Abstract: For enabling the manufacture of non-oriented steel strips by HDR, the amounts of AlN and MnS which precipitate on the way of HDR are decreased to such a level that they do not affect the magnetic properties by regulating the Al and S contents, and further unavoidable precipitating nitrides are precipitated as coarse BN. With regard to the steel composition, the amounts of C, Si and P are not only regulated, but also the amounts of Mn, Al, S and N are regulated from the above standpoint, and a proper amount of B is added if required. In addition, in regard to treatment conditions, in order to secure necessary finishing and coiling temperatures, the lower limit of the slab temperature at the starting time of HDR is specified. Moreover, to secure precipitation of BN and recrystallization of a ferrite structure, the lower limits of the finishing and coiling temperatures are specified.

Abstract: A method of producing Fe-Ni system high permeability alloy comprising the steps of obtaining cast steel sheet 0.3 to 7 mm thick by direct casting of a steel melt containing 35 to 85% by weight of nickel with the balance of iron and unavoidable impurities, forcibly cooling the sheet from solidification to 1200.degree. C. at a cooling rate of at least 75.degree. C./s, and cold-rolling the sheet at a reduction ratio of at least 20%.

Abstract: For enabling the making of non-oriented magnetic steel strips by direct rolling, the amounts of AlN and MnS which precipitate on the way of the direct rolling are decreased to such a level that they do not affect the magnetic properties by regulting the Al and S amounts, and further unavoidable precipitating nitrides are precipitated coarsely as BN. With regard to the steel composition, the amount of C, Si and P are not only regulated, but also the amounts of Mn, Al, S and N are regulated from the above standpoint, and a proper amount of B is added if required. In addition, in regard to treatment conditions, in order to secure necessary finishing and coiling temperatures, the lower limit of the slab temperature at the starting time of the direct rolling is specified. Moreover, to promote refining of ferrite, the upper limit of the finishing temperature is specified, and also to prevent non-uniform recrystallization after coiling, the upper limit of the coiling temperature is specified.

Abstract: A method and device (100) for heat treating a metal strap (1), characteri by passing the strap (1) within an enclosure (2) containing a gas (3) which is practically free of forced ventilation, in such a manner that a transfer of heat takes place between the strap (1) and the walls (2a) of the enclosure (2) by means of the gas (3) contained in the enclosure (2). Metal straps (1) obtained by this method and this device (100).

Abstract: A steel sheet (10) having a stress-relief annealed, structure with a plurality of magnetic domains (12) is made by drilling a plurality of closely spaced, small holes (15) through the entire thickness of the steel sheet, where the drilling is effective to form additional domain walls (17) and subdivide the magnetic domains.

Abstract: A method for producing non-oriented electrical steel sheets comprising the steps of:making steel ingots comprising contents of:0.01 wt % and less C, 0.003 wt % and less N, 0.1 to 1.0 wt % Mn and 1.7 wt % and less Si;Si and Al satisfying the formulas of:(Al %).ltoreq.0.69 (Si %).sup.2 -2.29 (Si %)+1.90; and(Al %).gtoreq.0.10 (Si %).sup.2 -0.35 (Si %)+0.3, providing that (Si %) represents wt % Si content, and that (Al %) represents wt % Al content;other contents being Fe and impurities inevitable;hot-rolling slabs of the steel ingots at finishing temperature of 700.degree. to 900.degree. C. into hot-rolled steel strips to coil the hot-rolled steel strips; andcold-rolling the hot-rolled steel strips into cold-rolled steel strips, followed by annealing the cold-rolled strip sheets.

