Abstract: A water jet splitting chamber for waste tires has a chamber body, a water jet module, and an actuator. The chamber body has a retaining wall located in the chamber body to divide the chamber body into a splitting space and an actuator space. The water jet module is mounted in the splitting space, and has a slide seat mounted on the chamber body and at least one water jet seat mounted on the slide seat and being capable of linearly moving along a mounting direction of the slide seat. The actuator is mounted in the actuator space, and has a motor and multiple linking rods. The multiple linking rods are driven by the motor and extend into the splitting space, extending directions of the multiple linking rods are along the mounting direction of the slide seat, and the water jet heads face toward the multiple linking rods.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting and controlling the quality of debarking at the surface of a wooden log provide information on main parameters related to the debarking quality of the log surface, including fiber loss and residual bark. The debarking quality detecting method and system involve measurement of three-dimensional profile of at least a portion of the log surface to generate corresponding profile image data, which is processed to generate data indicative of the texture of the log surface. The texture data is then analyzed to generate resulting data on the debarking quality parameters. That quality indicative information can be generated on a continuous basis to provide an objective assessment of the quality performance in real-time in view of target productivity, and may then be used to perform optimal adjustments of the debarker operating parameters, either manually by the operator or automatically through feedback control.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining one or more optimal operating parameters for debarking wood is provided. The apparatus has a scraper and an actuator configured to adjust the position of the scraper toward a sample portion of the wood to scrape a surface of the sample portion of the wood with a scraping force. The apparatus also has a force sensor operatively associated with the scraper for detecting the scraping force. A light source impinges light on a scraped surface of the sample portion. A light detector detects a light image defined by light from the light source reflected by the scraped surface. A controller is operatively associated with the force sensor and the light detector. The controller has processing means to determine the one or more optimal operating parameters based on signals relating to the scraping force and signals relating to the light image. The one or more optimal operating parameters are relevant to debarking wood proximal to the sample portion.

Abstract: A debarking mechanism including of rotatable debarking shafts extending parallel to an advancing direction (A) of the logs to be fed therethrough, which are provided with teeth extending beyond the circumferential surface of the shaft. At least the uppermost debarking shaft is moved sideways towards the inner part of the debarking mechanism in such a way that each debarking shaft directs an impact effect on logs colliding with it and moved by the debarking shafts located in a lower position. The circumferential speed of the debarking shaft is selected to be the greater the higher the debarking shaft is positioned. A free passage is arranged for the bark passing over the debarking shaft.

Abstract: Novel dehydrin promoters isolated from Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus macarthurii are cold-inducible and can be used for driving CBF genes in plants, including trees, to enhance tolerance to freezing temperatures or water stress and reduce undesirable effects associated with CBF gene expression.

Abstract: A debarking mechanism including a number of rotatable debarking shafts extending parallel to an advancing direction (A) of the trees to be fed therethrough, which are provided with a number of teeth extending beyond the circumferential surface of the shaft and the debarking shafts being adapted to each other in such a way that the presently processed trees make a circular motion (C) in the debarking mechanism, in which motion the trees are forced upon the support surface constituted by the debarking shafts effected by the rotary motion of the debarking shafts. The uppermost debarking shaft has been fitted together with a guiding surface, the surface together with the uppermost debarking shaft forming a slot convergent in the direction of rotation of the debarking shaft.

Abstract: The present invention is a system and method for the automatic control of a debarking system for use in a chip mill, paper mill, or the like. The present invention comprises one or more programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that receive input from ultrasonic sensors that measure the quantity of wood present at various locations within the system. Based on this data, the PLCs reference look-up tables that contain information on start, stop, speed up, and slow down times for various system components based on such criteria as wood variety and season. The control system optimizes the fiber yield from the debarking system while also reducing mechanical wear on components of the system by reducing the time at which components are run at high speed.

