Abstract: Small granule starches are subjected to partial hydrolysis with alpha-amylase or glucoamylase to produce a novel granular starch composition having an enzymatically hydrolyzed surface appearing diffuse and substantially non-porous under microscopic examination and exhibiting crystallinity characteristic of the corresponding native starch granules. The partially hydrolyzed granular starch exhibits fat mimic characteristics for use in reduced calorie processed foods.

Abstract: A method of producing sugars and converting the sugars to ethanol in which particulate biomass resulting from hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic content of the biomass is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic content to glucose and fermentation of the glucose to ethanol. The particulate biomass resulting from hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic content of the feed stock is reduced to very fine particle size before enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of cellulose and the fermentation of the resulting glucose may be carried out separately or they may be carried out simultaneously. The pentoses and hexoses resulting from hydrolysis of the hemicellulose may be subjected to fermentation separately to produce ethanol or they may be fermented simultaneously with the fermentation of the glucose derived from the cellulose.

Abstract: An economically viable method of fermenting a mixture of sugars resulting from the acid hydrolysis of material containing cellulose and hemicellulose allows for the simultaneous fermentation of both pentose and hexose sugars. The sugar solution is mixed with a microbial organism known to produce a useful fermentation product, and the fermentation process is allowed to proceed for 3-5 days, during and after which the fermentation products are removed and purified.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica and silicates present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization if necessary and a second hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization and hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields. An improved method for separating the sugars from the acid in the hydrolysate is also disclosed. The resulting sugar stream can then be fermented, using an improved method which allows both hexose and pentose sugars to be fermented simultaneously.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a sweetener, in which sucrose is converted enzymatically into a saccharide mixture which is called "isomerized sucrose" and has a disaccharide content of more than 85% by weight, then non-isomerized remaining sucrose is removed from the latter by enzymatic and/or H.sup.+ ion-catalyzed cleavage, and this product is catalytically hydrogenated. Preferably either before or after the catalytic hydrogenation, the resulting mixture is subjected to a chromatographic separation. The sweeteners prepared by this process contain either a mixture of 10 to 50% by weight of 6-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; 2 to 20% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; and 30 to 70% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol or of 5 to 10% by weight of 6-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; 30 to 40% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol; and 45 to 60% by weight of 1-O-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization and hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields. An improved method for separating the sugars from the acid in the hydrolysate is also disclosed. The resulting sugar stream can then be fermented, using an improved method which allows both hexose and pentose sugars to be fermented simultaneously.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of rhamnose from rhamnolipids, for which an acidic emulsion of the rhamnolipid is hydrolyzed at 100.degree. to 200.degree. and subsequently cooled, the aqueous phase of the resulting hydrolysate is separated from the lipid phase, its pH is raised by the addition of a basic compound, any precipitate formed is removed, the remaining solution is concentrated and either processed further directly or chromatographed on ion exchange resin, rhamnose-containing fractions being obtained as eluate, which are processed further as such or worked up into crystalline rhamnose monohydrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the hydrolysis of sweetpotato starch which comprises the steps of: a) separating outer and starchy inner tissues of sweetpotato roots; b) heating the separated starchy inner tissues of step a) for a time sufficient for obtaining a suitable slurry; c) preparing an amylase crude extract from sweetpotato roots outer tissues of step a); and d) incubating the slurry of step b) with the extract of step c) for a time sufficient for the complete hydrolysis of starch.

Abstract: Recycling materials comprising cellulosic and synthetic fibersDescribed is a process for recycling materials comprising fiber mixtures comprising cellulose fibers, comprising the steps of:i) providing fiber mixtures comprising cellulosic fibers and fibers composed of synthetic polymers, andii) subjecting these mixtures to a microbial hydrolysis in which the cellulosic fibers are completely degraded.The process makes it possible in particular to separate fiber mixtures. For this, the microorganisms and the hydrolyzate are removed in a conventional manner following step ii), and the remaining synthetic polymers are carried off in a conventional manner to be further recycled.

