Abstract: A xylan-containing feed is contacted, in the first reactor essentially operated at plug flow, with an aqueous solution of an acid at a temperature in the range from equal to or more than 140° C. to equal to or less than 210° C. to produce an intermediate product. Then, the intermediate product is contacted, in the second reactor which comprises a continuously stirred tank reactor, with an aqueous solution of an acid at a temperature in the range from more than 130° C. to equal to or less than 200° C. to produce a final product.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using water. The method generally includes loading a reactor with biomass and water, heating the reactor to a first deconstruction temperature and establishing a first deconstruction pressure, maintaining the reactor at the first deconstruction temperature and a first deconstruction pressure for a first deconstruction period, flushing the reactor with water, and repeating these steps one or more times after establishing a second deconstructing temperature and second deconstruction pressure.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polypeptides having cellobiohydrolase I activity and polynucleotides having a nucleotide sequence which encodes for the polypeptides. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the nucleic acid constructs as well as methods for producing and using the polypeptides.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass to produce aqueous and organic products using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing and purifying biomass using water. The method includes the steps of loading a reactor with biomass and water, establishing and maintaining a deconstruction temperature and pressure for a deconstruction period, flushing the reactor with water, and repeating these steps to produce a solid phase and a biomass hydrolysate.

Abstract: Glucose is produced by hydrolyzing starch contained in a microalga which belongs to the genus Desmodesmus and accumulates 30% or more of starch in algae bodies based on dry weight of the algae bodies when it is cultured under suitable conditions.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for increasing the level of soluble C5 saccharides produced from lignocellulosic biomass comprising acidifying fractionated lignocellulosic biomass to prevent the recondensation of soluble C5 saccharides, including C5 oligosaccharides and xylose and arabinose monomers, to insoluble higher molecular weight C5 oligosaccharides.

Abstract: A viscous fluid comprising 2% wt to 25% wt water, at least 75% wt carbohydrate (calculated by 100×[carbohydrate/(carbohydrate weight+water weight)]), between 0% wt and 25% wt of a second organic solvent and between 10% wt and 55% wt HCl (calculated by 100×[HCl weight/HCl weight+water weight]), which second organic solvent is characterized by at least one of: (a2) having a polarity related component of Hoy's cohesion parameter between 0 and 15 MPa1/2; (b2) having a Hydrogen bonding related component of Hoy's cohesion parameter between 0 and 20 MPa1/2; and (c2) having a solubility in water of less than 15% and forming a heterogeneous azeotrope with water, wherein the weight/weight ratio of said second organic solvent to water is in the range of between 50 and 0.02, and wherein the solubility of water in said organic solvent is less than 20%.

Abstract: A solid-acid-catalyzed saccharification device (A) includes a catalytic reaction vessel (3) configured to contain a polysaccharide feedstock with water and a solid-acid catalyst (X2) as a liquid mixture (X3) to monosaccharify the polysaccharide using the solid-acid catalyst (X2), an agitation device (4) configured to agitate the liquid mixture (X3) in the catalytic reaction vessel (3), an oxidation-reduction electrometer (5) configured to measure the redox potential of the liquid mixture (X3) in the catalytic reaction vessel (3), and a pH meter (6) configured to measure the pH of the liquid mixture (X3) in the catalytic reaction vessel (3). According to the solid-acid-catalyzed saccharification device (A), it is possible to accurately follow the reaction state of a saccharification process of a feedstock using a solid acid catalyst.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for increasing the level of C5 monosaccharides produced from lignocellulosic biomass using a multistage fractionation process to handle recalcitrant C5 oligosaccharides without producing unwanted degradation products. Methods for reducing C5 monosaccharides degradation products produced from lignocellulosic biomass are also disclosed. In addition, compositions and products produced by the methods are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Abstract: A system and method for hardwood pulp liquid hydrolysate conditioning includes a first evaporator receives a hardwood mix extract and outputting a quantity of vapor and extract. A hydrolysis unit receives the extract, hydrolyzes and outputs to a lignin separation device, which separates and recovers a quantity of lignin. A neutralization device receives extract from the lignin separation device and a neutralizing agent, producing a mixture of solid precipitate and a fifth extract. The solid precipitate is removed from the fifth extract. A second evaporator removes a quantity of acid from the fifth extract in a vapor form. This vapor may be recycled to improve total acid recovery or discarded. A desalination device receives the diluted extract, separates out some of the acid and salt and outputs a desalinated solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing minerals from a cellulosic biomass. For example, the biomass may be prewashed with an acid solution and rinsed with water to remove minerals prior to acid saccharification. The removal of minerals may reduce overall acid requirements, and decrease pretreatment costs.

