel from an electronic fuel injector tapped into the main vehicle fuel supply. The fuel from the injector is thoroughly vaporized in and/or immediately downstream of the chamber and conveyed to the vehicle intake manifold. A switch cuts off operation of the fuel injector at high load/high throttle setting conditions. The injector operates at a constant frequency with a selected ON time.

Abstract: A method to operate an internal combustion engine having a fuel delivery system and a heat exchanger located to affect a fuel temperature within the fuel delivery system includes monitoring a desired heat transfer between a flow through the heat exchanger and fuel within the fuel delivery system, determining a required flow through the heat exchanger based upon the desired heat transfer, and controlling a flow control device for the heat exchanger based upon the determined required flow.

Abstract: A catalytic apparatus for efficient pre-combustion refinement of fossil fuel in vehicular engines, including an elongated outer metal pipe containing an elongated stainless steel inner tube of smaller diameter. The outer pipe is crimped or welded onto the inner tube to create a fuel chamber with connectors for the inflow and outflow of fossil fuel therethrough. The fuel chamber contains at least three catalytic elements each comprised of a different metal selected from the group Au, Cu, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Zn and platiniridium, which may be electroplated small-pore screens. As engine coolant is diverted through the inner tube, excess heat is transferred to the inflowing fuel. The fuel is forced to flow in close proximity to the inner tube for maximum convection, and through the catalytic elements before flowing out through the fuel line to the fuel injectors for more efficient combustion.

Abstract: An automobile fuel pretreatment device includes an instantaneous constant-temperature heating device including a fuel tube which allows fuel to flow, a heating unit positioned on and heating an outside surface of the fuel tube, and two spring clamp boards enclosing and clamping the heating unit on the fuel tube. Each of the spring clamp boards has a locking hole formed adjacent to a first free end and a locking tab formed adjacent to a second free end. The locking tab of each of the spring clamp boards is received through the locking hole of the other one of the spring clamp boards to engage the first free end of the other one of the spring clamp boards. A magnetization combustion-enhancing device includes two permanent magnets located adjacent to the fuel tube to induce magnetization on the fuel flowing through the fuel tube.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a system for running an engine. The system includes a first tank, a second tank, a pump, a vaporizer, and a heat source. The first tank stores liquid natural gas (LNG). The pump is in communication with the first tank and is configured to pump the LNG from the first tank. The vaporizer is in communication with the pump. The vaporizer is configured to receive the LNG from the first tank via the pump and convert the LNG into compressed natural gas (CNG). The second tank is in communication with the vaporizer. The second tank is configured to store CNG. A heat source is in communication with the second tank. The heat source uses the stored CNG to apply heat to the vaporizer.

Abstract: A fuel heating system for a machine is disclosed. The fuel heating system may have a fuel tank, and a fuel supply line fluidly connected to the fuel tank, to a first engine, and to a second engine. The fuel heating system may also have a first heat exchanger fluidly connected to the first engine to transfer heat from the first engine to fuel in the fuel supply line. In addition, the fuel heating system may have a second heat exchanger fluidly connected to transfer heat from the second engine to fuel in the fuel supply line.

Abstract: A method for vaporizing fuel is provided. The method comprises heating the fuel in a cylinder of an engine via radiation to vaporize the fuel without ignition. In this way, the fuel may be heated to increase vaporization efficiency prior to ignition.

Abstract: Presented vaporizer is a hollow container that houses a circular metallic coil. The coil has an inlet and outlet. The container has one opening serving inlet/outlet as one. This apparatus is designated for the use with internal combustion engines. The engine's coolant is admitted to the container, while fuel passes through the metallic coil located inside the container. After initial start of the engine we witnessed rise of temperature of the engine coolant and in effect expansion of the fuel passing though the coil. Doing so, the pressure in the fuel line increases significantly. In effect the fixed speed setting for fuel pump could be reduced. Flow of the fuel through the fuel vaporizer is administrated by the mean of motor speed control switch connected to the fuel pump. In summary, this device vaporizes petroleum fuel—each in effect dramatically increased efficiency and effectively reduced the emission of CO2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel heating system for preheating a vegetable oil based fuel for use in a diesel engine, said fuel heating system comprising a fuel tank (1), a heating device (3), a heat carrier arrangement (4,6) comprising a liquid heat carrier, and a heat exchanger (6) arranged inside said fuel tank, wherein said heating device is arranged to use vegetable oil based fuel from said fuel tank for heating the heat carrier, said heat carrier arrangement allows transport of hot heat carrier from said heating device to said heat exchanger and transport of cold heat carrier from said heat exchanger back to said heating device, and said heat exchanger is arranged to allow heat transfer from said heat carrier to said vegetable oil based fuel in said fuel tank.

Abstract: A fuel conservation device for a combustion engine includes a heat-exchanging tube disposed through a heating coil that is contained within a housing containing coolant. The heat-exchanging tube is adapted to be coupled inline with a fuel line used to supply fuel from a gas tank to a fuel management device, such as a carburetor provided by the engine. In addition, the heating coil is configured to be coupled to an exhaust pipe coupled to the engine, so as to be heated by the hot exhaust gases generated as it operates. A radiator fluidly coupled to the housing cools the coolant, so that the fuel passing through the fuel line is maintained at a temperature just below the boiling point of the fuel.

Abstract: A high-altitude aircraft powerplant including an engine, a two-stage turbocharger having an intercooler and an aftercooler, a cryogenic hydrogen fuel source, and a cooling system including a hydrogen heat exchanger. Aided by a ram-air cooler that cools a coolant to a near-ambient temperature, the heat exchanger is configured to heat the hydrogen using the coolant, and to cool the coolant to a temperature well below the ambient temperature during high-altitude flight. The intercooler and aftercooler use the sub-ambient temperature coolant, as does a separate sensor. The ram-air cooler includes a front portion and a rear portion. The cooling system includes three cooling loops which respectively incorporate only the front portion, only the rear portion, and both portions of the ram-air cooler.

Abstract: A fuel pretreater apparatus for pretreating fuel for combustion is provided. A conversion tube is provided for vaporized fuel to flow therethrough. The conversion tube includes an intake end for receiving the vaporized fuel and an outlet end for dispersing the vaporized fuel. The conversion tube includes a hollow tapered interior wall having a narrower diameter near the intake end and a wider diameter near the outlet end. A tapered conversion rod is removably placed inside the conversion tube. The tapered conversion rod is conically tapered along at least one half of a length of the tapered conversion rod. The tapered conversion rod includes a narrow end corresponding to the narrower diameter of the conversion tube near the intake end and a wide end corresponding to the wider diameter of the conversion tube near the outlet end.

Abstract: A control apparatus and control method is provided for an internal combustion engine that includes a vaporized fuel tank in which vaporized fuel is stored, and a normally-closed vaporized fuel supply valve that opens and closes a connecting portion between the vaporized fuel tank and a surge tank. This apparatus and method produce vaporized fuel by injecting fuel into the tank while the vaporized fuel supply valve is closed while the engine is operating, then open the vaporized fuel supply valve at engine startup and supply the vaporized fuel stored in the tank to the surge tank. If there is no vaporized fuel remaining in the vaporized fuel tank when the engine stops, vacuum is generated in the vaporized fuel tank by temporarily opening the vaporized fuel supply valve before the engine stops. Vaporized fuel is then produced by injecting fuel into the vaporized fuel tank in this vacuum state.

Abstract: Method of operating a compression ignition engine on ether containing fuel obtained by on board conversion of an alcohol containing primary fuel and a system for use in the method.