Abstract: Simple and efficient methods for extracting high levels of .beta.-glucans from cereal sources are disclosed. The method employs a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide as an initial solvent. If desired, the extract can be further purified to render a .beta.-glucan preparation which can be used directly or stored for future use.

Abstract: A process for producing a starch intermediate product in which the reactive hydroxy groups are activated by swelling and disintegrating starch with dilute aqueous-alkali lye, precipitating the disintegrated starch from an aqueous-alkali solution by adding a precipitant which is miscible with water, separating the precipitated disintegrated starch, which exists in a highly activated form, from the filtrate producing a starch intermediate product, and drying the starch intermediate product. A starch intermediate product produced by this process results in a starch which exists in a highly activated form but which is stable in storage.

Abstract: A method of preparing reduced fat foods is provided which employs a fragmented, debranched amylopectin starch precipitate. A debranched amylopectin starch is precipitated and then fragmented to form an aqueous dispersion that is useful in replacing fat in a variety of food formulations. The debranched amylopectin starch can be derived from a starch which contains amylopectin, e.g. common corn starch and waxy maize starch, by gelatinizing the starch followed by treatment with a debranching enzyme, e.g. isoamylase or pullulanase and precipitation of the debranched starch.

Abstract: A method of preparing reduced fat foods is provided which employs a retrograded, hydrolyzed, heat-treated, and fragmented, amylose starch. Amylose is precipitated and hydrolyzed with acid or .alpha.-amylase, solubles are removed by a heat treatment and the resulting solids are then fragmented to form an aqueous dispersion that is useful in replacing fat in a variety of food formulations. The amylose can be derived from a native starch which contains amylose, e.g. common corn starch and high amylose corn starch, by gelatinizing the starch followed by precipitation of the amylose.

Abstract: A food formulation having a reduced level of fat and/or oil is provided. The food formulation is a mixture of a foodstuff and a fragmented, amylopectin starch hydrolysate as a replacement for at least a substantial portion of the fat and/or oil of said food formulation. The fragmented starch hydrolysate is capable of forming an aqueous dispersion at about 20% hydrolysate solids exhibiting a yield stress of from about 100 to about 1,500 pascals. Also provided is a method of formulating a food containing a fat and/or oil ingredient comprising replacing at least a portion of said fat and/or oil ingredient with the fragmented, amylopectin starch hydrolysate. Examples of food formulations include those for margarine, salad dressings (pourable and spoonable), frostings, and frozen novelties.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for thinning granular starch in an aqueous slurry employing a source of peracid without using metal catalysts. The thinning process is aimed at modifying granular starches by lowering viscosity/increasing alkaline fluidity. It can also be employed immediately before or during cooking (gelatinization) of starch. Sources of peracids are peroxomonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid) or organic peracids such as performic, peracetic or perpropionic acid. Reaction time and temperature are lower than for existing process while product properties are improved.

Abstract: A two-stage dilute acid prehydrolysis process on xylan containing hemicellulose in biomass is effected by: treating feedstock of hemicellulosic material comprising xylan that is slow hydrolyzable and xylan that is fast hydrolyzable under predetermined low temperature conditions with a dilute acid for a residence time sufficient to hydrolyze the fast hydrolyzable xylan to xylose; removing said xylose from said fast hydrolyzable xylan and leaving a residue; and treating said residue having a slow hydrolyzable xylan with a dilute acid under predetermined high temperature conditions for a residence time required to hydrolyze said slow hydrolyzable xylan to xylose.