Abstract: A continuously cast slab of grain-oriented electrical steel is heated, subjected to heavy-reduction edge rolling at such amount not less than 60 mm as is required for matching with the width of a hot-rolled coil to be produced therefrom, whereafter the dogbones formed in the slab by the heavy-reduction edge rolling are eliminated by horizontal rolling to obtain a flat slab. The flat slab is then heated to a high temperature and hot rolled. Optionally, the edges of the slab can be heated prior to the finish rolling step of the hot rolling process. The method enables production of grain-oriented electrical sheet with high productivity.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a steel article having a high magnetic permeability and a low coercive force, comprising the steps of: heating a material consisting essentially of:carbon: from 0.02 to 0.08 wt. %,manganese: from 0.05 to 0.49 wt. %, andthe balance being iron and incidental impurities, to a temperature of at lest 1,000.degree. C.; then hot-working the thus heated material at a finishing temperature of at least 1,000.degree. C. to prepare a steel article and then cooling the thus prepared steel article to a temperature of up to 500.degree. C. at a cooling rate of up to 0.5.degree. C./second; thereby causing crystal grains of the steel article to grow to a grain size of at least 50 .mu.m to impart a high magnetic permeability and a low coercive force to the steel article.

Abstract: The present invention is to produce non-oriented electrical steel sheet by a hot direct rolling. The slab is directly sent to the hot rolling without the brief soaking, whereby others than AlN inevitably precipitated check the precipitation of AlN, a roughing and a finish rolling are performed at determined reduction rates, and a delay time is taken between the roughing and the finish rolling, and besides a finish rolling is performed at not more than Ar.sub.3 so that precipitating nuclei of AlN are effectively introduced into the steel, and uniform and coarse AlN precipitation is formed by a coiling at temperature of more than 700.degree. C., thereby to enable to provide uniform and satisfied ferrite grain growth at the recrystallization annealing.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of permanent magnets at room temperature from an alloy containing at least a mixture of iron (Fe), boron (B) and rare earths (RE) including Yttrium, and for which there is a temperature range wherein said alloy is in two phases; one solid and brittle and the other one liquid. The method comprises heating said alloy under controlled atmosphere at a temperature sufficient to reach said temperature range, treating said alloy, and finally, optionally, allowing the treated alloy to cool. The method being characterized on the one hand in that said Fe-B-Re alloy is in a massive form, and on the other hand, in that the treatment of said massive alloy is carried out by welding of the magnetic solid phase Fe-B-Re.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for the production of semiprocessed non oriented grain electrical steel. More precisely it provides a solution to the technical problem of obtaining non oriented grain sheet or strip characterized by high magnetic permeability and low magnetic losses. According to the invention, starting from a steel with a low S, N and C content, through appropriate selection of hot-rolling variables and high-temperature annealing prior to cold rolling, a big improvement is achieved in the magnetic characteristics of the product, thanks to a better compromise between grain size and crystal orientation.

Abstract: A method of producing non-oriented magnetic steel plate that comprises hot-rolling high-purity steel and adjusting the grain size together with the dehydrogenation treatment to produce a uniform ferrite grain diameter and impart uniform magnetic properties in a low magnetic field through the thickness direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for parting a deck of amorphous alloy ribbons in one operation is disclosed. Force is applied to a deck of ribbons to place it under tension. A localized zone in the deck is compressed and rapidly heated to the softening temperature of the amorphous alloy. The deck separates along a seam within the zone due to the tensile force and localized rapid heating. A high quality edge is produced where the separated ribbon edges are free of burrs, meltbeads or substantial cracking and chipping.

Abstract: A heating process of improving the magnetic and mechanical properties of ferromagnetic amorphous alloys wherein the amorphous ribbon is treated with rapid heating and rapid magnetic domain impacting in a direct heating manner by means of pulsed high current to improve the magnetism of ferromagnetic amorphous alloys with reduced or eliminated the annealing embrittlement thereof.The heating process is performed in the following conditions:pulse current density: J.gtoreq.10.sup.3 A/cm.sup.2pulse duration: tp=1 ns-100 msfrequency: f=1 Hz-1,000 Hzheating time: tn=1 sec.-100 secs.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an Ni-Fe alloy sheet having an excellent DC magnetic property and an excellent AC magnetic property, which comprises the steps of:hot-working a material consisting essentially of:______________________________________ nickel from 76 to 81 wt. %, molybdenum from 3 to 5 wt. %, copper from 1.5 to 3.0 wt. %, boron from 0.0015 to 0.0050 wt. %, ______________________________________and the balance being iron and incidental impurities, to prepare an Ni-Fe alloy sheet; then subjecting the alloy sheet to a first cold-rolling at a reduction ratio of from 50 to 98%; then subjecting the alloy sheet to a first annealing in a temperature of from 780.degree. to 950.degree. C.; then subjecting the alloy sheet to a second cold-rolling at a reduction ratio of from 75 to 98%; and then subjecting the alloy sheet to a second annealing in a temperature of from 950.degree. to 1,200.degree. C.; thereby imparting an excellent DC magnetic property and an excellent AC magnetic property to the alloy sheet.

Abstract: When producing a semi-process electromagnetic steel sheet by a series of process steps including cold rolling, annealing and skin pass rolling, in this order, a hot rolled sheet containing not more than 0.02 wt. % of C, 0.1 to 1.0 wt. % of Si, 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of Mn, 0.1 to 0.6 wt. % of Al and 0.02 to 0.10 wt. % of P and optionally containing at least one of 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% of Ni, 0.01 to 0.2 wt. % in sum of Sb and/or Sn, and not more than 0.6 wt.

Abstract: A metal-metal matrix composite magnet including a magnetic material such as a neodymium-iron-boron magnetic phase bonded by a metal matrix, preferably copper an a method of making the magnet which involves plating a thin metal layer, for example, a layer having a thickness of less than 1000 angstrom average, from a magnetic phase, pressing the powder, with or without magnetic alignment, into the desired shape and then sintering the pressed powder at a temperature below about 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of hot working a magnetically soft cast crystalline material containing grains of RE.sub.2 TM.sub.14 B and an RE metal, rich intergranular second phase into anisotropic permanent magnet bodies.

Abstract: An extra-low iron loss grain oriented silicon steel sheet is produced by irradiating electron beam to an insulation coating formed on a grain oriented silicon steel sheet after finish annealing in a direction crossing the rolling direction of the sheet, whereby the magnetic properties are not degraded even if the steel sheet is subjected to a strain relief annealing. If necessary, an inert gas may be introduced into the vicinity of electron beam irradiated zone of the coating.

Abstract: Hot worked, fine grain, permanent magnets of the iron-neodymium-boron type can be demagnetized by heating in air for a period of minutes at a temperature in the range of 100.degree. C. to 300.degree. C. above their Curie temperature without significant loss of coercivity.

Abstract: A mechanical quantity sensor element making use of stress-magneto effect of noncrystalline magnetic alloy. Compression strain is preliminarily given to a thin belt made of noncrystalline magnetic alloy by carrying out treatment of applying an external force onto a surface of the thin belt. Suitable methods for applying the external force include; surface grinding by means of abrasive cloth or paper, shot-peening in which spherical fine grains are impinged onto a surface of a thin belt, stroking work in which a surface of a thin belt is scrubbed by means of a scrubber piece made of synthetic resin, rubber or other material, and the like.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing rare earth (RE), iron, boron type anisotropic magnetic material includes process steps of forming dense substantially magnetically isotropic coarse powder particles of melt spun alloy with a very fine grain RE.sub.2 Fe.sub.14 B phase; heating such particles (e.g. by plasma spraying) and directing them against hot working rolls at the entrance thereof; and hot deforming the particles while in a plastic state between surfaces of the hot working rolls so as to cause crystallites in the particles to be oriented along a crystallographically preferred magnetic axis. The particles are cooled and ejected from the rolls as individual anisotropic permanently magnetic flakes. Apparatus including a feed hopper with a carrier tube pressurized to direct isotropic particles to the arc of a plasma spray torch. The torch softens the particles and sprays them in a spatter pattern.

Abstract: In a conventional process for producing a semi-processed non-oriented electrical steel sheet, the silicon or aluminum content of a hot-rolled steel strip is high, especially in the case of producing a high-grade electrical sheet which has a low watt loss. However, a high silicon or aluminum content disadvantageously results in a decrease in the magnetic flux density.A decrease in the watt loss and an increase in the magnetic flux density in semi-processed non-oriented electrical steel sheets as compared with conventional high-grade semi-processed non-oriented electrical steel sheets can be achieved by making the silicon content, which increases resistivity, low, i.e. from 0.1 to 1.0%, and the manganese content, which is effective for improving the texture, high i.e. from 0.75 to 1.5% and by subjecting the starting material, having a low silicon content, and a high manganese content to an appropriate production process for controlling texture.

Abstract: In the production of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, a slab (1) is current-conduction heated, using the slab (1) as a resistor, under a condition of being on or below an apparent current density (I) of from 40 (A/cm.sup.2) to 0.5 P.sup.2 +100 (A/cm.sup.2), P being a pressure of electrodes in kg/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: Magnetically anisotropic powder having high coercivity and containing the magnetic phase Nd.sub.2 Fe.sub.14 B is produced by melt spinning a composition of these elements to form amorphous or extremely finely crystalline particles which are hot worked to produce grains containing the above phase and having dimensions in the range of about 20 to 500 nanometers. When the hot worked body is comminuted to powder, the resultant particles are magnetically anisotropic and have appreciable coercivity at room temperature.

Abstract: A wear-resistant alloy of high permeability having an effective permeabil of at least about 3,000 at 1 KHz, a saturation magnetic flux density of at least about 4,000 G, and a recrystallization texture of {110}<112>+{311}<112> is provided. The alloy is produced by cold working a forged or hot worked ingot of an alloy of a desired composition at a cold working ratio of at least about 50%, heating the cold worked alloy at a temperature which is below the m.p. of the alloy and not less than about 900.degree. C. and cooling the heated alloy from a temperature which is not less than an order-disorder transformation point (about 600.degree. C.) of the alloy. Alternatively, the alloy is produced by reheating the cooled alloy to a temperature which is not over than the order-disorder transformation point, and cooling the reheated alloy.

Abstract: A wear-resistant alloy of high permeability having an effective permeabil of at least about 3,000 at 1 KHz, a saturation magnetic flux density of at least about 4,000 G, and a recrystallization texture of {110}<112>+{311}<112> is provided. The alloy is produced by cold working a forged or hot worked ingot of an alloy of a desired composition at a cold working ratio of at least about 50%, heating the cold worked alloy at a temperature which is below the m.p. of the alloy and not less than about 900.degree. C., and cooling the heated alloy from a temperature which is not less than an order-disorder transformation point (about 600.degree. C.) of the alloy. Alternatively, the alloy is produced by reheating the cooled alloy to a temperature which is not over than the order-disorder transformation point, and cooling the reheated alloy.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for improving iron loss of electromagnetic steel sheet or amorphous material are disclosed. In this case, the steel sheet or amorphous material is subjected to an irradiation of plasma flame under specified conditions.

Abstract: Grooves are formed on a finish-annealed electrical steel sheet by applying a mean load of from 90 to 220 kg/mm.sup.2 to the steel sheet, which is then heat treated at a temperature of 750.degree. C. or higher, and thereby fine crystal grains are generated at the strain-introduced sites of the steel sheet. The fine crystal grain reduces the watt-loss value. Such a watt-loss improving effect is not impaired even by stress-relief annealing.

Abstract: A process for the production of an electrical steel sheet having the ideal (100) [001] cube texture of iron of iron alloy, comprising cold rolling a sheet of a single crystal or large grained crystals of iron or iron alloy, in which said single crystal is or a majority of said large grained crystals are oriented so that the pole of the {114} plane may form an angle not greater than 15.degree. with the normal direction of the plane of the sheet, and the <401> direction may form an angle of not greater than 15.degree. with a single direction in the plane of the sheet, in said single direction at a rolling reduction of at least 40%, and annealing the rolled sheet to form a primary recrystallization texture of fine grains of an average grain size of not larger than 5 mm under conditions preventing the occurrence of secondary recrystallization.

Abstract: A plurality of separate blanks or punchings can be continually processed by first cutting the strips into the dimensions needed for core punchings prior to thermal and magnetic annealing. Thereafter the cut punchings can be fed into the annealing line a conveyor in the sequence of one after another in series, alternatively side-by-side in parallel. The punchings will be flattened with rollers or a press during the stage of heating from room temperature to approximately 300.degree. C. The molten metals adhering to the laser-cut edges or burrs from the mechanical shear can be mechanically removed at this point by brushing. The strips may then be thermally and magnetically annealed in the soaking area. In one embodiment, the temperature may be 400.degree. C. .+-.20.degree. C. for 2605-S2 Metglas material and 360.degree. C. .+-.10.degree. C. for 2605S-C Metglas material with a field of 10 Oe in a non-oxidizing environment.

Abstract: The problem of working an amorphous alloy is overcome by heating the alloy at a rate of temperature increase above about 1000.degree. C. per minute. The amorphous alloy is worked by homogeneous deformation after its temperature has been very rapidly increased to above the softening temperature of the alloy. Desirable magnetic properties of the alloy are preserved by working the alloy in this fashion and also tool life is extended.

Abstract: Fe alloy containing Si more than 4.0 wt % is produced by a thin plate casting process. The producing condition depends upon rapid solidification of Fe alloy from a molten condition at cooling rate of more than 1.degree. C./sen to less than 10.sup.5 .degree. C./sec.The obtained thin cast plates are subjected to a hot rolling of more than 30% at the temperature range of 600.degree. to 800.degree. C., and to the cold rolling to a determined thickness, followed pickling. By the above mentioned conditions, operations of the industrial scale may be practiced without cracks on the surface in the cold rolling excellent magnetic characteristics may be provided by passing the annealing after the cold rolling.

Abstract: In the production of non-oriented electrical steel sheets, it has been attempted to decrease the watt loss, e.g., by adding Sn to silicon steels, but in such a case the relationship between the watt loss and the magnetic flux density falls within the curves 1 and 1' in FIG. 1. The addition of boron is therefore unsatisfactory for meeting the recent demand for improving the magnetic properties of a non-oriented electrical steel sheet over those indicated by the curve 3.In the present invention, the combined addition of Sn and B and/or sol. Al results in the development of (110) and (100) textures, which are desirable for the magnetic properties.A non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the present invention consists of:at most 0.015% carbon,0.3% to 2.0% silicon,0.02% to 0.20% tin,and optionally1.0% to 1.5% manganese,and(a) 0.005% to 0.10% acid-soluble aluminium,at most 0.007% nitrogen,at most 0.005% boron,the weight ratio of the boron content/nitrogen content being from 0.5 to 1.

Abstract: A billet made of a polycrystalline Mn-Al-C alloy magnet which is obtained by plastically deforming a Mn-Al-C alloy for magnet such as by extrusion at a temperature of 530.degree. to 830.degree. C. is used for compressive working. When the billet is hollow, it is entirely or locally compressed along the axis of the hollow billet. On the other hand, when the billet is solid, an outer circumferential portion of the billet is compressed. By the compression, the anisotropic structure of the portion where compressed is changed into an anisotropic structure having a direction of easy magnetization in radial directions. The magnet obtained by the method is also disclosed. The magnet has a radially anisotropic structure or novel structures having two different types of anisotropies therein.

Abstract: It has been found that ferromagnetic sheet material can be scribed in order to reduce watt losses by a thermal method involving rapid heating of small areas or narrow bands of the material in a manner that produces sudden thermal expansion to a degree sufficient to produce plastic deformation within the thermally treated zone. This method has been found to be particularly applicable to electrically insulative coated ferromagnetic sheet wherein it has been found that a laser operating in a continuous wave or extended pulse mode can produce the desired deformation in the ferromagnetic material without damage to the coating properties.

Abstract: Anisotropic Mn-Al-C alloy magnets exhibiting excellent magnetic characteristics in multipolar magnetization are described. The magnets are obtained by subjecting a polycrystalline Mn-Al-C alloy magnet, which is rendered anisotropic, to compressive working or extrusion at a temperature of from 530.degree. to 830.degree. C. while keeping restrained at least part of the hollow billet along its length so that the at least part is prevented from suffering compressive deformation until fed into a compressive working region. Permanent magnets obtained by the method are also described.

Abstract: The corrosion resistant chromium steel which includes 3 to 45% chromium, 0.2 to 5% nitrogen and other elements. Its structure contains at least 50% ferromagnetic structure components. It is directly magnetizable and, at 400.degree. C., has a yield strength of R.sub.p0.2 >400 N/mm.sup.2 and, at 600.degree. C., a yield strength of R.sub.p0.2 >250 N/mm.sup.2. To produce this chromium steel, a prealloy containing at least 50% ferromagnetic structure components is nitrogen enriched under pressure, is then hot worked, then annealed at 800.degree. to 1250.degree. C. and finally cooled to room temperature. A tempering treatment at 450.degree. to 750.degree. C. may follow.

Abstract: A magnetic material wire is composed of a core of magnetic material having a Curie point of 70.degree. to 250.degree. C. and a high conductive metal sheathing of a uniform thickness covering the core. The ratio of the metal sheathing to the wire in cross-section is in the range of 15 to 40%. There is also disclosed a method of producing such a wire.

Abstract: In conventional processes for producing a grain-oriented electromagnetic steel strip or sheet, the carbon and silicon content of the starting material is such that .alpha.-.gamma. transformation takes place, said transformation formerly being belived to play an important role in, for example, the formation of AlN. Recently, attempts have been made to reduce the carbon content so as to simplify decarburization-annealing, but these attempts have not been successful.In the present invention, (1) an extremely low carbon content (C.ltoreq.0.02%) and an extremely low sulfur content (S.ltoreq.0.015%), as well as a low heating temperature of the starting material, and (2) a temperature gradient of at least 2.degree. C. per centimeter, which is generated parallel to the sheet surface and under which the growth of secondary recrystallized grains is completed, are combined. As a result of such combination, the following advantages are attained: (1) secondary recrystallization is attained without .alpha.-.gamma.

Abstract: A magnetic field sensing device for sensing low levels of magnetic intensity is composed of a ribbon-shaped strip of amorphous magnetic material having at least one twist along the length thereof between the ends of the strip. Subsequent to imparting the desired number of twists to the strip, the strip is supported in the twisted condition. The device is capable of generating a pulse in response to the presence of an external magnetic field similar to the Wiegand wire effect.

Abstract: The problem of working an amorphous alloy is overcome by heating the alloy at a rate of temperature increase above a certain rate. The amorphous alloy is worked as its temperature is still being increased. Desirable magnetic properties of the alloy are preserved by working the alloy in this fashion and also tool life is extended.

Abstract: A billet made of a polycrystalline Mn-Al-C alloy magnet which is obtained by plastically deforming a Mn-Al-C alloy for magnet such as by extrusion at a temperature of 530.degree. to 830.degree. C. is used for compressive working. When the billet is hollow, it is entirely or locally compressed along the axis of the hollow billet. On the other hand, when the billet is solid, an outer circumferential portion of the billet is compressed. By the compression, the anisotropic structure of the portion where compressed is changed into an anisotropic structure having a direction of easy magnetization in radial directions. The magnet obtained by the method is also disclosed. The magnet has a radially anisotropic structure or novel structures having two different types of anisotropies therein.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for scribing grain-oriented silicon steel to improve the core loss thereof is provided. The method comprises passing the final gauge steel after cold rolling through a roll pass defined by an anvil roll and a scribing roll having a surface with a plurality of projections thereon with said projections being generally in a direction of the roll axis; the anvil roll is constructed from a material that is relatively more elastic than the material from which said scribing roll is constructed. Preferably the scribing roll is constructed from steel and the anvil roll is constructed from rubber.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing cold rolled steel sheets for extra deep drawing is disclosed, which comprises the steps of:melting and continuously casting a steel material containing not more than 0.0060% of C, 0.01 to less than 0.10% of Mn, 0.005-0.10% of Al, Ti corresponding to Ti(%) of the following equation (1) when an effective Ti amount expressed by Ti* in the formula (1) satisfies the following inequality (2), and optionally, 0.005.about.0.2% in total of at least one of Cu, Ni and Cr to obtain a cast slab;hot rolling the cast slab immediately or after the slab is heated at a temperature of 900.degree.-1,150.degree. C. during which a hot finishing temperature is made to not more than 780.degree. C.;cold rolling the hot rolled sheet in the usual manner; andrecrystallization annealing the cold rolled sheet at a temperature of not less than the recrystallization temperature but not more than 1,000.degree. C.Ti*(%)=Ti(%)-(48/14)N(%)-(48/32)S(%) (1)4.0.times.C(%).ltoreq.Ti*(%).ltoreq.0.

Abstract: A cold rolled steel strip contains alloying elements, such as Al and Si, which have an affinity for oxygen greater than that of iron. During annealing of the strip, these alloying elements undergo oxidation to form an internal oxidation layer adjacent the surface of the strip. Formation of such an internal oxidation layer in the cold rolled steel strip is impeded by adding antimony to the steel, and depletion of the antimony prior to annealing the cold rolled strip is minimized by minimizing annealing and pickling of the strip before the strip attains substantially its final thickness.

Abstract: The disclosed permanent magnet consists of an iron-palladium alloy consisting of 25 to 40 atomic % of palladium, and the remainder of iron with less than 0.5 atomic % of impurities or an iron-palladium-silver alloy consisting of 19.5 atomic % of palladium, 0.1 to 27.5 atomic % of silver and the remainder of iron with less than 0.5 atomic % of impurities and having a crystalline structure with fine dispersion of .alpha.+.gamma..sub.1 phase in a matrix, so that the permanent magnet has a coercive force of higher than 500 Oe, a residual magnetic flux density of larger than 6 kG, and a maximum energy product of larger than 2 MG.Oe. The disclosed method of producing the aforementioned permanent magnet comprises steps of homogenizing solid solution treatment at a temperature depending on the specific alloy composition, cooling, and tempering at a suitable temperature so as to generate the aforementioned crystalline structure.

Abstract: In production of so-called anisotropic fine grain type hard magnetic material, particles of highly magnetic substance powder are each plated with nonmagnetic substance before compaction, sintering and plastic deformation in order to provide the product with stable magnetic characteristics for reduced production cost.

Abstract: A cold rolled steel strip contains alloying elements, such as Al and Si, which have an affinity for oxygen greater than that of iron. During annealing of the strip, these alloying elements undergo oxidation to form an internal oxidation layer adjacent the surface of the strip. Formation of such an internal oxidation layer in the cold rolled steel strip is impeded by adding antimony to the steel, and depletion of the antimony prior to annealing the cold rolled strip is minimized by minimizing annealing and pickling of the strip before the strip attains substantially its final thickness.

Abstract: Magnetically actuated devices such as, e.g., switches and synchronizers typically comprise a magnetically semihard component having a square B-H hysteresis loop and high remanent induction. Among alloys having such properties are Co-Fe-V, Co-Fe-Nb, and Co-Fe-Ni-Al-Ti alloys which, however, contain undesirably large amounts of cobalt.According to the invention, devices are equipped with a magnetically semihard, high-remanence Fe-Ni or Fe-Ni-Mn alloy which contains Ni in a preferred amount in the range of 6-20 weight percent and Ni in an amount which is less than or equal to 8 weight percent. Remanence B.sub.r (gauss) is greater than or equal to 15,000 gauss; squareness B.sub.r /B.sub.s typically is greater than 0.95.Magnets made from alloys of the invention may be shaped, e.g., by cold drawing, rolling, bending, or flattening and may be used in devices such as, e.g., electrical contact switches, hysteresis motors, and other magnetically actuated devices.