Abstract: The surface of a metal from the group of molybdenum, nickel, iron, tungsten and copper, or an alloy comprising at least one metal from this group, is made thermally black (black for thermal radiation) and very resistant to high temperatures. This is achieved by coating the metal or alloy with a layer of aluminum which is from one to a few .mu.m thick. The metal or the alloy thus coated is then heated in a nonreactive atmosphere until the aluminum has reacted with the metal or a metal from the alloy. Finally, the coated metal or alloy is fired in wet hydrogen so that the aluminum is partially oxidized from the compound of the aluminum with the metal or the alloy. In this manner a thermally black surface which can withstand very high temperatures is obtained.

Abstract: A process for the chromization by gas of steels containing more than 0.2% of carbon, consisting of three successive treatments, the chromization treatment proper employing a cement having a ferrochrome base containing between 1% and 3% of carbon, and preferably 2%. The process is particularly useful in the chromization of structural and tool steels.

Abstract: A process for improving the wear resistance of metals, comprising the operation of implanting into a metal article the wear resistance of which is to be improved ions of a material which is capable of forming within the article oxide compounds having a perovskite-type structure, and terminating the implantation of the ions when a dose of at least 10.sup.15 ions per square centimeter has been implanted.The process may also include an oxidizing stage after the implantation of the ions. Examples of the process are described in which the article is made of a steel and the ions are selected from the group consisting of Y.sup.+, Sc.sup.+, Yb.sup.+, Ce.sup.+, La.sup.+ and Dy.sup.+.

Abstract: A shaping ferrous metal member used in a metal-working apparatus is heat-treated at about 1,000.degree. C. for several hours in an incompletely burning fuel gas, to provide a burned gas atmosphere composed of 0.5 to 5.0% of CO, 8 to 12% of CO.sub.2, 0 to 0.5% of O.sub.2. A tough iron oxide layer of high quality is tightly deposited with a uniform thickness by said heat-treatment on the surface of shaping metal member which is abrasively contacted by a sliding semifinished metal product. The advantageous effect of this method is that a consumable shaping metal member has a life 2 to 4 times longer than that of a metal member which is conventionally heat-treated in a completely-burning fuel gas.

Abstract: The electrical conductivity of metallic surfaces may be regenerated in situ by treating the surface with a regenerating agent in the form of a hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen halide may be utilized in either liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. If so desired, an ammonium salt such as ammonium chloride may also be used to enhance the regenerative powers of the hydrogen halide. For example, the surface of steel may be treated with hydrogen chloride and ammonium chloride to enhance the formation of ferric oxide which possesses a greater electrical conductivity than does ferrous oxide.

Abstract: Alumina whiskers are grown on cold-rolled Fe-Cr-Al alloy foil by a two-step oxidation treatment. A bare metal surface is initially oxidized by heating while exposing to a predominantly inert atmosphere containing 0.1 volume percent oxygen or less. Thereafter, the surface is further oxidized by heating while exposing to air to grow the whiskers. In a preferred embodiment, whisker-covered foil is coated with a catalyst-bearing alumina layer and suitably wound into a structure for use in an automotive catalytic converter.

Abstract: Fine magnetic particles with high saturation magnetization (over 140 emu/g) as well as high stability against oxidation in air, are produced by a process which comprises the first stage of oxidizing the surfaces of metallic particles consisting mainly of iron in an atmosphere containing both H.sub.2 O and H.sub.2 gases at an oxidizing temperature below 900.degree. C., and the second stage of further oxidizing the surfaces of the particles produced at the first stage in an atmosphere containing O.sub.2 gas.

Abstract: A gas containing a film forming component is shot through a shooting means in the form of a high speed stream of gas. The gas stream is shot toward the surface of a heated base where a film is to be deposited. The stream is directed at an inclination relative to the base surface. As the stream approaches the base surface it is subjected to the action of a high speed sucking stream of air produced by a sucking means. The sucking means causes the gas stream to flow in a V-shaped path with the upper ends of the V located at the shooting means and the sucking means, with the vertex of the V located therebetween. The film coating is placed on the surface of the base by allowing the base surface to contact the V-shaped path of the stream at the vertex of the path.