Abstract: A novel cationic liquid starchy composition and uses thereof in industry, in particular, as an additive in paper and cardboard production, as an additive for treatment of industrial water, either from paper or cardboard production or not, or for the preparation of such additives. The cationic liquid starchy composition is characterized by selected dry material, viscosity, total nitrogen content and pH values. The viscosity is 200 mPa·s with a maximum of 1000 mPa·s, (according to a T test). The nitrogen content is at least 0.6% with a maximum of 1.4% (dry/dry). The cationic liquid starchy composition can contain, at least one polyol, preferably a saccharide and used as is or after dilution. The composition is particularly suitable, for the preparation of adhesive agents, particularly of the ASA type for bringing into contact, directly or not, with a fiber composition having a raised calcium ion content.

Abstract: The invention is directed to methods of producing ethanol and decreasing residual starch production in a no cook fermentation comprising contacting granular starch containing substrates with a granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme, a protease, and a fermenting microorganism under suitable fermentation conditions at a temperature below the starch gelatinization temperature of the starch substrate to produce ethanol, wherein the ethanol production is increased and the amount of residual starch is decreased compared to a substantially similar method conducted without the protease.

Abstract: A method of subjecting a flowable suspension comprising a biogenic material to a temperature hydrolysis includes passing the flowable suspension through a first downward conduit section. The flowable suspension is passed through a first connecting conduit section and a first upward part. The first connecting conduit section is configured to connect an outlet of the first downward conduit section with an inlet of a second downward conduit section. The flowable suspension is passed through the second downward conduit section. A first flow velocity in the first upward part exceeds a second flow velocity in each of the first downward conduit section and the second downward conduit section.

Abstract: The present invention provides industrial methods involving the hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, including methods for producing hydrolytic enzymes, for hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, for the production of additives comprising fermentable sugars and the respective additives, and methods of producing ethanol. The invention methods comprised the submerged culture of Penicillium echinulatum strain 9A02S1 (DSM18942), using sugar cane bagasse in natura and/or pretreated. The additives of the invention are obtained from treating the sugar cane bagasse with enzymes resulting from the culture of said Penicillium echinulatum, being useful, among other things, in the industrial production of ethanol.

Abstract: A biomass hydrothermal decomposition apparatus includes, a biomass feeder (31) that feeds biomass material (11) under normal pressure to under increased pressure, a hydrothermal decomposition device (41A) that allows the fed biomass material (11) to be gradually moved inside a gradient device main body (42) from a lower end thereof with a conveyor screw (43), and also allows hot compressed water (15) to be fed from an other end of a feed section (31) for the biomass material into the main body (42), so as to cause the biomass material (11) and the hot compressed water (15) to countercurrently contact with each other and undergo hydrothermal decomposition, and that transfers a lignin component and a hemicellulose component into the hot compressed water, so as to separate the lignin component and the hemicellulose component from the biomass material (11); and a biomass discharger (51) that discharges, from the upper end of the device main body (42), a biomass solid residue (17) under increased pressure to an un

Abstract: A method for treating biomass was developed that uses an apparatus which moves a biomass and dilute aqueous ammonia mixture through reaction chambers without compaction. The apparatus moves the biomass using a non-compressing piston. The resulting treated biomass is saccharified to produce fermentable sugars.