Abstract: There is described a method for the hydrolysis of starch to produce saccharified mash by hydrolyzing and solubilizing amylaceous raw materials above the gelatinization temperature of the starch at atmospheric pressure. The resulting mixtures are saccharified upon cooling by the addition of a saccharifying enzyme. In order to avoid a pre-treatment and purification of the comminuted raw materials as well as long heating and retention periods, thus having a low energy demand despite a complete hydrolysis of starch, comminuted and otherwise untreated grains are stirred into an aqueous take-up liquor being in a hydrolyzing vessel and maintained at a temperature of from 85.degree. to 100.degree. C. Acid is added prior to stirring in or a solubilizing enzyme is added during stirring in. The hydrolyzed mixture obtained is cooled to 60.degree. to 65.degree. C. without retention time in the hydrolyzing vessel and is conducted to the saccharification step.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the synthesis of D-tagatose by isomerizing a mixture containing D-galactose with a metal hydroxide in the presence of a catalyst at a relatively low temperature to form an intermediate metal hydroxide-D-tagatose complex, and then neutralizing the intermediate with acid to yield D-tagatose. The method is also suitable for the synthesis of L-tagatose from L-galactose, and for the recovery of pure tagatose from crude tagatose syrups. Whey, deproteinized whey, or lactose may be used as the raw material for the D-galactose. The lactose in such cases is hydrolyzed to D-galactose and D-glucose before the isomerization step.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a product with a high content of maltitol, characterized by the following steps:catalytic hydrogenation of a maltose syrup,chromatographic fractionation of the maltitol syrup formed during the hydrogenation step,adjustment to the desired dry matter of at least the fraction enriched in maltitol.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of crystalline maltitol comprising successively:catalytic hydrogenation of a saccharified starch milk in a vessel 203,a step of chromatographic fractionation of the hydrogenated syrup in a vessel 204,crystallation and separation of the maltitol crystals in vessels 206 and 207 andrecycling through a pipe 309 emerging from the vessel 207 of the crystallization mother-liquors to the head of the chromatographic fractionation step.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for production of L-arabionose in crystalline form. Starting material are extracted sugar beet pulp or other L-araban containing plant materials. These are heated in an autoclave as an aqueous suspension in the presence of Ca(OH).sub.2. The so obtained solution is chromatographed on a cationic exchanger in the Ca-form. The araban containing fraction is hydrolyzed after adding H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, neutralized and rechromatographed on a cationic exchanger in Ca-form. After concentrating the arabinose containing fractions L-arabinose is obtained in form of crystals by cooling crystallization.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for producing highly pure rhamnose from gum arabic, which the process comprises after partially hydrolyzing gum arabic in an aqueous solution of a mineral acid, neutralyzing and condensing the liquid hydrolyzate, thereby obtaining an aqueous solution containing from 40 to 70% by weight of organic substances, adding a polar organic solvent in an amount of from 5 to 20 times by volume of the amount of the aqueous solution, thereby precipitating an insolubilized substance, removing the insolubilized substance from a mixture of the aqueous solution and the polar organic solvent, removing the polar organic solvent from the mixture, thereby obtaining an aqueous solution containing monosaccharides formed by the hydrolysis of gum arabic, and subjecting the thus obtained aqueous solution to strongly cationic ion-exchanging resin-chromatography and then to a method of adsorption and separation by using activated carbon, thereby obtaining the highly pure rhamnose from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for readily and efficiently preparing L-rhamnose with the use of a marine alga belonging to the family Monostromaceae, Ulvales.According to the process of the present invention, rhamnan sulfate is extracted from a marine alga belonging to the family Monostromaceae such as Monostroma nitidium Wittrock and the obtained extract is hydrolyzed by adding acid(s) thereto followed by heating or treating thereof with a cation exchange resin followed by heating to thereby give a solution containing free L-rhamnose.Since the solution thus obtained contains a large amount of salts, the removal of these salts is significantly important in the preparation of L-rhamnose. In the present invention, an effective process therefor is combined with a conventional method by using an ion exchange resin to thereby establish an efficient desalting process.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of a heteropolysaccharide comprising glucose, galactose, pyruvic and succinic acid, is prepared by mixing a concentrate of said heteropolysaccharide with a saline aqueous medium containing from 12 to 30% w of at least one salt, and by shearing the mixture obtained.

Abstract: A process for the modification, solubilization and/or hydrolysis of a glycosidically linked carbohydrate having reducing groups using a mixture comprising water, an inorganic acid and a halide of lithium, magnesium or calcium. The process is particularly useful for converting cellulose (derived for example from waste-paper, wood or sawdust) or starch to glucose. When cellulose is the starting material the preferred halide is a lithium halide. When starch is the starting material a magnesium halide is preferred.