Abstract: In the process for preparing a magnetically stable powder comprising the steps of reducing an iron oxide precursor with a gaseous reduction agent and stabilizing the metallic powder thus produced, the improvement which comprises coating said iron oxide precursor with an antimony compound at a level of up to about 7 weight percent antimony based on the weight of the iron oxide content of the precursor and precipitating tin hydroxides or oxyhydroxides at a level of from about 0.5 to about 8.0 weight percent tin based on the weight of the iron oxide content of the precursor onto the antimony coated iron oxide precursor prior to said reduction.

Abstract: This case relates to a process for forming protective metal oxide films on metal or alloy substrate surfaces susceptible to coking, corrosion or catalytic activity. The process comprises first preoxidizing the substrate surface and then depositing on the pre-oxidized surface a metal oxide of Ca, Mg, Al, Ga, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb or Cr by vapor phase decomposition of a volatile compound of the metal which has at least one metal-oxygen bond. Nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, air or steam may be used as carrier gases for the metal compound.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolysis comprising (1) a substrate of iron or an alloy thereof; (2) a compact interlayer of Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 formed on the substrate, and (3) a coating of activating nickel comprising principally nickel or an alloy thereof formed on the Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 layer. In another embodiment, the interlayer (2) may be heat-treated to convert a part of the interlayer (2) into a nickel ferrite. The cathode is especially suitable for use in the electrolysis of an alkali metal halide, such as sodium chloride, using an ion exchange membrane method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for boronizing pieces made of metal or cermet and to surface-boronized pieces. The pieces are placed in a chamber at between 850.degree. and 1,150.degree. C. and they are subjected, in the presence of boron carbide, to a gaseous stream of trifluoroboroxole (BOF).sub.3. The boron carbide is advantageously pulverulent and out of contact with the pieces to be boronized.

Abstract: An iron powder developing carrier for developing an electrostatic latent image, a manufacturing method thereof, a developer containing said developing carrier and a method of forming a visible image by using said developer.Said iron powder developing carrier has the apparent density from 1.5 to 2.5. Said manufacturing method comprises the steps of sintering a raw iron powder having been ground to particles of not larger than 50 microns in diameter without using any binder agent at the temperature from 900.degree. to 1200.degree. C. to form an sintered body, grinding and classifying said sintered body into an intermediate iron powder having the particle diameter from 50 to 200 microns, then treating said intermediate iron powder to oxidize at the temperature from 280.degree. to 390.degree. C., and adjusting the resultant iron powder so as to have the apparent density from 1.5 to 2.5.

Abstract: The spectrally selective solar surfaces have been produced after heating the austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 at a firing temperature of 843.degree. K. and for firing times ranging from 10 to 20 minutes. The heating was carried out in a constant temperature oven under normal atmospheric conditions. The optimum values of solar absorptance .alpha..sub.s and near-normal emittance .epsilon..sub.s were found to be .alpha..sub.s =0.92+0.02, .epsilon..sub.s =0.22.+-.0.02 respectively. The corresponding values for the unheated steel were 0.50.+-.0.02 and 0.22.+-.0.22. Severe temperature treatments like quenching in liquid nitrogen at 77.degree. K. produced no adverse visible affect on the quality of the selective surfaces. It shows that the thermal coatings so produced are very tough and durable. The value of solar absorptance and near-normal thermal emittance remained unchanged after quenching in liquod nitrogen.

Abstract: A method for forming a two-layered carbide surface on a ferrous-alloy article containing at least 0.2 percent by weight of carbon. The formation of such a surface is effected by plating the ferrous alloy article with chromium, to form a chromium layer thereon, and heating the thus-plated article in contact with an element of Group Va and/or chromium (a) to diffuse carbon from the ferrous-alloy article into the chromium layer and convert the chromium layer to an intermediate chromium-carbide layer and (b) thereafter to combine carbon in the intermediate chromium-carbide layer with the element (of Group Va or chromium) and thus form a Group-Va-element-carbide layer and/or another chromium-carbide layer on the intermediate chromium-carbide layer.

Abstract: The invention alloy has the following by-weight composition:______________________________________ carbon 0.05 to 0.60% nickel 20 to 55% chromium 15 to 40% silicon 0.5 to 2% manganese 0.5 to 2% nitrogen 0.03 to 0.20% niobium 0 to 2% tungsten and/or molybdenum 0 to 5% aluminium 2 to 8% copper 0 to 5% iron and usual impurities in as small quantities as the balance possible ______________________________________an increased resistance to carburization is obtained by endogenous formation of a barrier opposing the penetration of aluminium.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is an improvement in chromizing methods, constituted by a method of chromizing steels to a depth e greater than 30 microns, usable for steels with a carbon content of at least 0.2%, especially for steels for construction work and steels for tools, characterized by the combination of three successive treatments, the first of these three treatments consisting of an ionic nitriding of a surface layer between 100 and 350 microns thick, this ionic nitriding being realized in an atmosphere constituted by a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen, at a temperature of between 450.degree. C. and 650.degree. C., for between 5 and 40 hours, so as to obtain between 1.5% and 2.5% nitrogen in the nitrided layer, the second of these treatments consisting of a chromizing by gaseous method forming chromium carbides, lasting between 5 and 30 hours, and realized at temperatures of between 850.degree. C. and 1,100.degree. C.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard, fine grained metal or semi-metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of the metal or semi-metal is partially reduced and then deposited as a liquid phase intermediate compound onto a substrate in the presence of an alloying gas. The liquid phase deposited on the substrate is then thermochemically reacted to produce the hard, fine grained alloy. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for treatment of metallized iron ore produced by direct reduction techniques principally for use in various iron and steelmaking furnaces. The apparatus and process receives the product from a direct reduction facility consisting of hot metallized fine sizes of reduced iron ore such as from a fluidized bed reactor system that can be combined with metallized iron ore pellets or like agglomerates from other types of direct reduction reactors. The present invention involves dry and wet treatment and handling apparatus and procedures wherewith the hot metallized fine sizes, optionally including metallized pellets or agglomerates, are rendered immune from reoxidation and degradation for unlimited periods of time whether in open storage or during transport, whereafter the stabilized product can be readily used in various types of iron and steelmaking furnaces.

Abstract: A process, and the compositions produced thereby, wherein an element characterized as aluminum, silicon or chromium, notably aluminum, is alloyed in relatively small concentrations with iron, cobalt or nickel, notably iron or cobalt, or both, which have relatively high Curie temperatures. Small amounts of yttrium, hafnium, zirconium or lanthanium can also be added. Alloys of specified composition are formed into particles of selected size, and the particles then contacted in an atmosphere of controlled oxygen activity at elevated temperature over selected time periods. By treatment with a low oxygen-containing, or low moisture-containing gas an oxide of the alloying element is formed which diffuses to the surface of the particles to form a film. The addition of these elements to the base metal necessarily, and unavoidably reduces the Curie temperature of the metal.

Abstract: Magnetically-responsive electrostatographic nickel carrier particles having semi-conductive and lower triboelectric charging properties are prepared by heat treating nickel particles in an ambient atmosphere as to provide the carrier particles with an oxide coating. More particularly, commercially available nickel particles are placed in a furnace and the particles are heat treated at a temperature of between about 600.degree. C. and about 1,000.degree. C. for a period of time of between about 5 and 10 minutes. When employed with finely-divided toner particles to develop electrostatic latent images in a magnetic-brush development apparatus, the treated carriers have been found to alleviate shorting problems and to provide developed images having lower background densities and higher resolution than prior carrier materials.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a corrosion resistant rotor assembly including heating the core of the rotor assembly which is made of a stack of thin steel laminations to a temperature sufficient so as to cause at least some oxidation of the core and the quenching the core in a temperature controlled bath of suitable oil so as to form a tough, corrosion resistant surface on the exposed surfaces of the rotor assembly.

Abstract: Card-clothing wire is manufactured for use on rollers in textile fibre processing machines. The wire is formed into a helical coil, with the teeth projecting radially from the rib of the wire, in the same manner as in the condition of use on the roller, and while in this helical coiled formation is subjected to a high temperature chromium diffusion process to produce a surface layer enriched with chromium, producing a surface hardness in excess of 1500 HV as measured on the Vickers hardness scale. Although the surface is well able to withstand the abrasive action of the fibres in use, it is not subjected to cracking, because of the precoiling of the wire before it is subjected to the diffusion process.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for hot-rolling non-ferrous metal bar in a plural stage rolling mill are disclosed. Each stage of the rolling mill is provided with a plurality of work rolls which have a predetermined hardness and toughness depending on their intended use in the rolling mill to improve the uniformity of the useful life of the rolls among the various stages of the mill. A method of heat treating the work rolls and an improved forged steel work roll are also disclosed. The steel used to make the rolls is a forged chromium-molybdenum alloy steel having a chromium content in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 percent. The heat treatment process provides the working surfaces of the rolls with a dense, tightly-adhering oxide layer to protect the rolls from the high temperatures and pressures encountered during the hot-rolling operation.

Abstract: A method of treating oxidized surfaces but especially metal surfaces using a mixture by which deep entry of porous rust can be achieved and reduction of the oxidation effected deep within the porous structure with substantial capacity to effect total conversion and especially with preferred chemicals, replacement with an insoluble protective coating can be effected. The process limits the need for physical removal of rust and the treatment of rust provides a different mechanism by which subsequent rusting can be reduced in the case of iron and steel and other metals.

Abstract: A method of making surface layers, with improved corrosion properties, on articles of iron-chromium alloys, and the article produced thereby. The article is heated in an oxygen containing gaseous atmosphere with a total vacuum of about 10.sup.-1 down to 10.sup.-8 mm Hg, preferably about 10.sup.-5 mm Hg, to a temperature, at which diffusion of the most reactive alloy component or components, primarily chromium, with respect to the tendency of combining with oxygen, to the surface becomes perceptible, at which temperature the remaining properties of the alloy substantially are maintained. For most iron-chromium alloys that temperature is between 300.degree. C. and 600.degree. C. The aforesaid condition of treatment, is maintained until a surface layer containing oxidized chromium has grown to a thickness of preferably 10.sup.-9 -10.sup.-7 m, and with respect to structure and composition is transformed from a condition on the surface to a condition in the matrix of the metal alloy.

Abstract: A method for preparing oxide coated microlaminations characterized by heating microlamination particles at a temperature of about 1375.degree. in an atmosphere having a dew point of 55.degree. to 85.degree. F. and an air-to-natural gas ratio of from about 10.5:1 to about 8:1 for a time sufficient to decarburize the particles to less than 0.005% carbon and to form on the particle surfaces an oxide coating having a thickness of from about 0.01 to about 0.10 mils.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an anti-corrosive oxide layer on steel. The steel surface is subjected to superheated steam for a period of one to several hours. Before subjecting the steel to the superheated steam, the steel surface is initially subjected to a gaseous formic acid atmosphere at a raised temperature of up to 480.degree. C. The treatment with superheated steam takes place during a further heating period in which a temperature between 450.degree. C. and 520.degree. C. is maintained under steam flow-through conditions in which the steam flow has a Reynolds number greater than 900.

Abstract: Glass or ceramic-to-metal composites or seals wherein the glass or ceramic is bonded to an iron base alloy consisting essentially of from 1-5% silicon and from 1-10% chromium, remainder iron. The alloy develops a thermal oxide film which consists essentially of chromium oxide and .alpha.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 which may comprise from 10 to 100% of the oxide film thickness on the metal. The invention also includes a process of bonding the glass or ceramic to the metal which eliminates the need of a prolonged heat treatment performed in a special atmosphere.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of cooling hot agglomerates containing metallic iron resulting from prereduction of iron oxide, by moving ambient atmospheric air rapidly over the agglomerates so that little if any reoxidation of the metallic iron results.Also disclosed is apparatus comprising a gas permeable support movable in a generally horizontal generally circular path and having a feeding station at which hot particulate material is deposited on the support in a bed of substantially uniform thickness in which the particles are at rest relative to each other, discharge means at another station angularly spaced along the path of travel of said support for lifting the particulate material from the support, means for passing cooling gas through the bed of material on the support as the support travels from the feeding to the discharge station, and means for receiving the discharged cooled material.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming an anti-corrosive, oxide layer on steel. The steel surface is subjected to superheated steam for a period of one to several hours. Before subjecting the steel to the superheated steam, a clean steel surface is initially heated to at least 200.degree. C. in a nitrogen, air, or oxygen atmosphere. The treatment with superheated steam takes place during a further heating period in which a temperature between 450.degree. C. and 520.degree. C. is reached and maintained under steam flow through conditions in which the steam flow is turbulent or should have a Reynolds number greater than 900.

Abstract: A method of surface treatment of aluminum-killed and low alloy steel strip and sheet for fluxless hot dip metallic coating which comprises heating the steel in a furnace atmosphere containing the hot gaseous combustion products of air with a sulfur bearing gaseous fuel including 5 to 1600 grains of sulfur per 100 cubic feet of fuel wherein the atmosphere includes sulfur compounds and from about 6% free oxygen to about 7% by volume excess combustibles whereby to form a sulfur and oxygen rich film on the steel surfaces, passing the steel into a further heating section wherein it is brought to a maximum temperature of about 593.degree. to about 927.degree. C. in a reducing atmosphere containing at least 10% hydrogen by volume, passing the steel into a cooling section having an atmosphere containing at least 10% hydrogen and the balance nitrogen whereby to reduce the sulfur and oxygen rich film to a metallic iron surface, and cooling the steel approximately to the temperature of the molten coating metal bath.

Abstract: A method of preparing the surfaces of steel strip and sheet stock for fluxless hot dip coating with molten metal by passing the stock through a first heating zone containing the hot gaseous products of combustion of a sulfur-bearing gaseous fuel with air, continuing the heating in a further heating zone, and cooling the stock approximately to the temperature of the molten coating metal in a reducing atmosphere. The radiant energy absorptivity of the stock is increased by forming a visible sulfur and oxygen rich layer thereon in the first heating zone and preserving the layer throughout the further heating zone. Coke oven gas may be used as fuel in the first heating zone.

Abstract: A method of preparing the surfaces of steel strip and sheet stock for fluxless hot dip metallic coating, comprising the steps of passing the stock through a first heating section under conditions which form a visible iron oxide layer on the stock surfaces within the color range of dark straw through blue, continuing the heating of the stock in a second heating section isolated from the first heating section in an atmosphere containing less than 5% hydrogen by volume, thereby preserving the oxide layer, and cooling the stock approximately to the temperature of the molten coating metal in a cooling zone containing a reducing atmosphere comprising at least 10% hydrogen by volume, whereby to reduce the oxide layer completely to a metallic iron surface wettable by the coating metal. The radiant energy absorptivity of the steel stock is increased by the formation and preservation of the iron oxide layer in the first and second heating sections.

Abstract: A heat radiation element has a substrate and a heat radiation layer formed on the substrate by oxides of a chromium-containing alloy. The oxides contain at least 35% by weight of chromium based on the total weight of the metals constituting the oxides.

Abstract: By employing evaporation techniques, small particles, of the order of 100 A, of Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 or FeO having relatively high magnetic moments can be fabricated.

Abstract: Low friction material particularly adapted for use at high temperatures in the regenerator portion of gas turbine engines, the material comprising a work surface layer on a substrate, the work surface layer prior to a break-in period comprising an iron oxide (wustite--FeO, magnetite--Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4, or hematite--Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3) matrix containing an interspersed trapping material in the interstices thereof, the trapping material comprising an inorganic compound such as a salt or oxide; and subsequent to the break-in period, the work surface layer acquires a substantially continuous film of hematite--Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 iron oxide in which the hexagonal Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 crystals or cells provide a highly oriented structure. Transfer of the oriented film to the mating surface occurs during run-in.

Abstract: A one side plated metal of excellent appearance and quality can be obtained by dipping the material into a plating bath. In this case, one side of the material is oxidized just before it enters the bath so as to form an oxide film on that side and leave it unplated. As soon as it is pulled up from the bath it is maintained under reducing atmosphere so as to prevent adherence of the plating metal to the oxide film.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of selectively boronizing of the surface of ferrous metal that is characterized by applying to such area as is not to be boronized a coating consisting essentially of finely divided titanium dioxide, finely divided carbonaceous material and an anhydrous binding agent in effective amounts to form a boronizing resist having boronizing resistance during boronizing, then boronizing the ferrous metals at a temperature at which the coating forms the boronizing resist and subsequently removing the boronizing resist. Also disclosed are compositions for preferred applications of the coating and additional details on preferred embodiments.

Abstract: Substrate surfaces are rendered resistant to coking by vaporizing an alkoxysilane in contact with the surface to form a protective layer of silica thereon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a selective absorption surface of a solar collector in which a coating layer consisting of the predetermined composition of metal oxide is tightly adhered to a substrate having the mirror-like surface in the predetermined thickness.The composition of metal oxide consists of those comprising 0.001 - 0.15 wt % of C, 0.005 - 3.00 wt % of Si, 0.005-10.00 wt % of Mn, 11.00 - 30.00 wt % of Cr, 0.005 - 22.00 wt % of Ni, optionally, 0.75 - 5.00 wt % of Mo and the balance being Fe or those comprising instead of Cr, 0.001 - 5.0 wt % of at least one of metals selected from the group of N, Cu, Al, V, Y, Ti, Nb, Ta, U, Th, W, Zr, and Hf, the atom ratio of Metal/Carbon + additional element being more than 5.0. An acidic oxidation method and an alkaline oxidation method are applied to manufacture oxide of the metal compositions.It has been observed that the superior selective absorption surface showing high energy absorption factor at a wave length of 0.3 - 2.5 .mu.

Abstract: A surface film of oxide on iron or steel is converted to a corrosion-resistant film by treatment with a composition comprising an aqueous dispersion or emulsion of a synthetic binding agent and a complexing agent for the iron which is a polymeric esterification product of an aromatic oxycarboxylic acid containing phenolic groups and a substance selected from the group consisting of acid anhydrides and substituted acid anhydrides. Advantageously the composition further comprises a solution of a synthetic plastics material.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid compatible metals and a heat pipe manufactured by that process. One example of the process comprises the formation of an aluminum oxide surface layer on an aluminum bearing steel alloy by heating the steel to a high temperature in an oxidizing environment.

Abstract: A method of surface conditioning a stainless steel to remove oxides and imperfections therefrom whereby the steel is heated in a controlled atmosphere having an oxygen potential, (log P.sub.O.sbsb.2) between (-29,280/T) + 5.6 and (-27,840/T) + 8.1 where T is the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin.

Abstract: A process for the passivation of discrete particles of ferrosilicon containing 30-90% by weight silicon comprises contacting the particles with a gaseous oxidizing agent at a temperature between 800.degree.-1150.degree. C for a time ranging between 1-12 hours. The treated particles can be admixed with a binding agent to form a paste which, in turn, is used as a coating for shielded arc electrodes.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of titanium is reduced off the surface of a substrate and then reacted with a volatile halide of boron, carbon or silicon to effect the deposition on a substrate of an intermediate compound of titanium in a liquid phase. The liquid compound on the substrate is then reacted in the presence of hydrogen to produce a hard deposit containing titanium and boron, carbon or silicon. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: Fluoroelastomers, including ultra high temperature, thermally stable fluoroelastomers, are bonded to a metal backing member by (a) compounding the fluoroelastomers with CaO, (b) curing the fluoroelastomers in contact with a pretreated surface of the metal member, and (c) postcuring the fluoroelastomers/metal unit at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A blackening process of producing an oxide layer consisting predominantly of Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 on an iron surface in an oxidizing atmosphere and at a temperature of from 500.degree. to 650.degree. C, whereby the oxidizing atmosphere is produced by understoichiometrically burnt fuel gas without removal of water from the combustion gases. In the combustion chamber, the apparent reaction temperature is controlled by cooling to provide an apparent reaction temperature of from 500.degree. to 800.degree. C. The combustion products are conducted into a heated blackening chamber at a temperature substantially above the dew point of the combustion products. The CO characteristic of the combustion gases is monitored and is used to control the air and fuel supplies.

Abstract: The stabilization of pyrophorous iron powder in a liquid medium can be carried out in a very short time and particularly carefully when the powders are contacted with organic compounds which contain nitrogen bound to oxygen, for example, nitromethane, nitrobenzene or nitrosobenzene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transparent panel capable of transmitting a desired proportion of visible radiation while reflecting a large proportion of incident solar radiation, and a method of preparing same, by sputtering an iron, nickel and chromium alloy to obtain a transparent metal film, and reactively sputtering the same or a similar alloy in the presence of oxygen. In one preferred embodiment, the metal film lies between the substrate and the metal oxide film which provides a continuous protective overlayer. In another preferred embodiment, the metal oxide film lies between the substrate and the metal film. The use of such panels can materially reduce the energy required for summer air conditioning when used for glazing in a building, vehicle or other structure.