Abstract: A wellbore workover tool assembly to apply internal coatings to wellbore tubulars for workover operations includes a coating sub-assembly, a composition and a wellbore conveyance. The coating sub-assembly can be lowered through a wellbore tubular installed within a wellbore. The composition can be carried by the coating sub-assembly. The coating sub-assembly can coat the composition on an inner wall of the wellbore tubular. The composition can be configured to increase a mechanical strength of the wellbore tubular. The wellbore conveyance can be operatively coupled to the coating sub-assembly carrying the composition. The wellbore conveyance can lower and raise the coating sub-assembly through the wellbore as the coating sub-assembly coats the composition on the inner wall of the wellbore tubular.

Abstract: Localized electrochemical deposition (LECD) is provided. The aim of LECD is to create a patterned electrodeposited metal layer on a cathode without the use of pre-deposition patterning steps. In embodiments described herein, an LECD device includes a cathode (a material to be plated) placed sufficiently close to a formation anode in a metal electrolyte chemical bath. The LECD device is then activated electrically in solution. An electric field created by the formation anode determines the locations of metal deposition, providing a localized deposition without need for photolithography or other masking of the material to be plated.

Abstract: An insulated exhaust gas conduit system includes a first exhaust gas conduit, a second exhaust gas conduit, a first insulation sleeve, and a second insulation sleeve. The first exhaust gas conduit has a first exhaust gas conduit end portion. The second exhaust gas conduit has a second exhaust gas conduit end portion that is configured to engage with the first exhaust gas conduit end portion. The first insulation sleeve includes a first insulation sleeve insulation layer and a first insulation sleeve heat shield. The first insulation sleeve insulation layer is disposed around the first exhaust gas conduit. The first insulation sleeve heat shield is disposed around the first insulation sleeve insulation layer. The first insulation sleeve extends beyond the first exhaust gas conduit end portion. The second insulation sleeve includes a second insulation sleeve insulation layer and a second insulation sleeve heat shield.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a PEX-A pipe, the pipe wall of the PEX-A pipe includes a PEX-A antibacterial layer, a PEX-A main body layer, and an anti-ultraviolet (UV) layer that are sequentially attached from inside to outside. The anti-UV layer is attached to the outer side of the PEX-A main body layer to enhance the weather resistance and aging resistance and prolong the service life of the pipe. The PEX-A antibacterial layer is attached to the inner side of the PEX-A main body layer to inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria in water in the pipe and improve the quality of drinking water.

Abstract: A fastening channel configured for use in insulating uninsulated ductwork is provided. The fastening channel includes a plurality of members forming one or more cavities. The cavities are configured to receive sections of an insulation envelope. The insulation envelope is formed from a duct board. The duct board is formed from a thermoplastic polymer sheet, a plurality of facing sheets and a layer of foam insulation. A plurality of angled splines extends from the plurality of members and form a plurality of clamps. The clamps are configured to engage one of the facing sheets such as the maintain the insulation envelope in place.

Abstract: The present invention provides an adhesive resin composition that has excellent adhesiveness and durability, a method for bonding adherends, and an adhesive resin film. More specifically, the present invention relates to an adhesive resin composition containing more than 50 parts by mass and 99.5 parts by mass or less in a solid content of an acid-modified polyolefin resin having a melting point of 50 to 100° C., 0.

Abstract: A composite tube includes a first layer including a cross-linked polyolefin elastomer, wherein the first layer is configured for fluid contact; and a second layer adjacent to the first layer, the second layer including an elastomer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an anti-corrosive wrapping for a metal pipe (10) (or a metal pipe fitting). The wrapping has an innerwrap (14) including glass fibres which carries a viscoelastic thermoplastic corrosion protection material (13). The wrapping has an outerwrap (16) including glass fibres which is impregnated with an adhesive. The innerwrap (14) is wrappable around the metal pipe (10) with the viscoelastic thermoplastic corrosion protection material (13) carried by the innerwrap (14) engaging and covering an external surface of the metal pipe (10). The outerwrap (16) is wrapped around the innerwrap (13) and the adhesive impregnated in the outerwrap (16) penetrates the innerwrap (13) and thereby adheres the outerwrap (16) to the innerwrap (13).