Abstract: A log handling and cutting system which cuts logs into lengths, and allows for maximum use of fiber. The system includes equipment for singulating the logs, optimally removing the bark from the logs, scanning the true log image, cutting the logs to length, and sorting the cut logs arranged in a sequence of coupled operations. The logs are singulated using a dual quadrant singulation system to provide maximum singulation reliability, thereby allowing a single operator to attend to this process. Once singulated, the logs are fed automatically into a debarker where the diameter and volume are scanned and debarker-operating parameters are set for optimum bark removal. The log is then scanned, tree length, using a unique scanning system, which determines the true image of the log. This enables the determination by computer of the optimum bucking solution of the log as well as a proper sorting of the optimum random lengths.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method for separating loose bark from a flow of debarked wood logs are conveyed substantially in the direction of their longitudinal axis along a substantially horizontal conveyor track. During their travel, the logs are forced into unidirectional accelerating rotation that simultaneously moves the logs laterally. An accelerating rotary motion is advantageously imparted to the logs on a rolling ramp adapted between two conveyors operating at different height levels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for centering a log allow a optimum yield axis and a maximum radius of rotation of the log to be calculated more accurately than conventionally possible. The angle of rotation of a log M is detected by a rotation angle detector 6 that is engaged with a preliminary axis c about which the log M is rotated. A contour of the log for calculating the optimum yield axis of the log and a contour for calculating the maximum radius of rotation of the log are measured separately. The contour for calculating the optimum yield axis is measured in a fixed-point manner by measuring the log at a plurality of certain measurement points with beam reflection scanners 8 disposed at appropriate intervals along the axis of the log M.

Abstract: A method of measuring amount of wood (13) in a rotating barking drum (1). By means of a transducer (11), the distance of the level of the wood bed (13) in the drum is measured through an opening or openings (7) of the drum.

Abstract: A method for producing a processed substantially continuous veneer ribbon is provided. The method comprises providing a plurality of debarked wood logs. A substantially continuous veneer ribbon is separated from each of said plurality of debarked wood logs. The substantially continuous veneer ribbons is conveyed to a plurality of storage locations. A system is provided for processing the substantially continuous veneer ribbons introducing a plurality of the substantially continuous veneer ribbons from the storage location to the continuous veneer ribbon process system. A processed continuous veneer ribbon is formed from the plurality of the substantially continuous veneer ribbons in the continuous veneer ribbon process system.

Abstract: A log handling and cutting system which cuts logs into lengths, and allows for maximum use of fiber. The system includes equipment for singulating the logs, optimally removing the bark from the logs, scanning the true log image, cutting the logs to length, and sorting the cut logs arranged in a sequence of coupled operations. The logs are singulated using a dual quadrant singulation system to provide maximum singulation reliability, thereby allowing a single operator to attend to this process. Once singulated, the logs are fed automatically into a debarker where the diameter and volume are scanned and debarker-operating parameters are set for optimum bark removal. The log is then scanned, tree length, using a unique scanning system, which determines the true image of the log. This enables the determination by computer of the optimum bucking solution of the log as well as a proper sorting of the optimum random lengths.

Abstract: A log handling and cutting system which cuts logs into lengths, and allows for maximum use of fiber. The system includes equipment for singulating the logs, optimally removing the bark from the logs, scanning the true log image, cutting the logs to length, and sorting the cut logs arranged in a sequence of coupled operations. The logs are singulated using a dual quadrant singulation system to provide maximum singulation reliability, thereby allowing a single operator to attend to this process. Once singulated, the logs are fed automatically into a debarker where the diameter and volume are scanned and debarker-operating parameters are set for optimum bark removal. The log is then scanned, tree length, using a unique scanning system, which determines the true image of the log. This enables the determination by computer of the optimum bucking solution of the log as well as a proper sorting of the optimum random lengths.

Abstract: A log handling and cutting system which cuts logs into lengths, and allows for maximum use of fiber. The system includes equipment for singulating the logs, optimally removing the bark from the logs, scanning the true log image, cutting the logs to length, and sorting the cut logs arranged in a sequence of coupled operations. The logs are singulated using a dual quadrant singulation system to provide maximum singulation reliability, thereby allowing a single operator to attend to this process. Once singulated, the logs are fed automatically into a debarker where the diameter and volume are scanned and debarker-operating parameters are set for optimum bark removal. The log is then scanned, tree length, using a unique scanning system, which determines the true image of the log. This enables the determination by computer of the optimum bucking solution of the log as well as a proper sorting of the optimum random lengths.

