Abstract: In the field of flow distributors there is a need for a flow distributor which produces a uniform distribution of particulate material within a carrier fluid without causing a substantial pressure drop in the carrier fluid. A flow distributor (10), for insertion in a pipeline conveying a particulate material carried by a carrier fluid, comprises a pipe (12) including at least one deflector section (14) which has an inlet end (16) and an outlet end (18). The deflector section (14) is shaped so as to define a first continuous hollow conduit (24) which has a substantially constant cross-sectional area along the length thereof. The first hollow conduit (24) has an active inner surface (20) angled relative to the pipeline so as to urge particles of the particulate material towards a central region of the flow distributor (10). The active inner surface (20) has a constant gradient in a longitudinal direction of the flow distributor (10).

Abstract: A flow control device having no moving parts that controls fluid flow along a fluid pathway in such a way that flow rate remains constant irregardless of environmental changes. The device achieves a constant flow rate by taking advantage of the properties of the fluid moving along the fluid pathway and maintains the constant flow rate irregardless of changes in viscosity due to changes in temperature.

Abstract: An inlet stratification device (5) for a circuit circulating a fluid through a tank (1) and for providing and maintaining stratification of the fluid in the tank (1). The stratification device (5) is arranged vertically in the tank (1) and comprises an inlet pipe (6) being at least partially formed of a flexible porous material and having an inlet (19) and outlets formed of the pores of the porous material. The stratification device (5) further comprises at least one outer pipe (7) surrounding the inlet pipe (6) in spaced relationship thereto and being at least partially formed of a porous material.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and method for turbulent flow drag reduction using discrete counter-rotating elements disposed adjacent a bounding surface and arranged to effectively disrupt or suppress stream-wise vortices and/or traveling waves thereby reducing turbulence and increasing fluid flow. In embodiments, the counter-rotating elements effectively decouple the interaction between traveling waves and stream-wise vortices. By using discrete counter-rotating elements as disclosed, the energy input to the counter-rotating elements is advantageously less than the energy gained from the flow rate increase. The counter-rotating elements may comprise e.g., counter-rotating strips, counter-rotating disks or a plurality of sequentially activated jets. In addition, the bounding surface may comprise a section or pipe, a substantially planar surface, etc. The counter-rotating elements may be used along a section of a pipe, on a surface of an aircraft wing, in HVAC systems, etc.

Abstract: A baffle system (14) for use in an air conditioning unit, in particular an aircraft air conditioning unit, comprises a baffle frame (22) that is attachable to an open end (12) of a pipeline (10) of the air conditioning unit and a baffle (16) that defines a flow cross-section of the pipeline (10). A receiving groove (24, 64) is formed on the baffle frame (22) and/or the baffle (16) which extends over only a portion of the circumference of the baffle frame (22) and/or the baffle (16). The baffle (16) is insertable into the receiving groove (24) formed on the baffle frame (22), and/or a first guide web (28) formed on the baffle frame (22) is insertable into the receiving groove (64) formed on the baffle (16).

Abstract: A device for imparting a whirling motion on the flow of air for supplying a turbo-supercharged internal-combustion engine is designed to be interposed in the duct for supplying the air upstream of the supercharger for supercharging the engine. The device comprises an elbow-shaped portion of duct and partializing means, which are able to limit the section of passage in the upstream branch the aforesaid elbow portion to an area which constitutes a fraction of the total section of the duct and which is adjacent to a wall of the duct. In this way, the downstream branch of the elbow portion is reached by a tangential flow that gives rise to a helical flow of the air in said downstream branch. The device enables creation upstream of the supercharger of a negative pressure sufficient for enabling a recirculation of exhaust gases, upstream of the supercharger, and at the same time imparts on the air flow a whirling movement that enables the supercharger to be exploited in the most efficient way.

Abstract: A high drag vortex generator for inhibiting the formation of boundary layer gas flow is mounted in a duct having a strong adverse pressure gradient with high speed gas flow over a primary aerodynamic. The vortex generator includes a mounting for supporting the high drag vortex generator at a spatial interval in the high speed gas flow above the primary aerodynamic surface. The high drag vortex generator is supported from the mounting and extends from the mounting in the high speed gas flow less than the full distance to the primary aerodynamic surface. Each high drag vortex generator includes first and second vanes. The first and second vanes have flow confining components at substantial right angles to one another. The vanes flow confining components deflect fluid flow towards and/or away from the primary aerodynamic surface inhibiting boundary layer formation downstream of the vortex generator.