Abstract: A cable includes a sheath, and a coating film covering a circumference of the sheath, the coating film adhering to the sheath. The coating film is formed from a rubber composition including a rubber component and fine particles. A static friction coefficient on a surface of the coating film is 0.5 or less. When the coating film is subjected to a testing such that a long fiber non-woven fabric including cotton linters including an alcohol for disinfection with a length of 50 mm along a wiping direction is brought contiguous to the surface of the coating film at a shearing stress of 2×10?3 MPa to 4×10?3 MPa, followed by wiping off the surface of the coating film at a speed of 80 times/min to 120 times/min and 20,000 repetitions thereof for a wiping direction length of 150 mm, a difference (an absolute value of a difference) between the static friction coefficients of the coating film before and after the testing is not greater than 0.1.

Abstract: A drill string rod includes an elongate central rod portion. The central rod portion has a hollow-cylindrical shape with an inner first diameter (drod) and an outer second diameter (Drod). The male end includes a spigot having a base projecting axially from a shoulder that axially separates the spigot and the central rod portion. The female end has a sleeve portion that fits to the spigot. An inner thread of the sleeve portion is attachable to an outer thread of the base of the spigot of a further drill string rod. In a radial plane to the longitudinal axis of the drill string rod, the base of the spigot is defined by an outer third diameter (Dspigot) and an inner fourth diameter (dspigot) and the sleeve portion is defined by an outer fifth diameter (Dsleeve) and an inner sixth diameter (dsleeve), wherein the second diameter (Drod) is >60 mm.

Abstract: An article and method for forming a coated metal pipe for use as an automotive fluid transport tube including a copper plated carbon steel tubing formed into a circular cross sectional profile. At least one intermediate layer including any of a corrosion inhibiting zinc/aluminum alloy, electroplated zinc or hot dip aluminum is applied over said tubing. One or more outer polymer or copolymer layers are applied over the intermediate layer, with the outer layer or multi-layers compounded with a graphene or graphene oxide powder.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid storage member for coating tools which successfully reduces plastic consumption and reduces environmental loads, by making use of materials based on paper in place of plastics such as polypropylene that has been used for liquid (e.g., ink) storage members. A liquid storage member for coating tools having at least three layers of a paper base laminate composed of an inner layer made of paper base material, and a middle layer of a metal layer or a silica deposition layer, formed on the outer peripheral side of the inner layer; and an outer layer made of the paper base material formed on the outer peripheral side of the middle layer, wherein the paper base material of the inner layer has a density of 0.8 g/cm3 or more.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a composite plastic component having a first section surrounded by a second section. The method includes positioning a first section on a mold, the mold having a curved top surface. The method includes heating a second section in the form of a frame, and positioning the second section about the first section on the mold. The method includes pressing the first and second sections on the curved mold to curve the first and second sections in conformance with the curve of the mold, and to attach the frame to the first section. The method includes removing the curved first section and frame from the mold, cooling the curved first section and frame, and allowing the first section to return from a curved shape to a planar shape.

Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) including an inner frame, an inner flight propulsion system mounted on the inner frame, an outer frame, a gimbal system comprising at least two rotational couplings coupling the inner propulsion system to the outer frame, a control system, a power source, and an outer frame actuation system configured to actively orient the outer frame with respect to the inner frame.

Abstract: A method of producing a radio frequency member to construct a radio frequency confinement device based on a waffle iron structure includes providing an intermediate work of a plate shape or a block shape, the intermediate work including a main surface which is shaped as a plane or a curved surface and a plurality of rods extending away from the main surface. An interval between a side surface of one of the plurality of rods and a side surface of another rod that is adjacent to the one rod monotonically increases in a direction away from the main surface. The method also includes forming an electrically-conductive plating layer on the main surface and at least the side surface of the plurality of rods by immersing at least a portion of the intermediate work in plating solution.

Abstract: A method for removing VOCs from exhaust gases of a CIPP curing process, the method including the steps of: (a) positioning an exhaust conduit to capture the exhaust gases; (b) elevating the temperature of at least a portion of the exhaust gases and passing the exhaust gases over a catalyst containing substrate to form a devolitized gas stream; and (c) directing the devolitized gas stream to an exhaust stack.