Abstract: A method of reducing noise in a barking plant; a barking drum, a chipper and a conveyor between these. The penetration of noise through conveying openings of a partly or wholly covered conveyor (3) for receiving logs from a barking drum (1), and/or a partly or wholly covered conveyor (8′) for feeding logs to a chipper (11), is reduced, and the noise level is decreased by means of the water (21) used for washing the logs. The water forms a continuous curtain (18, 19) at the front and/or back end of the conveyor (3, 8, 8′) between the drum (1) and the chipper (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for debarking logs individually with the aid of high-pressure water jets. The spray nozzles are intended to spray water in focused jets against the log at the same time as the log moves past the spray nozzles. The invention is characterized by a ring (22) through which the log is intended to be fed, in that units (42, 46, 46') are mounted on the inside of the ring, uniformly distributed about the periphery of the said ring, which units are intended to bear against the surface of the log passing through the ring, in that a spray nozzle (40) is arranged in each such unit, which spray nozzle is made to maintain an essentially constant distance from the surface of the log by means of the fact that the unit bears against the surface of the log, this distance lying within a range of distance from the surface of the log which is optimal for debarking.

Abstract: High powered lasers are used to score the bark on logs before they are mechanically debarked. Typical of the lasers employed are multi-kilowatt CO.sub.2 industrial lasers. A high powered laser beam is brought to a focus just above the surface of the bark on the log. A jet of compressed air is blown coaxially with the beam and facilitates the beam's formation of a narrow slot in the surface of the bark. Logs are advanced and rotated by a plurality of parallel augers extending across the base of a trough. The lasers are positioned in a gap beneath and in between sets of augers. The beam's focus may be adjustable with respect to the bark's surface.

Abstract: Fungi which grow white/colorless and reduce pitch are used to protect structural wood before or after cutting from logs against color staining by staining fungi. The fungus Phanerochaete gigantea is also useful to facilitate debarking.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the hot water treatment of debarked logs to eliminate infestation and fungi in the logs is presented. The present invention utilizes a water tank and a heat generation source to raise the temperature of the center of the logs above a predetermined level for a sufficient time to accomplish this purpose.

Abstract: An arcuate debarking tool for ring rotor debarking machines used in timber processing. The tool comprises an elongated, arcuate body having an outer end that removably mounts a cutting element, and an inner arbored end adapted to be coupled through a mandrel shaft or the like to a ring rotor. A curved, thread-like leading edge first contacts logs that are transmitted axially through the revolving apparatus, and deflects the tools radially outwardly until the log is surrounded by the revolving ring of debarking tools. A companion, spaced apart exit edge is angularly defined in the frame. It functions in a thread-like manner to slowly unengage the rotating tools from the longitudinally traveling, debarked log. The curved exiting edge threadably revolves about the log circumference and slowly transfers the only remaining contact point between the withdrawing log and the revolving tool to an inward position whereby the tool is slowly, rather than suddenly, allowed to radially retract.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating pieces of wood into different qualities in a wood sorting process is characterized in that the brightness as well as the texture of the surface of the wood are measured, and the pieces of wood are separated into different quality groups according to the measurements results obtained.

Abstract: Converted log structural products are produced from conventionally unusable or marginally useful sections of logs transversely cut into suitable lengths and then cut longitudinally by perpendicular cuts into log parts of either right-angled sector or right triangle cross-section. Four log parts matching in size and shape, and positioned so that their right angles form the corners of a rectangle, are assembled into a converted log, the interior space between the four log parts being filled selectively with braces, supports, insulation, concrete for various applications.

Abstract: A log debarker for debarking a lengthwise-moving log includes a pair of debarking subassemblies each including a pair of cylindrically concave, rotating cutter elements positioned angularly asymmetrically toward one side of the log and away from an opposite side thereof and a third subassembly including a cutter element positioned to debark said opposite side of the log. Each of the pair of debarking subassemblies includes a stationary support frame, a tilting head platform and a pivoting cutter assembly supporting the cutter elements linked to the support frame so as to pivot the cutter element about an axis normal to the log axis as the cutter assembly is tilted. The cutter elements are moved toward or away from one another to adapt to different log diameters and are pivoted about an axis normal to their axes of rotation.

Abstract: A method of cutting frond stubs of a date palm tree to produce a palm bark surface free of pockets where water can collect and which reduces the possibility of pathogen intrusion and proliferation is described using a cutting tool with a sharp straight edge to produce a geometric shape.

Abstract: The method of converting logs involves cutting each log longitudinally and diametrically at right angles into equal quarter-log segments, the rearranging the quarter-logs so that the arcuate surfaces of the segments face inwardly toward each other, while their cut flat surfaces are positioned to form a rectangle in cross-section. The segments so positioned may be joined together as such, rigid foam plastic insulation may be introduced into the space remaining between the segments, or support bracing and other insulation may take the place of the rigid foam. The resultant converted logs may be used as beams, joists or bearing-wall members; devices for aligning, registering and sealing the converted logs together are provided.

Abstract: A method of cutting fronds and frond stubs of a date palm tree is described using a sharp, curved cutting tool with a rounded cutting edge which enables an attractive tree bark surface to be created.

Abstract: A debarker knife assembly is disclosed including a plurality of disks rotatably and drivingly carried on a shaft. The disks have cutting teeth on their circumferences and are co-rotated on the shaft to remove the bark from a log as the log advances and rotates past the rotating debarker knife assembly. The disks are interchangeable and readily assembled or disassembled for repair or replacement. The cutting teeth are provided with replaceable, reversible cutting inserts fixed to the leading faces of the teeth.

Abstract: Apparatus for debarking a log using the compression debarking technique includes rollers which apply radial pressure to the log to separate the bark from the wood of the log. Pairs of rollers mounted in a bogie-like arrangement on the end of respective arms bear against the log. At each roller contact location, the log is also contacted by either a fixed roller or another pair of bogie-mounted rollers. At least two of the rollers of each set are driven by a reversible motor, to rotate the log while pressure is applied to it. The (preferably variable) angle which the planes of rotation of the rollers make with the longitudinal axis of the log ensures that the log is transported through the set of rollers as pressure is applied to the log. Cutting means, such as a knife blade on the outer surface of at least one roller, slices the bark which has been separated from the wood of the log, so that strips of bark fall from the log.

Abstract: A method and a mobile unit for barking and/or limbing and chipping as a continuous operation. A log is given a linear displacement movement by means of a feed unit (6) including two in relation to each other displaceable feed rollers in direction towards a chipper (4), and as first step preceding the feed rollers, existing branches are removed by a limbing unit (7) including at least two knife-acting means, displacable in relation to each other in a substantially crosswisely extending plane in relation to the longitudinal and displacement direction for the log, pressed against the peripheral surface of same. During the linear feeding movement of the log, existing branches are sheared or cut off.

Abstract: A tool for rotation ring type barking machines comprises a curved swinging arm which is adapted to carry at a first, free end a cutting edge and which is detachably connected at its opposite end by means of a screw connection with a shaft rotatably mounted in the rotor of the machine, more particularly via a holder which is preferably made in one piece with the shaft and extends at an angle relative to said shaft. The swinging arm is displaceably movable relative to the holder and fixable by means of said screw connection in different selectable positions relative thereto, in order to permit variation of the distance between the center of the pivot shaft and the center of gravity of the swinging arm.

Abstract: Apparatus for flail debarking a plurality of logs simultaneously. The logs are fed substantially side-by-side to a flail debarking unit having sets of flailing units disposed above and below the feeding plane of the logs. A size reducing means is disposed below the feed plane of the logs for reducing the debri from the logs before it is directed to an external location.

Abstract: Effluent treatment for the woodrooms of wood processing industries, e.g. paper and pulp mills, wherein the water separated from the bark and containing fibres is passed back onto an existing conveyor of wet bark, provided with a perforated bottom, so that some of the fibre contained in the water is filtered and mixed with the bark and passes along with the bark to dewatering.

Abstract: A cutting tool assembly for a log debarker. A cutting tool is provided having an elongated leading cutting edge and a key member. The key member fits into the load carrying slot portion of the head of the tool shaft, and the tool is then secured to the tool shaft head with a plurality of retainer bolts. The tool shaft head is machined at an angle of generally five degrees relative to the axis of an incoming log so as to slant the orientation of the tool and its leading edge. Thus, an incoming log will impact initially a central location of the tool and not its full length. A tensioning device places the tool shaft in tension about a pivot axis and the outermost tip of the tool continually points towards the center line of an incoming log as the tool shaft pivots about this pivot axis. Every other tool is extended a slight distance further towards the incoming log than the adjacent tools by an extension spacer or washer to further reduce the shock loading previously encountered.

Abstract: The scraping edge of a debarking tool carried by an arm of a rotary ring barker is located lengthwise so that at least the major portion of the length of such scraping edge is located ahead of the longitudinally central portion of the leading face of the barker arm, and the leading edge of the debarking tool remote from the rotary ring is beveled by being inclined from the leading face of the debarking tool forward away from the barker ring.

Abstract: The disclosure herein describes improvements to a log debarking machine which consists in allowing the mounting of six debarking tools on the machine rotor which has a central log-passing opening of eighteen inches in diameter. The rotor is arranged with a series of bearing seats for receiving and supporting the tool spindles. The improvements further include a cleaning knife for cutting the bark fiber which adhere to the tools.

Abstract: A log debraking machine including a rotor having a central opening and a plurality of debarking tools, a rotating means for rotating said rotor about its longitudinal axis, and a feeding means including a plurality of log gripping rollers positioned for rolling contact with the logs and for feeding logs in the direction of the longitudinal axis. The log gripping rollers are supported for movement toward and away from the longitudinal axis of the rotor, and apparatus is provided for biasing the rollers toward the longitudinal axis of the rotor. The apparatus for biasing applies a reduced force on the rollers when the rollers are between a first closed position adjacent the longitudinal axis and a first outward position and an increased force on the rollers when the rollers are positioned between a first outward position and an open position.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for hydraulically debarking logs is disclosed, in which water at a substantially constant, ultra high pressure of, say, at least 25,000 KPa, is caused to impinge upon, generally radially with respect to, the surface of a log to be debarked. The apparatus of a preferred embodiment has ultra high pressure nozzles mounted upon resilient members circumferentially surrounding the log to be debarked, the members being biassed radially inwardly of the leg to bear upon the undulating surface thereof, and to maintain the nozzles at a predetermined distance therefrom, thereby maintaining the impinging water at a constant ultra high pressure.

Abstract: Barking arrangement for logs having nozzles (55) through which water at high pressure is sprayed onto the logs. Transport arrangements are provided to carry the log along a track (16) through the barking arrangement. The arrangement comprises a first assembly (21) capable of rotating around the track having an annular water housing (28) so arranged as to contain a co-rotating water ring during rotation, and a second assembly (22) capable of rotating and bearing at least one pitot tube (60). The pitot tube is intended to run with an opening (61) at the front facing in a direction of rotation opposite to that of the water ring, and is connected via a channel (48) to one of the nozzles (55). As the two assemblies rotate in opposite directions, water will be forced from the water ring and into the opening (61) of the pitot tube (60) through the channel (48) and out through the nozzle (55) in a jet.

Abstract: A log debarker having a frame, a stator supported by the frame, a rotor journaled in the stator for rotation about a longitudinal axis of the rotor, a rotating mechanism for rotating the rotor about the longitudinal axis, and a plurality of debarking tools attached to the rotor. An infeed mechanism positioned on the infeed end of the stator feeds logs axially into the rotor. The infeed mechanism includes a first feed roll, a second feed roll, and a third feed roll, all of which are disposed in a triangular relationship around the longitudinal axis. A first rigid link connects the first and second feed rolls, and a second rigid link connects the second and third feed rolls. An air-operated tensioning mechanism is provided having an air cylinder connected at one end to the second feed roll for adjusting the position of the infeed means relative to the longitudinal axis. The air cylinder when energized causes the first, second, and third feed rolls to move together relative to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A tree trunk debarking apparatus includes two straight rails, a supporting carriage which is movable along the rails and which loosely supports the leading end of the tree trunk, a drive carriage which is movable along the rails and which not only supports the trailing end of the tree trunk but also rotates the tree trunk, and a debarking mechanism for debarking the rotating tree trunk as it moves therepast, the debarking mechanism including a rotating knife roller and a pivot arm which supports the knife roller so that it is oriented at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal dimension of the rails and thus the axis of the tree trunk passing thereby.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating bark, such as birchbark, from timber during conveyance of the timber has a conveyor for advancing logs leaving a stripping drum. To achieve an effective separation of bark, rollers conveying the logs form a bark separating unit, where successive ones of the rollers are arranged at two levels, the rollers at the upper level being provided with spikes for scraping or detaching the bark, and the rollers on the lower level being substantially smooth-surfaced.