Abstract: The present invention relates to second grade starches and wheat "B" starches in particular which, following conventional modification treatments to produce a correspondingly viscosity-reduced starch, are especially useful in the production of Stein-Hall corrugating adhesives. Corrugated paper board products manufactured using such adhesives have improved properties. In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a modified wheat "B" starch wherein aqueous dispersions of the modified "B" starch have reduced viscosities relative to comparable dispersions of a corresponding unmodified wheat "B" starch, the reduced viscosity not being less than about 12 centipoise grams per cubic centimeter for a specified dispersion.

Abstract: A process is described for producing a fermentation product such as ethanol, in which a feedstock is formed consisting of a slurry of starch and acid combined with a recycle stream of non-fermented carbohydrate material from a fermenter. This combined feedstock at a solids content of 15 to 30% is hydrolyzed in a single continuous hydrolyzer of a high intensity type to form a hydrolyzate in fluid form containing at least 80% glucose. The hydrolyzate is fermented to form a fermentation product and the fermentation product is distilled, leaving a distillation residue containing non-fermented carbohydrate material. This distillation residue forms the recycle stream and a substantial proportion of the non-fermented material is hydrolyzed together with the starch in a single hydrolysis stage to a fermentable glucose-containing fluid.

Abstract: A process for hydrolysis of biomass wherein the biomass is mixed with a small amount of an aqueous acid to produce a wet meal. A non-aqueous carrier fluid is used to form a slurry of the biomass, and the temperature and pressure are established at appropriate levels to effect hydrolysis of the biomass to decomposition products that include sugar for a time period that is sufficient for the hydrolysis to occur.

Abstract: A process for the separation of arabinose is disclosed which comprises the selective adsorption of same on BaX zeolitic molecular sieves. The process is especially useful for separating arabinose from mixtures of sugars containing arabinose.

Abstract: A method of hydrolyzing a coffee extraction residue material to produce a mannan oligomer solution having oligomers from DP 1 to DP 10 is disclosed. The coffee material, preferably spent grounds from a commercial percolation system, is hydrolyzed in a reactor in the presence of an acid catalyst. A tubular plug flow reactor is convenient, although any reactor providing for the relatively high temperature, short time reaction will suffice. Particular acid catalysts include sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid and carbon dioxide gas. Depending on the specific time, temperature and catalyst concentration selected, a mannan oligomer solution having any desired distribution of oligomers between DP 1 and DP 10 is produced.

Abstract: The description describes a process for depolymerization of a polysaccharide having a rod-like helical structure, comprising a step for forcing a solution of the polysaccharide in a solvent (solvent A) through a capillary at a high shear rate, to produce a lower molecular weight degraded polysaccharide, which has the same repeating unit and the same helical structure, as those of the original polysaccharide.

Abstract: A feedstock slurry of starch and acid is continuously moved through a high intensity tubular starch hydrolyzer to produce a fluid hydrolyzate containing glucose. This glucose-containing fluid is then fermented to form a fermentation product containing ethanol which is then distilled to separate the ethanol from the residue of the distillation which contains non-fermented carbohydrate materials. At least part of the distillation residue is recycled as part of the feedstock slurry of starch and acid to the hydrolyzer, thus allowing a substantial portion of the previously unfermented feedstock to be hydrolyzed to a fermentable glucose-containing fluid.

Abstract: A method for hydrolyzing coffee extraction residue materials to produce manno-saccharides having a degree of polymerization from 1 to 10 and subsequently neutralizing and reducing said mixture of manno-saccharides to their corresponding alcohols. The coffee material, preferably spent coffee grounds from a commercial percolation system, is hydrolyzed in a Plug Flow tubular reactor in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid. Depending on the time, temperature, pressure and catalyst concentration selected, manno-saccharides or mannose is produced. The manno-saccharides or mannose produced are separated from coffee residue material in the form of a syrup and neutralized with calcium hydroxide. The neutralized mixture of manno-saccharides or mannose is reduced to their corresponding alcohols or mannitol.