Abstract: A tube for directing fluid along a path that includes a bend. The tube comprising a conduit having a first aperture, a second aperture, and a bend portion adjacent the second aperture. An outer bend surface is integrally formed as part of the conduit to at least partially define the second aperture. An insert includes at least a portion of an inner bend surface and is disposed at least partially within the second aperture such that the outer bend surface and the inner bend surface cooperate to at least partially define the bend.

Abstract: A baffle for an automotive fuel tank that can be firmly fixed in the fuel tank and prevent flow noises effectively. The baffle is established in a fuel tank in which touching portions are formed in such a manner that a predetermined portion of an upper wall protrudes down and inward and a predetermined portion of a lower wall protrudes up and inward in the corresponding position. A fixing baffle plate and a pressing baffle plate are provided including fixing portions formed on both sides of plate portions having a plurality of holes. A baffle filter is disposed between the plate portions of the baffle plates and fixed as the baffle plates are assembled with each other. The baffle is fixedly established by suspending the fixing portions of the two baffle plates on both sides of the touching portions such that the baffle stands vertically in the fuel tank.

Abstract: An air flow device includes a flow passage having opposite ends. The flow passage (30) is divided into a plurality of sequential portions between the ends including an inlet portion (42) extending into the flow passage (30) from an inlet end (34) an outlet portion (36) disposed at the opposite end of the flow passage (30) from the inlet portion (34), and at least one intermediate passage portion (44) between the inlet passage portion and the outlet passage portion. Each of a plurality of divider sets are positioned in a different sequential portion of the passage to divide that passage portion into a predetermined number of additional passages. At least one of the additional passages is smaller than at least one of the preceding passages.

Abstract: An adapter for a pipe is disclosed where the adapter changes the effective inside diameter of the tube to increase the airspeed flowing through the area where the adapter is placed. The adapter is utilized in automobiles where to adjust engine parameters based upon the requirements from the various sensors. This allows original sensors to be used in pipe while providing the overall appearance of a larger section of pipe. A kit including a number of nesting adapters is provided to allow altering of the cross sectional area of the pipe. The location of the sensor is maintained in the center of the pipe and the adapter(s) engage, nest, or connect to cause a progressive reduction of the pipe diameter until the optimal air flow speed is achieved based upon the requirements of the sensor.

Abstract: A fluid flow stabilizer for use in a flow of fluid in a conduit between a source of turbulence and a fluid control device. The stabilizer comprises a fluid conduit section having a first end with a mounting arrangement for mounting the first end to the fluid conduit and a second end with a mounting arrangement for mounting the second end to the fluid conduit, the fluid conduit section having a fluid passage therethrough to allow fluid to flow from the first end to the second end, and a flow straightening device positioned in the fluid conduit section. The fluid conduit section may be constructed to absorb at least one of shock, vibration and alignment in the conduit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid flow diverting device comprising a hollow main body and a plurality of blades protruding into the interior of the main body. The blades are positioned along the interior surface of the main body in multiple layers. The blades of each successive layer have a larger surface area and a larger entry angle of approach than the blades of a previous layer. The fluid diverting device can be inserted into any enclosed medium where fluids typically flow. The arrangement of blades diverts the flow of fluid in a way that creates a low pressure flow in the center of the enclosed medium. This low pressure flow is surrounded by high pressure flow, resulting in an increase in the swirling of matter and a pull of matter toward the center of the medium.

Abstract: There is disclosed an insert (2) for a conduit (4) adapted to effect helical flow in the conduit (4) comprising a longitudinally extending member having a helical formation.

Abstract: A fluid conditioner for a fluid traveling through a conduit, the conduit having a longitudinal axis and substantially circular cross-section. The fluid conditioner includes a static mixing element and a straightener plate. The preferred static mixer is one having a flat generally rectangular central portion having first and second sets of ears affixed on opposite sides of the central portion. The sets of ears include first and second ears bent respectively in upward and downward directions relative to the plane of the central portion wherein each pair of ears located diagonally opposite one another across the central portion are bent in the same direction relative to the plane of the central portion.

Abstract: A fluid calming member (18, 118, 218) for use in a fluid carrying arrangement (10) is disclosed. The fluid calming member is formed of a material that includes a porous metallic material.