Abstract: Inulin, which is contained at a high concentration in agave plants growing in arid areas, has been utilized hitherto exclusively in producing alcoholic drinks as tequila. It is intended to produce highly water-soluble inulin having a high added value from these plants. It is also intended to produce an agave syrup, tequila, an alcoholic drink or highly water-soluble inulin from the squeezed residue. Agave plant bulbs (several tens kg) having been employed in producing tequila called pina are cut into small pieces and enzymes therein are inactivated and the texture is softened either at room temperature or under heating. Next, the pieces are squeezed to give a liquid extract which is then refined by using an adsorbent resin. The refined product is employed either as such as a concentrate or after drying to give a powder.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for separating joined components, purifying liquid, promoting interaction between two or more components and improving combustion. The apparatus has a housing, a rotor inside of the housing, a plurality of protrusions extending from the rotor, a shaft coupled with the rotor and a prime mover for rotating the shaft. Fluid within the housing cavitates as the rotor rotates and the protrusions move through the fluid. Cavitation causes joined components within the fluid to separate, kills undesirable organisms within the fluid, promotes interaction of components within the fluid and improves combustion of a liquid fuel. The fluid and components may also be subjected to abrasion and centrifugal and impact forces for separating the components, purifying the fluid, promoting interaction of the components and improving combustion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing minerals from a cellulosic biomass. For example, the biomass may be prewashed with an acid solution and rinsed with water to remove minerals prior to acid saccharification. The removal of minerals may reduce overall acid requirements, and decrease pretreatment costs.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the recovery of sulphuric acid from a mixture comprising sulphuric acid and hydrocarbons, in particular carbohydrates. In accordance with the present invention the mixture comprising sulphuric acid and carbohydrates, is contacted with an anion selective membrane, thus producing a sulphuric acid rich filtrate stream and a stream depleted in sulphuric acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the transfer between a solid matter and a liquid, comprising an outer drum and a perforated inner drum, means for commonly rotating the drums, and means situated inside the inner drum for moving the solid matter. In between the two drums, a number of troughs are formed which, during the rotation of the drums, bring up liquid and pour it out higher up through the inner drum. Along the front rim of each trough, the drum is provided with a drain opening, opposite to which means are provided for preventing, when the drain opening, during the rotation of the drums, is at the bottom, the penetration of solid matter through said opening.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the synthesis of 2-deoxy-D-glucose comprising haloalkoxylation of R-D-Glucal wherein R is selected from H and 3, 4, 6-tri-O-benzyl, to obtain alkyl 2-deoxy-2-halo-R-?/?-D-gluco/mannopyranoside, converting alkyl 2-deoxy-2-halo-R-?/?-D-gluco/mannopyranoside by reduction to alkyl 2-deoxy-?/?-D-glucopyranoside, hydrolysing alkyl 2-deoxy-?/?-D-glucopyranoside to 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for the reduction of an oligosaccharide mixture and an oligosaccharide mixture prepared thereby. In accordance with the disclosed invention, a mixture of oligosaccharides having a given DP profile is reduced to a DE of essentially zero by catalytically hydrogenating the mixture under reaction conditions sufficient to preserve the DP profile of the mixture, which reaction conditions typically include a reaction temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and a reaction pressure of at least about 1500 psi. Surprisingly, when the mixture is a malto-oligosaccharide mixture, the reduced mixture will have a superior color-fastness and thermal stability as compared to a similar unreduced mixture of malto-oligosaccharides, and also low reactivity towards nitrogen-containing species.

Abstract: A biodegradable sugar-inorganic hybrid composite comprising a sugar or a sugar derivative uniformly dispersed in a matrix of an inorganic oxide, of which degradation products are suitable for recycling use.

Abstract: Crystalline fructose, from sugar cane sucrose, having particles composed of microcrystals which exhibit a narrow size distribution with a mean diameter of 250 to 350 microns. A process comprising: chemical conversion of sucrose by acid hydrolysis; chromatographic separation of the fructose from the glucose; preparing fructose-rich syrup; crystallization of the fructose from an aqueous alcoholic medium, recovery by centrifugation; washing and; drying of the crystals.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for the reduction of an oligosaccharide mixture and an oligosaccharide mixture prepared thereby. In accordance with the disclosed invention, a mixture of oligosaccharides having a given DP profile is reduced to a DE of essentially zero by catalytically hydrogenating the mixture under reaction conditions sufficient to preserve the DP profile of the mixture, which reaction conditions typically include a reaction temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and a reaction pressure ranging up to about 1500 psi. Surprisingly, when the mixture is a malto-oligosaccharide mixture, the reduced mixture will have a superior color-fastness and thermal stability as compared to a similar unreduced mixture of malto-oligosaccharides, and also low reactivity towards nitrogen-containing species.