Abstract: Diacetone fructose solutions may be effectively hydrolyzed to fructose by acid exchange resins. Hydrolysis of diacetone fructose with acid exchange resins substantially reduces the formation of objectionable flavoring, coloring and other hydrolyzate by-products. The immobilized acid catalysis provides a fructose product substantially free from ash residues and significantly reduces the carbon, cation and anion exchange requirements for the manufacture of enriched, food-grade fructose syrups. Perfluorinated acid exchange resins have been found to be particularly effective for hydrolyzing aqueous diacetone fructose solutions into fructose.

Abstract: Aqueous fructose and aldehydes, ketones and/or acetals may be effectively catalyzed into alkylidene fructose derivatives with immobilized acid catalysts. The reaction provides a means for enriching the fructose content of conventional high fructose corn syrups. Perfluorinated acid resins are especially effective catalysts for converting aqueous fructose and acetone solutions into diacetone fructose. Catalysis with the perfluorinated acid resins may be conducted at significantly lower conversion temperatures with superior reactant and reaction product exchange rates. Enrichment of high fructose corn syrups may be generally accomplished by catalyzing the fructose and acetone into a diacetone fructose solution with the perfluorinated acid resin, allowing the dextrose to precipitate from the diacetone solution, hydrolyzing the diacetone fructose to fructose and recovery of the enriched fructose product therefrom.

Abstract: An accurate new method and a new reagent for the chromatographic preparation and analysis of mixtures of both reducing and non-reducing saccharides is given, the mixture of saccharides being first separated, the oligosaccharides present in the obtained eluate fractions being hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and with the present monosaccharides being reacted with the new reagent to photometricably detectable compounds.

Abstract: A process for obtaining fructose solutions or solid fructose, a raw material containing sucrose and/or similar fructofuranosides is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose and treated with a calcium base (e.g. calcium oxide or hydroxide) to precipitate calcium-sugar complexes. The precipitate is slurried in water and then treated with phosphoric acid to liberate (e.g. at a pH of 5.5 to 9) a fructose solution of high purity (i.e. de-complex the calcium-fructose complex), with precipitation of useful calcium phosphate salts. Phosphoric acid has been found to have significant advantages over carbonic acid or carbon dioxide as the fructose-liberating (de-complexing) agent, e.g. better yields and more useful by-products. Solid fructose can be obtained from the fructose solution in a known manner. The filtrate from the calcium-sugar complexing step can be acidified to yield stable, useful, fructose-depleted by-products.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are described for producing modified starch products. In the method of the invention, a slurry of starch is continuously moved at elevated temperature and pressure through a tubular heating zone and the hot fluid mass emerging from the heating zone is forced through a flow restricting zone within which the fluid mass is highly compressed. This highly compressed fluid material emerges from the confining zone into a tubular reaction zone with a sudden release of energy in the form of a fine spray or mist. The compressive forces followed by the sudden energy release act on the starch molecules to temporarily greatly increase the reactivity of the starch within the reaction zone, whereby modified starch products are quickly formed.

Abstract: Process for depolymerizing starch by irradiation in which granular starch, whose water content is at the most about 23%, is subjected, in the presence of an acid which is neutralized at the end of the treatment, to a dose of radiation which is a function of the nature and of the quantity of the acid used.

Abstract: A chromatographic method of separating a fluid mixture of dextrans of differing molecular weights into two fractions. The chromatographic method is carried out with an apparatus having a plurality compartments according to a scheme involving sequential valve operation and provision of carrier fluid.

Abstract: The organic portion of solid municipal waste is converted into a liquid fuel suitable for use in internal- and external-combustion engines, a residue suitable for plant or animal nutrients and purified water by the process which comprises separation of the waste into a hydrolyzable fraction, hydrolysis of said fraction, saccharification, fermentation, distillation, and concentration.

Abstract: The organic portion of the impurities in municipal waste are converted into a liquid fuel suitable for use in internal- and external-combustion engines, a residue suitable for animal feed supplement and purified water by the process which comprises the steps of: partial concentration, saccharification, fermentation and distillation.

Abstract: Lactose, especially derived from whey, is efficiently hydrolysed to glucose and galactose by contact in water with a solid, insoluble, stongly acidic ion exchange resin based on certain cross-linked polystyrenes or certain carbohydrates. The products are valuable in food manufacture.