Abstract: A flow control device having no moving parts that controls fluid flow along a fluid pathway in such a way that flow rate remains constant irregardless of environmental changes. The device achieves a constant flow rate by taking advantage of the properties of the fluid moving along the fluid pathway and maintains the constant flow rate irregardless of changes in viscosity due to changes in temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus having a baffle device and used for treating an exhaust gas, the apparatus comprising: (a) an inlet duct through which the exhaust gas is flowed in, (b) a bend portion, and (c) a catalyst duct connected to the inlet duct through the bend portion and having a catalyst disposed therein and used for purifying the exhaust gas and, the baffle device being a baffle lattice having a height of A and disposed at the inlet of the catalyst duct in the direction of the cross section of the catalyst duct, wherein the baffle lattice is provided, for supporting the lattice, with an outer frame having a height of B and disposed so that the upper ends of the outer frame become the same level with the upper ends of the baffle lattice; the outer frame is provided, on its lower ends for supporting the frame, with beams; and the relation between the height A and the height B satisfies the following equation: A<B, in which apparatus, occurrence of channeling (nonuniform flow distribution) of an exhaust gas at

Abstract: A thermal mixer reduces the temperature of flue gas supplied to a fabric filter. Two spray dry absorbers are operable to cool flue gas. A housing of the mixer has first and second inlet passages for gas from the absorbers, an outlet passage for gas to the fabric filter, and a mixing passage. A set of damper vanes extends in the mixing passage and has a mixing position for mixing the flue gases from the inlet passages to supply mixed gas to the outlet passage at relatively high pressure drop but lower temperature if one of the absorbers in not operating. They have a non-mixing position for passage of gases without mixing and at low pressure drop when both absorbers are operating. The invention can also be used to improve mixing of combined gas streams initially having different chemical compositions or amounts of particle loading.

Abstract: A thermal mixer reduces the temperature of flue gas supplied to a fabric filter. Two spray dry absorbers are operable to cool flue gas. A housing of the mixer has first and second inlet passages for gas from the absorbers, an outlet passage for gas to the fabric filter, and a mixing passage. A set of damper vanes extends in the mixing passage and has a mixing position for mixing the flue gases from the inlet passages to supply mixed gas to the outlet passage at relatively high pressure drop but lower temperature if one of the absorbers in not operating. They have a non-mixing position for passage of gases without mixing and at low pressure drop when both absorbers are operating. The invention can also be used to improve mixing of combined gas streams initially having different chemical compositions or amounts of particle loading.

Abstract: Turbine system including a turbine and a tubular arrangement having an exit opening. The tubular arrangement is arranged on a downstream side of the turbine. At least one flow controlling device at least partially prevents a fluid flow through the tubular arrangement from becoming detached from the tubular arrangement. The at least one flow controlling device is positioned within the fluid flow and in an area of the exit opening. The turbine system is configured to operate efficiently in an environment wherein at least an upper edge of the exit opening is arranged above a downstream liquid level.

Abstract: A silencer or sound attenuator for gas flows that makes use of noise baffles is provided with a lateral movement mechanism which allows the baffles to be moved perpendicular to the direction of the gas flow within the silencer. A silencer provided with the lateral movement mechanism allows personnel to have access to the interior of the silencer so that the baffles can be cleaned without having to remove the baffles from the silencer. The lateral movement mechanism may include a roller assembly installed at the top of each baffle which operates within a corresponding track that is provided to the inner upper surface of the housing. The lateral movement mechanism may also include a caster assembly, which is provided to the bottom of each baffle to aid in lateral movement.

Abstract: A structure for reducing turbulence and increasing flow uniformity in a flowing fluid in a wind tunnel, or a fluid channel, has a plurality of conduits or channels arranged into a conduit bundle. The conduit bundle has a number of parallel conduits with plurality of perforations on the inner side walls of the conduit. As the fluid flows through the conduit bundle the sides of the conduits reduce lateral turbulence while the perforations minimize pressure gradients in the flowing fluid in adjacent conduits, resulting in isotropic turbulence. The invention is particularly useful in testing aircraft, improving engine performance, and fluid mechanics applications.

Abstract: A duct that preferably includes a low loss inlet section is configured to include one or more flow limiting passages that extend through a portion of the low loss inlet section. The flow limiting passages are located and configured such that in the desired operating flow range of the duct, the fluid exiting the flow limiting passages has minimal effect on fluid flow into and through the duct. However, at relatively high pressure ratios, the fluid exiting the flow limiting passages will disturb the fluid entering the duct, causing mixing and shock losses, which will limit the fluid flow rate into and through the duct.