Abstract: A barking machine having a hollow rotor (1) through which logs to be barked are fed is provided with arms (6) which are pivotally mounted on the rotor (1) and which carry barking tools (5). Spring means are used for bringing the barking tools into abutment with the log surfaces. According to the invention these spring means comprise hysteresis-free gas springs (16) arranged to work at a pressure above 25 bar.

Abstract: A log shaping machine for cutting logs to a desired diameter and for cutting off root outgrowths, has a cutting ring with inwardly pointing tools which rotate with the ring. For the purpose of changing the effective cutting diameter of the tools the ring is rotatably supported on a gyratory frame moving generally parallel to itself so that each point of the gyratory frame moves periodically on a circle while the orientation in space of the gyratory frame is maintained. This gyratory motion of the gyratory frame may undergo adjustment in size by changing the radius of the said circle within the range from zero up to a maximum value by means of adjustable eccentrics on which the gyratory frame is suspended and which are also used for driving the gyratory frame.

Abstract: An improved power bark hack including a motor of any suitable type which drives one end of an elongated connecting rod mounted in a co-extensive housing which also serves as the tool handle. The cutter is mounted at the free end of the connecting rod which extends out from the handle or housing. Bearing means, such as buttons made of Teflon which are easily replaced in use, are mounted in the end of the housing closely adjacent the end of the connecting rod carrying the cutting tool, whereby the rotary motion imparted by the motor to the drive end of the connecting rod is changed to substantially pure reciprocatory motion at the cutter blade end.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an improved bark tool for the removal of tree bark from logs in the lumber and papermaking industries, wherein a novel structural tool and connection are disclosed.

Abstract: A debarking arm for use in a log-debarking apparatus having a ring which is rotatable about a transport axis, as a log is moved along this axis through an opening in the ring in a front-to-rear direction. The arm includes an elongate, curved, substantially closed hollow section extending between an inner end adapted to carry a debarking tip, and an outer end adapted to be mounted on the ring for swinging of the arm's inner end toward and away from the transport axis. The section has a front edge portion which, with the arm is an operative position on the ring, inclines rearwardly progressing toward the inner arm end, and a front wall portion which slopes rearwardly progressing from the front edge portion in a direction away from the transport axis. A curved log-engaging edge projection extends along and projects forwardly from the arm's front edge portion to engage a log during initial log contact.

Abstract: A machine is provided for removing the bark from logs. The machine supports a log for linear movement in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the log and for rotation about its longitudinal axis. A saw is supported for rotation about a second longitudinal axis generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the log. The saw includes a saw blade wrapped around the second longitudinal axis in a helical pattern, the saw blade having a radially outer surface, a radially inner surface, and a cutting edge including saw teeth extending in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the log, the tips of the saw teeth projecting outwardly with respect to the saw blade. The saw is supported for selective engagement with the log, and is rotated about its longitudinal axis whereby the teeth will engage said log to strip the bark from the log.

Abstract: The method of converting logs involves cutting each log longitudinally and diametrically at right angles into equal quarter-log segments, the rearranging the quarter-logs so that the arcuate surfaces of the segments face inwardly toward each other, while their cut flat surfaces are positioned to form a rectangle in cross-section. The segments so positioned may be joined together as such, rigid foam plastic insulation may be introduced into the space remaining between the segments, or support bracing and other insulation may take the place of the rigid foam. The resultant converted logs may be used as beams, joists or bearing-wall members; devices for aligning, registering and sealing the converted logs together are provided.

Abstract: Converted log structural products are produced from conventionally unusable or marginally useful sections of logs transversely cut into suitable lengths and then cut longitudinally by perpendicular cuts into log parts of either right-angled sector or right triangle cross-section. Four log parts matching in size and shape, and positioned so that their right angles form the corners of a rectangle, are assembled into a converted log, the interior space between the four log parts being filled selectively with braces, supports, insulation, concrete for various applications.