Abstract: Impedance is used to determine the performance of paraffin inhibitors in oil containing paraffin. The method and system can use a specially designed impedance cell having a cell constant of less than 1 cm?1. Further, the method can include obtaining at least impedance measurements above the wax appearance temperature (WAT) for an oil sample treated with a paraffin inhibitor and an oil sample not treated, and impedance measurements below the WAT for the treated oil sample and the untreated oil sample. Thereafter, the impedance measurements are correlated to determine paraffin inhibitor performance.

Abstract: Systems and methods for pipe lining systems and methods of use are described. Systems and methods may include a CIPP lateral liner that is inserted into a bladder forming a CIPP liner assembly that can be inserted into a pipe line for a pipe repair. CIPP liner assembly can include a membrane that produces superior results compared to the prior art. A backing ring may be used with these systems and methods.

Abstract: A method for enhancing optical properties of sintered, zirconia ceramic bodies and zirconia ceramic dental restorations is provided. The porous or pre-sintered stage of a ceramic body is treated with an yttrium-containing composition and sintered, resulting in sintered ceramic bodies having enhanced optical properties. The enhanced optical properties may be substantially permanent, remaining for the useful life of the sintered ceramic body.

Abstract: This invention provides a threaded connection for pipes or tubes having excellent misalignment resistance and high torque on shoulder resistance, and also having excellent corrosion resistance properties, as well as a method for producing the threaded connection for pipes or tubes. The threaded connection for pipes or tubes includes a pin and a box. The pin and the box include contact surfaces having threaded portions and unthreaded metal contact portions. The threaded connection for pipes or tubes includes, on at least one of the contact surfaces of the pin and the box, surface roughness, a Zn—Ni alloy plating layer, a Cu—Sn—Zn alloy plating layer and a solid lubricant coating layer. These are deposited from the contact surface side in the order of: surface roughness, the Zn—Ni alloy plating layer, the Cu—Sn—Zn alloy plating layer and the solid lubricant coating layer.

Abstract: An air freshener has a rigidifying core defining a central axis, and an outer portion or sleeve contacting the core that is formed from one or more fragrance loaded polymers. Together, the core and outer portion are shaped to surround a first axis perpendicular to the central axis. The air freshener is made by injection molding a first shot of at least one polymer material to form the core, and injection molding a second shot of at least one polymer material incorporating one or more fragrance materials over or onto or into at least a portion of the core. The second shot of polymer material may be stretched about the portion of the core during injection molding, and may flow into a first hole formed in the core at or near the core distal end, and fills a second hole formed in the core at or near the core proximal end.

Abstract: An example medical device includes a body portion having a tubular inner wall defining an inner channel, and a tubular outer wall encircling the inner wall. The outer wall defines an outer channel between the outer wall and the inner wall. The body portion also includes an indicator substance disposed within the outer channel. The device also includes an indicator portion defining an indicator channel. The body portion is configured to insert at least in part into a patient, and the indicator portion is configured to remain at least in part along an exterior of the patient when the body portion is inserted into the patient. The device is also configured to transfer at least a portion of the indicator substance from the outer channel to the indicator channel when the body portion is bent.

Abstract: A cable includes a silicone rubber coating including microparticles and cavities as an outermost coating. A medial hollow tube includes a silicone rubber coating including microparticles and cavities as an outermost coating or an innermost coating. The microparticles may be at least one kind of microparticle selected from silicone resin microparticle, silicone rubber microparticle and silica microparticle. The microparticles may have hardness higher than a hardness of silicone rubber constituting the silicone rubber coating.

Abstract: A fuel tank fill assembly includes a fuel fill tube adapted to be coupled to a fuel tank and configured to receive fuel discharged by a pump nozzle. The assembly also includes a tube mounting bracket for mounting the fuel fill tube in a stationary position in a vehicle to conduct fuel to the fuel tank.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to improve the laser drilling performance of a copper clad laminate whose black-oxide treated surface is used as a laser drilled surface. To achieve the object, a copper foil provided with a carrier foil 1 comprising a layer structure of the carrier foil 2/the releasing layer 3/the bulk copper layer 4 characterized in that metal element-containing particles 5 are disposed between the releasing layer 3 and the bulk copper layer 4 is employed. If the present copper foil provided with a carrier foil is used, a black-oxide treated layer having a color tone excellent in the laser drilling performance can be formed on the surface of the bulk copper layer in the copper clad laminate manufactured.

Abstract: A pipe or fitting having a polymer liner and a replaceable component including an outer ring having an outside diameter matching the inside diameter of the pipe or fitting, a polymer liner bonded to the outer ring and having an inside diameter matching the inside diameter of the liner of the pipe or fitting. The replaceable component is disposed in an inlet or outlet of the pipe or fitting so as to form a continuous bore lined with a polymer.

Abstract: A fiber composite component is made by infiltrating and curing at least one textile component preform that is placed on a molding tool surface and covered with an air-tight covering and on which pressure is exerted, in at least one stage of production, by evacuating a vacuum chamber between the molding tool surface and the air-tight covering. The air-tight covering is formed from a resin film.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for producing, by welding, a link between an element made from any material, for example metal, and an element made from a thermoplastic-matrix composite material, the second element being produced by depositing a textile yarn pre-impregnated with a thermoplastic material on the surface of the first element. The method mainly includes an operation consisting of producing an interface coating consisting of an epoxy resin filled with a thermoplastic material powder, coating the surface of the element made from any material with same, and leaving the coating to polymerize. It next includes an operation consisting simultaneously of forming the second element and welding same to the coating deposited on the surface of the first element by locally heating the two elements, when depositing the pre-impregnated textile on the first element.

Abstract: A fluid nozzle includes a nozzle chip that includes a through hole having an inlet port from which a fluid supplied to the fluid nozzle is introduced and an outlet port from which the introduced fluid is ejected; and a base metal member that supports the nozzle chip embedded in a rear portion of the base metal member. The fluid nozzle receives the fluid supplied to the rear portion from the inlet port and ejects the fluid from the outlet port. An exposed portion of the base metal member is covered with a ceramic coating so that the base metal member does not touch the fluid.

Abstract: A method of forming a ceramic matrix composite component includes providing a formed ceramic member having a cavity, filling at least a portion of the cavity with a ceramic foam. The ceramic foam is deposited on a barrier layer covering at least one internal passage of the cavity. The method includes processing the formed ceramic member and ceramic foam to obtain a ceramic matrix composite component. Also provided is a method of forming a ceramic matrix composite blade and a ceramic matrix composite component.

Abstract: In a process for applying a friction-resistant coating to a steel sucker rod, the rod is passed, in sequence, through a surface preparation stage (for example, scale removal, shot peening, or other suitable method), an adhesive application stage (to enhance the strength of the coating's bond to the rod), an extrusion stage (in which the rod is passed through a die in conjunction with a flow of melted polymeric coating material), and a cooling (coating solidification) stage. Typically, the radial thickness of the coating will be between 0.125 and 0.375 inches. The process is adaptable to apply extruded coatings to continuous rod or to individual sucker rods having upset ends. The coating may be selected from but is not limited to high-density polyethylene, cross-linked polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyphenylensulfide, nylon, polyester, polyethersulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polystyrene, epoxy, or acetyl.

Abstract: A target material supply apparatus for an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source includes a tube that includes a first end, a second end, and a sidewall defined between the first and second ends. At least a portion of an outer surface of the tube includes an electrically insulating material, the first end receives a pressurized target material, and the second end defines an orifice through which the pressurized target material passes to produce a stream of target material droplets. The target material supply apparatus also includes an electrically conductive coating on the outer surface of the tube. The coating is configured to electrically connect the outer surface of the tube to ground to thereby reduce surface charge on the outer surface.

Abstract: A method of protecting a layered coating on a length of pipe for subsea use includes applying an edge finisher to the coating to encase an edge of the coating by fusing the edge finisher with the coating or by moulding the edge finisher at an edge of the coating. Where the coating and the edge finisher are of thermoplastics such as PP, fusing can be achieved by injection moulding the edge finisher or by welding a discrete edge finisher component to the edge of the coating. Mirror welding may be employed for this purpose, with a hot plate being interposed between the edge of the coating and the edge finisher.

Abstract: To provide a steel fuel conveying pipe which has high resistance to corrosive fuel and maintains reliability without damaging a direct-injection engine, and connects a high-pressure pump and a direct-injection rail with each other in a gasoline direct-injection engine system, and a fuel conveying pipe suitable as a bypass pipe for coupling direct-injection rails with each other in a V-type gasoline engine. A steel fuel conveying pipe for conveying gasoline is characterized in that a Ni-plated layer is provided on the whole inner circumferential face of the fuel conveying pipe, and an anti-rust film layer composed of a Zn-plated layer and a Zn-based alloy-plated layer is further provided on the Ni-plated layer at at least one end of the fuel conveying pipe.

Abstract: The disclosure provides self-illuminating tubing that may be uncoupled from external power sources. The disclosed tubing is useful in a variety of low-light environments. Applications include medical devices and tubing for use in building construction and for industrial purposes. Embodiments in which the illuminating material indicates where tubing has been damaged are also disclosed.

Abstract: To provide a plasma CVD apparatus capable of forming a thin film on the inner surface of a pipe even without a vacuum vessel. An aspect of the present invention is a plasma CVD apparatus including a first member sealing an end of a pipe; a second member sealing the other end of the pipe; a gas introduction mechanism that is connected to the first member and that introduces a raw material gas into the pipe; an exhausting mechanism that is connected to the second member and that vacuum-exhausts the inside of the pipe; an electrode disposed in the pipe; and a high-frequency power.

Abstract: Provided is an aluminum alloy tube with superior corrosion resistance and a joining layer for brazing. In addition, a heat exchanger using a fin which utilizes a bare material of low cost and higher availability, rather than a clad material, is provided. A manufacturing method of an aluminum alloy tube, including the steps of forming a sacrificial anticorrosion layer comprising Zn, by ark spraying Zn with purity of 95% or more, onto a surface of aluminum alloy tube with a spraying amount of 3 to 10 g/m2 and a spraying speed of 150×103 to 350×103 mm/sec; and forming a joining layer for brazing by applying a joining material for brazing comprising a mixture obtained by mixing Si powder with purity of 95% or more and flux, onto a surface of the sacrificial anticorrosion layer, so that the amount of the Si powder is 1.2 to 3.0 g/m2, is provided.

Abstract: Mortar-coated steel pipe comprise a steel cylinder having a mortar layer disposed therein, such mortar layer being free of any metallic reinforcement. An overcoat is disposed over the mortar layer and is formed from a material that is a dielectric and/or a barrier to moisture and oxygen entering the mortar layer, e.g., a polymeric material. The pipe may include a further concrete or mortar layer disposed over the overcoat, forming an outermost pipe surface. The outer layer can be cement, mortar, or other material. The mortar layer thickness is about 2 to 30 mm, the overcoat thickness is about 0.1 to 2 mm, and any outer layer thickness is about 1.2 to 4 cm. The pipe is made by compression coating method, where mortar layer and overcoat are applied simultaneously. When an outer layer is desired, it is preferably applied at the same time as the mortar layer and overcoat.

Abstract: A duct includes a polymeric duct wall that circumscribes a fluid-conveyance passage. The polymeric duct wall includes, relative to the fluid-conveyance passage, an inner surface and an outer surface. An electrically conductive coating is disposed on at least one of the outer surface and the inner surface.

Abstract: A structure includes a base material made of metal to be in a form of a tube and a surface coating layer provided on an inner face of the tube. The surface coating layer includes a first layer provided on the inner face and a second layer provided directly or indirectly on the first layer as an outermost layer of the surface coating layer. The first layer contains an amorphous inorganic material. The second layer contains a crystalline inorganic material having a softening point of about 950° C. or higher.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust pipe in which a peeling of a constituent member does not occur and reliability thereof is excellent, and an exhaust pipe allowing exhaust gases to flow through the exhaust pipe of the present invention includes a heat-releasing layer containing a crystalline inorganic material and an amorphous inorganic material and having infrared emissivity higher than infrared emissivity of a base, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the base on which the heat-releasing layer is to be formed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pipe made of an iron-base material, having a corrosion prevention layer formed on the surface thereof. The corrosion prevention layer includes a Zn—Sn sprayed coating including Sn in a content of more than 1% by mass and less than 50% by mass and the balance composed of Zn. Alternatively, the corrosion prevention layer includes a Zn—Sn—Mg sprayed coating including Sn in a content of more than 1% by mass and less than 50% by mass, Mg in a content of more than 0.01% by mass and less than 5% by mass and the balance composed of Zn. Preferably, the sprayed coating of the corrosion prevention layer includes at least any one of Ti, Co, Ni and P, and the content of each of these elements is more than 0.001% by mass and less than 3% by mass.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of running a conduit in an incineration plant as well as a device with a conduit, in which the conduit is surrounded by a ceramic component onto which flue gas flows from at least two opposite directions, wherein between the conduit and ceramic component a protective fluid space with a protective fluid inlet and/or heat exchanger pipes is provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an oil pipe having a lining imparting substantially reduced adhesion of asphaltenes, paraffin wax, and inorganic scale, so as to reduce plugging of said oil pipe, and impermeability to salt water so as to protect the oil pipe from corrosion.

Abstract: A method of reducing magnetite formation in the bore of a pipe including the steps of selecting a pipe with a pre-existing oxide layer on its inner bore surface and coating the pre-existing oxide layer with an oxidation resistant metal to thereby reduce magnetite formation in the bore of the pipe.

Abstract: A linepipe with cermet internal liner includes: a base pipe; a cermet layer comprising corundum and titanium; and an alloy layer comprising chromium, nickel and iron; wherein the cermet layer and the alloy layer are respectively provided on an internal wall of the base pipe from inside out along a radial direction thereof. From inside out, the cermet layer includes: an?-Al2O3 ceramic layer, a transition layer combined by two phases of?-Al2O3 and metallic titanium, and a metallic titanium layer, wherein thicknesses of the three layers respectively account for ¼, ½ and ¼ thereof the cermet layer. A simple method for preparing the linepipe includes: mixing powders of Fe2O3, Al, TiO2, Cr2O3 and NiO and sending into a base pipe, and sending the base pipe into a ultra-long centrifuge, so as to produce a linepipe of over 10 meters.

Abstract: A refrigerant-transporting hose includes a tubular inner layer 1 in contact with a fluorine refrigerant, an intermediate layer 2 formed on an outer periphery surface thereof, and at least one rubber layer 3 and 5 formed on a further outer periphery thereof, and the inner layer 1 is made of a inner layer material including maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene as a main component and the intermediate layer 2 is made of a intermediate layer material including polyamide resin as a main component.

Abstract: This disclosure details methods and techniques for inhibiting natural gas hydrate formation in gas conduits. In one embodiment, an article is provided which comprises (a) a gas conduit defining a gas flow channel; (b) an interior surface of the gas conduit; (c) a hydrate inhibiting coating on the interior surface, wherein the coating comprises: (i) component A, a one- or two-part room temperature vulcanizable polyorganosiloxane composition comprising a surface-treated filler, a condensation catalyst, and a crosslinking agent; and any reaction products thereof; and optionally (ii) component B, a hydrate release-enhancing proportion of at least one polyorganosiloxane comprising one or more silanol or alkoxy-silyl groups and comprising from about 10 weight percent to about 85 weight percent of at least one hydroxy-terminated or alkoxy-terminated polyoxyalkylenealkyl radical; and optionally (iii) any reaction products thereof.

Abstract: A coating for a metal surface that provides excellent resistance to both electrochemical corrosion and mechanical insult is provided. The coating involves at least an inner coating that is a sacrificial anodic layer and an outer coating that is a protective dielectric material made of inorganic metal oxide. Some versions of the coating include an intermediate layer as well that serves to improve adhesion between the coatings and may provide additional galvanic protection. Although the coating can be made by a variety of methods, advanced methods of spray application are provided for making high-quality lightweight versions the coating.

Abstract: A heat exchanger system extracts heat from sewer waste water. Preferably, a first surface is narrow band in an interior surface of a pipe, and the band is preferably oriented transverse to a direction of fluid flow. In the case of a horizontal pipe, the band may be a partial band, and may be limited substantially to a wetted portion of the pipe in order to reduce the size of the band.