Abstract: A helical formation (2) for a conduit (1). The helical formation (2) comprises an elongate member defining at least a portion of a helix, the elongate member comprising two inwardly extending portions (6, 7). The inwardly extending portions (6, 7) are spaced from each other and extend along the length of the elongate member in side-by-side relationship.

Abstract: Fluid transmission devices combine and separate fluid flowing therein, and are particularly useful in engine exhaust systems. Given the ever-increasing complexity of exhaust systems, there is a need to reduce construction costs, labor costs, and costs associated with maintaining an inventory of parts. The present fluid transmission device and method of manufacturing comprises a tubular member having a wall, an integral flow redirection member, and an opening. The integral flow redirection member is formed from the wall by cutting a slit in the wall and depressing the wall adjacent the slit until at least a portion of the wall extends within the tubular member. The opening is also formed from depressing the wall. Finally, the flow direction member redirects at least a portion of fluid flow traveling within the tubular member through the opening.

Abstract: An airflow converger belonging to the field of auto parts, that was developed to improve air supply conditions and performance of internal combustion engines includes: a tubular body equipped at an upper end with an air inlet, having parallel fins that direct airflow lines in parallel; internally, the body has an inner surface that acts on the airflow; and an opposite end of the body has an outlet positioned horizontally and connected to an air receiving medium like a carburetor or throttle body of a vehicle's engine system, the airflow lines flowing in parallel as they move through the body from the inlet to the outlet.

Abstract: A thermostatic control valve assembly for use in continuously mixing a hot first fluid with a cold second fluid to continuously produce a mixed fluid at a constant temperature. The valve assembly includes an improved mixing dome defining a mixing chamber that facilitates thorough mixing of the hot and cold fluids over a wide range of flow rates, including rates as low as two gallons per minute. The improved mixing performance is accomplished by a plurality of baffles sequentially disposed along the flow path within the mixing chamber and extending at an angle in opposition to the flow path. Each baffle exhibits a paisley shape and is angularly displaced from the adjacent baffles to turn the fluid flow, thereby optimally mixing the hot and cold fluids over a wide range of flow rates while minimizing the pressure drop between the valve inlet and outlet.

Abstract: The fluid transfer apparatus has an outer composite body having end sealing lips that are adapted to sealingly engage the surface surrounding the spaced passages between which fluid is to be transferred. The transfer apparatus has a central member having a uniform cross section adapted to transfer fluid between these passages and also has two end members which engage within and align with the passages to permit continued fluid transfer in view of slight longitudinal misalignments of the first and second passages.

Abstract: An arrangement to increase the thermal fatigue resistance of glass tubes having fluid flowing therethrough and being pressure-loaded. This arrangement comprises a glass tube, into which an interior component is inserted. The interior component can be designed as thin-walled tube or tubular component. In accordance with a first example the cavity enclosed by the interior component is hydraulically connected with the interior of the glass tube. The wall thickness of the interior component is smaller than the wall thickness of the glass tube and the interior component is partially free from a direct heat connection with the glass tube. In accordance with a second example the interior component increases the wall thickness of the glass tube. In this case the interior component is touching the interior circumference of the glass tube.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for configuring or reconfiguring branches in tubing in which the axes of at least two components of the branched structure are arranged askew.

Abstract: A connection assembly for an exhaust extraction system which is designed to vent the exhaust from a vehicle tail pipe includes, in combination, three primary components. One component is an annular sleeve which is constructed and arranged to assemble onto the vehicle exhaust pipe. Next, there is a nozzle locator ring which slides onto the annular sleeve such that one end of the sleeve extends beyond one side of the nozzle locator ring and the opposite end of the sleeve extends beyond the opposite side of the nozzle locator ring. The third component is an exhaust nozzle assembly which includes a generally cylindrical nozzle and a pair of magnet packs located circumferentially 180 degrees apart. An extension sleeve inserted into the annular sleeve includes a series of baffles to deflect and direct vehicle exhaust.

Abstract: Representative embodiments provide for a flow laminarizing device including a plurality of walls defining a plurality of passageways, each passageway defining a hexagonal cross-sectional area and configured to permit fluid flow there through, a casing configured to mechanically support the plurality of walls, and at least one support extension mechanically coupled to the casing, the at least one support extension and the casing cooperatively configured to support the flow laminarizing device in a substantially fixed slidingly received position relative to a fluid flow port of a fluid impelling device. A method includes the steps of decoupling an air line from a turbocharger, installing a flow laminarizing device in fluid communication with the turbocharger, and recoupling the air line to the turbocharger.

Abstract: A perforated plate flow conditioner includes a single acoustic feedback interference device having an upstream end attached to a downstream side of the perforated plate. The upstream end covers substantially all of the downstream side of the perforated plate between two adjacent holes. The volume of a downstream end of the interference device is less than the volume of the upstream end. In another embodiment of the invention, the upstream end of a single acoustic feedback interference device covers substantially all of the spaces between a central hole and all of the surrounding adjacent holes. In another embodiment of the invention, all of the spaces between adjacent holes are substantially covered by upstream ends of acoustic feedback interference devices.

Abstract: A casing for a heat exchange system defines a blower compartment (18), an evaporator compartment (20), and a diffuser (22). The diffuser (22) defines an exit (28) and an entry area in a cutoff plane (30). A vane wall (38) curves inwardly from the diffuser (22) and includes a plurality of parallel vanes (46), (48), (50), and (52). The plurality of vanes (46), (48), (50), and (52) include a first vane (46) and a second vane (48).

Abstract: A connecting duct for providing a fluid pathway between an outlet of a low pressure compressor and an inlet of a high pressure compressor is provided. The connecting duct includes a main body that defines a fluid pathway adapted to direct a flow of fluid between a main body inlet and a main body outlet. The main body also includes a diffusing section that decreases a velocity of the flow of fluid. A flow de-swirling section is disposed between the diffusing section and the outlet of the main body. The flow de-swirling section straightens the flow of fluid.

Abstract: An even-flow tee arrangement for use with a septic system consists of a tee connector having top and bottom section cemented together. The bottom section includes a splitter plate extending from the tee-shaped exit end to two pairs of directional vanes proximate the entrance end of the tee connector.

Abstract: An intake tubing includes a tubular member having a number of helical protuberances and a number of helical grooves formed in an inner peripheral surface, an inlet end for receiving fluid, and an outlet end for coupling to an engine. The helical protuberances and the helical grooves of the tubular member may guide the fluid to flow through the tubular member in great speed and to increase power of the engine when the fluid flows quickly toward the inlet end of the tubular member, and to generate eddy current and to lower the flowing speed of the fluid when the fluid flows slowly toward the inlet end of the tubular member, in order to economize fuel or fluid.

Abstract: A fluid treatment system is provided including a closed fluid treatment zone, at least one radiation source disposed in the fluid treatment zone to irradiate a flow of fluid, and a plurality of diffusers disposed upstream of the at least one radiation source. The plurality of diffusers define a decreasing gradient of fluid treatment zone cross-section from an upstream portion of the plurality of diffusers to a downstream portion of the plurality of diffusers. Also provided is a flat diffuser for changing flow cross section in a flow conduit.

Abstract: New and in-use fire sprinkler systems can be sterilized by employing antimicrobial gases. The gases include steam, oxygen, and chlorine. Water added to the system after sterilization can be sterilized to prevent the reoccurrence of microbiological contamination.

Abstract: A microfluidic device having durable ultraphobic fluid contact surfaces in the fluid flow channels of the device. The ultraphobic surface generally includes a substrate portion with a multiplicity of projecting regularly shaped microscale or nanoscale asperities disposed in a regular array so that the surface has a predetermined contact line density equal to or greater than a critical contact line density, and so that the ratio of the cross-sectional dimension of the asperities to the spacing dimension of the asperities is less than or equal to 0.1.

Abstract: Fuel is provided to an inlet (14) of a cascade region (15) which has a plurality of stages (17-23), each of which divides fuel flow evenly into a pair of corresponding slots (24-26). The flow is then spread across a floor surface (41) of a cascade exit header (40), the flow spreading into areas between the slots. The flow is then directed into an open cavity which is in fluid communication with the inlets of the fuel flow fields (12) of the fuel cells, reaching the fuel flow field inlets uniformly and simultaneously.

Abstract: Smoothly curved protuberances (8, 26, 34) are added to an elongate body (2, 16, 18, 20, 22, 32) to modify the fluid flow to reduce the drag Force Fdrag and the forces induced by vortex shedding Fvortex. The protuberances can be arranged in diametrically opposed pairs with longitudinally adjacent pairs having different radial directions first to cope with fluid flow from a variety of different directions.

Abstract: A piping device for use in a cutting oil coater includes an oil supply path, a narrower path connected with the oil supply path and having an inside diameter smaller than that of the oil supply path, an oil tube, for feeding liquid oil to the oil supply path, a gas tube for feeding a gas to the oil supply path, where it mixes with the oil and changes it into a droplet state, an air space into which the oil is discharged from the narrower path, and is changed into a spray, a wall defining the air space having a recess, and a plurality of branch paths into which the oil impinges on the recess flows, with a substantially even flow distribution in each branch path, wherein a vertex of the recess and an end of the narrower path face each other. The apparatus suppresses an uneven distribution of flow rate of oil discharged into the air space.

Abstract: A valve assembly for a liquid containing tank or the like, having a vortex breaker within the tank of liquid, and affixed to an external valve. The valve has a discharge port and a valve body with an outer member which allows the flow of liquid and a concentrically-spaced inner member provided with upper and lower seals to prevent the leakage of the liquid and allow uniform closure of the valve. The inner tubular member is movable vertically such as with a screw thread and associated handle, from a closed to an open position to allow flow of the liquid from the tank to a discharge port.

Abstract: A fluid handling component having a durable ultraphobic fluid contact surface that is capable of exhibiting ultraphobic properties at liquid pressures of one atmosphere and above. The surface generally includes a substrate portion with a multiplicity of projecting regularly shaped microscale or nanoscale asperities disposed so that the surface has a predetermined contact line density measured in meters of contact line per square meter of surface area equal to or greater than a contact line density value “?L” determined according to the formula: ? L = - 10 ? , ? 330 ?cos ? ( ? a , 0 + ? - 90 ? ° ) where ? is the surface tension of the liquid in Newtons per meter, ?a,0 is the experimentally measured true advancing contact angle of the liquid on the asperity material in degrees, and ? is the asperity rise angle in degrees.

Abstract: An electrically conductive confined space ventilation conduit formed of a substantially rigid non-metallic conductive material, such as plastic, and a related process for ventilating an enclosure accessed by a manhole or other port. In one embodiment, the conduit has a pair of outer cylindrical sections and a central section having a cross-sectional shape of a crescent or a segment of a circle where it passes through a port to provide a minimum of obstruction for men and equipment passing through the port. Intermediate sections of varying cross-section connect the central section to the cylindrical outer sections so that the outer sections are offset from the axis of the manhole. The central section is preferably configured to obstruct no more than about 10 percent of a standard manhole opening, while causing either no air flow rate reduction, or a reduction of no more than about 10 percent as compared to the flow rate through a cylindrical conduit similar to said outer sections.

Abstract: An electrically conductive confined space ventilation conduit formed of a substantially rigid non-metallic conductive material, such as plastic, and a related process for ventilating an enclosure accessed by a manhole or other port. In one embodiment, the conduit has a pair of outer cylindrical sections and a central section having a cross-sectional shape of a crescent or a segment of a circle where it passes through a port to provide a minimum of obstruction for men and equipment passing through the port. Intermediate sections of varying cross-section connect the central section to the cylindrical outer sections so that the outer sections are offset from the axis of the manhole. The central section is preferably configured to obstruct no more than about 10 percent of a standard manhole opening, while causing either no air flow rate reduction, or a reduction of no more than about 10 percent as compared to the flow rate through a cylindrical conduit similar to said outer sections.

Abstract: Apparatus used for the transport of fluids, the apparatus being suitable for use in oil-well production pipelines and pipelines and pipelines connectors used in oil fields or other applications where fluid contains a solid or where a solid is readily precipitated from the fluid. The apparatus comprises a conduit provided with at least one circumferentially discontinuous profiled turbulence inducing means formed around an inner diameter surface of the conduit. The turbulence inducing means may be formed integrally with the inner diameter surface of the conduit. The invention creates turbulent flow thereby preventing the build up of blockages in the conduit which can occur if solid masses form in the conduit.

Abstract: A fluid handling component having a durable ultraphobic fluid contact surface that is capable of exhibiting ultraphobic properties at liquid pressures of one atmosphere and above.