Abstract: A method for selective hydrolysis of the hemicellulose component of a biomass material. The selective hydrolysis produces water-soluble small molecules, particularly monosaccharides. One embodiment includes solubilizing at least a portion of the hemicellulose and subsequently hydrolyzing the solubilized hemicellulose to produce at least one monosaccharide. A second embodiment includes solubilizing at least a portion of the hemicellulose and subsequently enzymatically hydrolyzing the solubilized hemicellulose to produce at least one monosaccharide. A third embodiment includes solubilizing at least a portion of the hemicellulose by heating the biomass material to greater than 110° C. resulting in an aqueous portion that includes the solubilized hemicellulose and a water insoluble solids portion and subsequently separating the aqueous portion from the water insoluble solids portion.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and systems for the production of useful organic product from diverse lignocellulose-containing biomass having increased yield and efficiency over existing processes. In particular, the present invention integrates dilute acid hydrolysis and alkaline delignification techniques in processes that enhance the efficiency and yiel of lignocellulostic biomass processing and enable the economic production lignin-based biodegradable plastics and other useful organic products.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of filtering of a dairy stream.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for production of water-soluble vegetable fibers in a high yield with minimizing contamination of protein or amino acids resulting from degradation of protein by degrading water-insoluble vegetable fibers containing protein under acidic conditions of at about the isoelectric point of the protein and at a temperature of 130° C. or lower. Biodegradable films, paste, chewing gum and low calorie food products using the water-soluble vegetable fibers are also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of lactulose wherein an aqueous solution or suspension of lactose is reacted with sodium aluminate in order to produce the isomerization of lactose and the mixture thus obtained is neutralized by treatment with gaseous CO2 under pressure, obtaining a suspension of aluminum hydroxide which can be easily separated from the lactulose solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition of matter useful in imaging tissue, the composition comprising a complex formed between technetium (Tc-99m) and 5-thio-D-glucose. Also disclosed is a method of in vivo imaging of acute ischemic tissue and tumors in a mammalian subject comprising delivering into the subject an effective amount of (Tc-99m)-5-thio-D-glucose, and scanning the subject to determine the distribution of the Tc-99m-TG complex in the subject. A method of preparing the composition of matter is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a lactitol syrup that involves subjecting a mixture of lactose and an hydrolysate of inulin or of starch to catalytic hydrogenation.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and process for preparing a hydroxyalkyl starch. In accordance with the disclosed invention, the starch is treated with an enzyme under conditions to increase the susceptibility of the starch to hydroxyalkylation by a hydroxyalkylating agent. After the starch is so treated, the starch is hydroxyalkylated with a hydroxyalkylating agent. The hydroxyalkylation reaction can proceed to provide a starch having an MS greater than about 0.2, while still remaining in granular form in the aqueous suspension. The method of the invention thus provides a granular starch having a higher MS than is otherwise attainable via a reaction in aqueous media.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for production of water-soluble vegetable fibers in a high yield with minimizing contamination of protein or amino acids resulting from degradation of protein by degrading water-insoluble vegetable fibers containing protein under acidic conditions of at about the isoelectric point of the protein and at a temperature of 130.degree. C. or lower. Biodegradable films, paste, chewing gum and low calorie food products using the water-soluble vegetable fibers are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a waxy maize starch derived from a single plant which is heterozygous for the recessive sugary-2 allele. Such starch has excellent low temperature and freeze-thaw stability, a relatively high peak viscosity, a relatively high pasting temperature, and intact granules. The starch is useful in a wide variety of food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for performing a continuous reaction with at least one liquid reaction phase incorporating at least one starting compound in the presence of at least one solid-phase catalyst, wherein the phases to be contacted are circulated through at least one pulsed reaction column (1). The liquid reaction phase is continuously fed into the middle or lower portion of the pulsed column (1), the liquid phase is circulated upwards through the pulsed column (1), and a counterflow made up of lumps (9) of a solid selective extraction compound is continuously circulated. Furthermore, each solid catalyst is continuously circulated through the pulsed column (1) in contact with the liquid phase.

Abstract: Provides an economical method for manufacturing high-value added crystalline maltitol and crystalline mixture solid containing this by means of a process wherein a syrup with a maltose content of 40 to 75% by weight in the solid component is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation, the sugar alcohol syrup is then subjected to chromatographic separation to produce a maltitol-containing syrup fraction with a high maltitol content in the solid component, and the maltitol-containing syrup fraction is then subjected to chromatographic separation.

Abstract: Inulins are pyrolyzed to di-D-fructose dianhydrides in good yield by heating at atmospheric pressure to a temperature sufficiently high to melt the inulin, or pyrolyzing in the presence of a hydroxy carboxylic acid such as citric acid, to melt temperatures of the mixture. The pyrolyzed inulins are used in foodstuffs to increase the relative proportions of bifido bacteria in the digestive tracts of humans and domesticated animals.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a viscosifier prepared by enzymatically hydrolyzing a ungelatinized, granular starch or flour. Such starch or flour is useful as an ingredient in food products, particularly fruit- or vegetable-based products, as a viscosifier and may be used to replace pectin or tomato solids.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thermally inhibited, subsequently enzymatically hydrolyzed, ungelatinized, granular starch or flour and the process of making such starch or flour. Such starch or flour is useful as an ingredient in food products, particularly fruit- or vegetable-based products.

Abstract: A method for increasing the catalytic rate of starch hydrolases comprising reacting a starch hydrolase with a substrate therefor in the presence of about 0.001 to 80% (w/v) of an ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a starch hydrolysate of low polymolecularity index which may be used in particular in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. This process consists essentially in acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of a waxy starch milk and then chromatography on macroporous strong cationic resins of the hydrolysate obtained. The starch hydrolysate is essentially characterized by a polymolecularity index of less than 2.8, a weight-average molecular weight between 5,000 and 22,500 daltons and a number-average molecular weight below 8,000 daltons.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization and hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields. An improved method for separating the sugars from the acid in the hydrolysate is also disclosed. The resulting sugar stream can then be fermented, using an improved method which allows both hexose and pentose sugars to be fermented simultaneously.

Abstract: A method of removing silica or silicates from solids results from the acid hydrolysis of materials containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The method includes the steps of treating the solids with a metal hydroxide solution to produce an extract, reducing the pH of the extract to produce silicic acid, and removing the silicic acid from the extract.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica and silicates present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization if necessary and a second hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields.