Traction Or Manual Operation Of Air Pump Or Fan Patents (Class 15/341)
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Patent number: 11291987Abstract: A permanent-magnet piston subassembly (10) for a pipetting apparatus, the piston subassembly (10) extending along a piston axis (K) and comprising a plurality of permanent-magnet arrangements (14a to 14m) that are arranged one behind another along the piston axis (K) with alternatingly opposite polarization directions in such a way that for each two permanent-magnet arrangements (14i, 14j) directly successive along the piston axis, it is the case that magnetic poles located closest to one another along the piston axis (K), of different successive permanent-magnetic arrangements (14a to 14m), are like poles, is characterized in that the piston subassembly (10) encompasses a sheath tube (12), extending along the piston axis (K) constituting a tube axis (H), in which the plurality of permanent-magnet arrangements (14a to 14m) are received.Type: GrantFiled: October 11, 2017Date of Patent: April 5, 2022Assignee: Hamilton Bonaduz AGInventors: Hans-Peter Romer, Heidi Cattaneo
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Patent number: 10946464Abstract: A device to unclog orifices in a workpiece is provided. The device includes a lower portion configured to receive the workpiece and an upper portion configured to secure the workpiece to the lower portion. The upper portion includes a tube configured to receive a piston. An unclogging material is placed in the tube portion, and the piston forces the unclogging material through the orifices.Type: GrantFiled: December 19, 2018Date of Patent: March 16, 2021Inventor: Harry Van Steel, III
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Patent number: 10618127Abstract: The present invention defines a tool including a heating device including a method and apparatus to allow the user to check whether, or be notified when, the soldered electronic component is completely removed from a substrate after the solder is sufficiently melted.Type: GrantFiled: December 13, 2016Date of Patent: April 14, 2020Assignee: Hakko Corp.Inventors: Yoshitomo Teraoka, Hisao Nemoto
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Patent number: 9114441Abstract: A handheld nozzle cleaning device includes a cylinder and piston disposed within the cylinder. The piston is movable between a latched position, in which air is compressed, and an unlatched position, in which air is drawn into the cylinder. The handheld nozzle cleaning device also includes a valve and a nozzle disposed at one end of the cylinder. Manual operation of the piston, defined by linear movement of the piston in a first direction, both releases the piston from the latched position and draws air into the cylinder. The compressed air flows out of the cylinder through the nozzle when the valve is opened. Also, manual operation of the piston in a second direction opposite the first direction both compresses air within the cylinder and secures the piston in the latched position.Type: GrantFiled: June 7, 2013Date of Patent: August 25, 2015Assignee: Innoquest, Inc.Inventors: William C. Hughes, Jason A. Pilman
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Publication number: 20150121647Abstract: A compact machine for cleaning floors includes a solution tank and dispensing system for dispensing solution onto the surface to be cleaned, a deck assembly for guiding dirty solution to a recovery pickup point, a mechanically operated pump for collecting the dirty solution from the recovery pickup point, and a recovery tank for receiving the collected fluid.Type: ApplicationFiled: January 8, 2015Publication date: May 7, 2015Inventors: Daniel C. Venard, Adam Bearup
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Publication number: 20150121648Abstract: A compact machine for cleaning floors includes a solution tank and dispensing system for dispensing solution onto the surface to be cleaned, a deck assembly for guiding dirty solution to a recovery pickup point, a mechanically operated pump for collecting the dirty solution from the recovery pickup point, and a recovery tank for receiving the collected fluid.Type: ApplicationFiled: January 8, 2015Publication date: May 7, 2015Inventors: Daniel C. Venard, Adam Bearup
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Publication number: 20140041146Abstract: A compact machine for cleaning floors includes a solution tank and dispensing system for dispensing solution onto the surface to be cleaned, a deck assembly for guiding dirty solution to a recovery pickup point, a mechanically operated pump for collecting the dirty solution from the recovery pickup point, and a recovery tank for receiving the collected fluid.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 7, 2013Publication date: February 13, 2014Applicant: Karcher North America, Inc.Inventors: Daniel C. Venard, Adam Bearup
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Patent number: 6996874Abstract: An air jet for a machine tool to clean cutting dust has a housing with a hole and an outlet. An eccentric member has a cam and is provided in the housing which the eccentric member is driven by a power resource of the machine tool for rotation. An annular transmission is engaged with the eccentric member. A driving member is driven by the transmission for linear reciprocating motion. A flexible film is provided in the housing covering the outlet and has an inlet corresponding to the driving member, wherein the inlet of the film is sealed and the film is pressed for strain while the driving member is moved toward the film, and a tube has an end thereof connected with the outlet.Type: GrantFiled: May 16, 2003Date of Patent: February 14, 2006Assignee: QAV Equipment and Tools Inc.Inventor: Chun-Nan Liu
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Patent number: 6880873Abstract: A vacuum pump for pet litter comprises a housing and a litter container at one end of the housing. A piston is located in the housing which reciprocates between a first position and a second position wherein movement of the piston from the first position to the second position produces a vacuum in the litter container. The pump includes a spring for urging the piston towards the second position, a handle for moving the piston to the first position and a holding member which holds the piston at the first position. Operation of a release trigger permits the piston to move from the first to the second position.Type: GrantFiled: May 23, 2002Date of Patent: April 19, 2005Inventor: Stoimen N. Stoev
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Patent number: 6564422Abstract: A vacuum cleaner is provided which has a simple structure and exerts suction without involving discharge of gas at all so that it can be used in extremely clean environments. A vacuum cleaner (100) comprises a vacuum tank (1) which is previously evacuated to create a vacuum inside, a valve (2) for keeping the vacuum tank 1 airtight, and a suction unit (20) attached to the valve (2); the valve (2) is opened when the vacuum cleaner (100) is used. The valve (2) is a so-called gate valve and the vacuum tank (1) is kept airtight when the gate valve element (22) in the valve (2) is closed. A connection inlet (23) is attached to the valve (2) on the side opposite to its surface attached to the vacuum tank (1). A connection adapter (31) is screwed into the connection inlet (23) and an attachment, e.g. a flexible suction hose (32), is attached to the connection adapter (31).Type: GrantFiled: October 12, 2001Date of Patent: May 20, 2003Assignee: Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki KaishaInventor: Masakazu Nakabayashi
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Patent number: 6314609Abstract: A mouth powered vacuum is provide with a cap with a lip at a lower end attached around a mouth of a bottle. The lip is made of a resilient material, so that it can be snapped on and off the bottle without twisting. A curved intake channel is connected between a side and a bottom of the cap. A flexible pickup tube is inserted into the intake channel at the side of the cap for being swept over objects to be picked up. A generally rigid mouth piece is integrally attached to the cap, and positioned sideward and upward for being sucked by a user. The angle between the mouthpiece and the bottle is selected to enable the bottle to be held comfortably when the mouthpiece is placed between the user's lips. A mouthpiece channel is connected between a distal end of the mouthpiece and the bottom of the cap. The inner end of the mouthpiece channel is enlarged relative to the outer end. A screen is positioned across the enlarged inner end of the mouthpiece channel for preventing the user from inhaling the objects.Type: GrantFiled: February 7, 2000Date of Patent: November 13, 2001Inventor: Connie George
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Publication number: 20010005915Abstract: A computer mouse cleaner and method for cleaning a computer mouse device with a computer mouse ball located in an interior ball cavity that has a plurality of mouse contact rollers and a plurality of mechanical parts. The mouse cleaner includes a motor, a shaft rotatably driven by the motor, and a cleaning surface connected to the shaft for rotatable movement therewith for cleaning the plurality of mouse contact rollers and the plurality of mechanical parts in the interior ball cavity. The method includes removing the computer mouse ball from the interior ball cavity; inserting the cleaning surface of the mouse cleaner into the interior ball cavity; and rotating the cleaning surface with the motor of the mouse cleaner so as to cause one or more of the plurality of mouse contact rollers to roll and thereby be cleaned by the cleaning surface.Type: ApplicationFiled: February 22, 2001Publication date: July 5, 2001Applicant: Technology Creations, Inc.Inventors: David Naghi, Herschel Naghi, Eric A. Hanscom
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Patent number: 5997657Abstract: A hand held tool is used to remove cerumen and other debris through an existing aperture in a hearing aid by evacuating a tip placed in or over the aperture. In one embodiment, the tip is evacuated when a spring-loaded piston in a cylinder coupled to the tip is released to move quickly away from the aperture.Type: GrantFiled: April 14, 1999Date of Patent: December 7, 1999Inventor: Steven T. Rademacher
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Patent number: 5906022Abstract: A remote control apparatus with a cleaning mechanism comprises a controller accommodated in a housing and a cleaning device assembled to the housing. The user holds the apparatus and makes a selection so as to remotely control the electric appliance. The cleaning device outwardly extends from the housing. The user rubs the surface of the electric appliance with the cleaning device pressed against the electric appliance, thereby cleaning the surface of the electric appliance. The cleaning device includes a cleaning element and an extend-retract mechanism. The cleaning element may be a brush, a sheet of cloth, or belt of cloth. The extend-retract mechanism causes the cleaning element to move to an operative position where the cleaning element is extended for cleaning the electric appliance and to a non-operative position where the cleaning element is retracted into the housing.Type: GrantFiled: January 26, 1998Date of Patent: May 25, 1999Assignee: Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki KaishaInventors: Takashi Ohkawa, Akio Kirimura, Mitsue Takamori
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Patent number: 5898972Abstract: A hand held tool removes cerumen and other debris through an existing aperture in a hearing aid by evacuating a tip placed in or over the aperture. In one embodiment, the tip is evacuated when a spring-loaded piston in a cylinder coupled to the tip is released to move quickly away from the aperture.Type: GrantFiled: September 19, 1996Date of Patent: May 4, 1999Inventor: Steven T. Rademacher
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Patent number: 5669099Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for using compressed air to dislodge a clog from a drain. The system includes a main housing defined by a handle component and a minor housing component. The handle component includes a rod and piston for use in delivering compressed air to the minor housing. The device further includes a spring-biased trigger for use in selectively delivering compressed air from the device into a clogged drain. Furthermore, the system of the present invention includes a plurality of drain closure members of various sizes adapted to fit into various sized drains. Thus, the user may select the appropriate sized drain closure depending on the specific application of the device.Type: GrantFiled: February 5, 1996Date of Patent: September 23, 1997Inventor: Joe Porcasi
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Patent number: 5613270Abstract: A motorless floor washing machine comprising a frame carrying a suction pump, wheels carried by the frame for moving of the machine and actuation of the pump to suck up a liquid, a handle for moving the frame and elements carried thereby, thereby to move the wheels and actuate the pump, a recovery tank fed by the pump, and a dispenser carried by the frame for discharging a cleaning liquid in front of the pump, whereby upon manual movement of the machine and discharge of a cleaning liquid carried thereby onto a floor, the cleaning liquid cleans the floor and is thereafter sucked up by the pump.Type: GrantFiled: December 30, 1993Date of Patent: March 25, 1997Assignees: David M. Alvarez, John M. AlvarezInventors: John M. Alvarez, David M. Alvarez
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Patent number: 5551121Abstract: A squeegee-type mopping device including an elongated tubular rigid container having an open upper end and an open lower end; a head having a hollow interior, an upper open extent coupled to the lower end of the container to allow communication therebetween, a lower extent having a peripheral lower edge bounding an opening that allows access to the interior, and a flexible blade removably coupled to the lower edge and extended downwards therefrom; and an elongated plunger having an upper end and a lower end and with the lower end slidably disposed within the container to form a moveable seal, the opening of the head positionable upon a surface covered with liquid and with extension of the plunger creating a suctioning force for pulling the liquid through the head and into the container and with retraction of the plunger ejecting water from the container and through the opening.Type: GrantFiled: July 10, 1995Date of Patent: September 3, 1996Inventor: Rafael Vazquez, Jr.
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Patent number: 5280668Abstract: A replaceable tip for a hand held vacuum stroke desoldering tool. The tip or nozzle element is retained in a bore, in the otherwise closed front end of the tool, by a rear retaining shoulder and a forward compressible skirt-like barb which when radially compressed permits the removal or insertion of the tip element.Type: GrantFiled: December 10, 1992Date of Patent: January 25, 1994Inventor: William S. Fortune
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Patent number: 5187833Abstract: A suction pump for removing molten solder having a piston spring driven away from the nozzle so as to induce a vacuum and draw molten solder into the barrel. The stroke of the barrel is controlled by a detent including a cross-pin 19 which can be selectively engaged with any one of a series of notches in the piston rod, so that the length of the spring driven stroke depends upon which notch was engaged when the detent is released.Type: GrantFiled: December 16, 1991Date of Patent: February 23, 1993Assignee: ZB New Products LimitedInventor: Zdzislaw Bieganski
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Patent number: 5122285Abstract: A pool cleaning method and apparatus in which a vortex is generated to concentrate foreign material at the center of the pool. The vortex can be generated by a pool scrubbing procedure carried out in a systematic manner. The scrubbing and vortex inducing procedure can be carried out by manual means. Large particulate matter is thus suspended in the vortex center and can be removed from the pool with a commercially avaiable strainer. Fine particulate sediment is then removed from the pool center by a manually reciprocated suction device which draws debris laden water from the floor of the pool through a disc shaped filter which retains microscopic particulates. Filtered water is then ejected through the top of the device's barrel assembly.Type: GrantFiled: June 11, 1990Date of Patent: June 16, 1992Inventor: James J. Tartal
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Patent number: 5081739Abstract: A solder-removing tool has a cylinder with a nozzle at one end thereof and a shaft with a piston assembly slidable in the cylinder. A latching assembly is disposed at the other end of the cylinder and latches the shaft in an extended position. A spring is fixed to a spring seat which is received on an annular flange of the cylinder near the latching assembly. A damping assembly employs a floating washer between the latching assembly and the spring seat, and employs a pair of exhaust ports and a compression port respectively formed through the latching assembly and the spring seat. The damping assembly absorbs the shock produced by the recoil of the spring from the extended position.Type: GrantFiled: June 25, 1991Date of Patent: January 21, 1992Inventor: James Kao
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Patent number: 4686737Abstract: A hand held, spring actuated, vacuum desoldering implement is disclosed having a tubular body and a forward end cap portion thereof. The end cap has a central bore for removeably retaining a small, tubular Teflon nozzle element. The rear end of the nozzle element is formed with an increased diameter retainer collar portion to limit its forward and outward disposition within the end cap bore. The nozzle element is provided with an annular, O-ring retaining groove disposed axially contiguously to the forward end of the end cap; and an O-ring is disposed therein to retain in cooperation with its retainer collar, the nozzle element within the end cap portion. The outer diameter of the nozzle is less than that of the end cap bore whereby the nozzle element is provided with a nutational freedom of movement about its rear retaining collar connection with the end cap, this motion being cushioned and limited by compressing the O-ring laterally.Type: GrantFiled: August 28, 1985Date of Patent: August 18, 1987Inventor: William S. Fortune
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Patent number: 4660249Abstract: A suction device, particularly intended for use as a soft-solder suction device in soldering operations. The suction device includes a housing (1) having a cylindrical chamber (2) and a suction pipe (11) connected to one end of the chamber. Arranged for axial movement in the chamber is piston (4). The piston is arranged to move extremely rapidly through the chamber, from a starting position located adjacent the suction pipe, in response to the release of a force acting automatically upon the piston. This piston movement creates a subpressure, which results in an effective suction effect at the tip of the suction pipe (11). In order to enable the suction device to be held absolutely still when movement of the piston (4) is initiated, the piston is arranged to be operated electromagnetically. The electromagnetic force is initiated by means of a switch which is separate from the suction device and which is foot-operated or arranged to be operated by some other part of the body.Type: GrantFiled: March 2, 1984Date of Patent: April 28, 1987Inventor: Stojan Popovic
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Patent number: 4584733Abstract: A self-contained hand operated device for cleaning spas, pools and the like of debris comprises an elongated tube having an open lower end and a piston slidably mounted in the tube for drawing water and debris in through the lower end. A piston rod projects upwardly out of the tube and is connected to a handle for manual operation of the piston. A filter for removing debris from water drawn into the tube is provided, and a one-way check valve traps debris in the filter. The piston includes a one-way valve for allowing water to flow past it during each downstroke of the piston. An exit passageway for water trapped in the upper part of the tube is provided which directs water ejected during each upstroke in a direction towards the lower end of the device and has exit openings adjacent a lower part of the tube.Type: GrantFiled: December 17, 1984Date of Patent: April 29, 1986Assignee: Saresearch CorporationInventors: Fred R. Tietge, Ronald J. Sargent
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Patent number: 4478448Abstract: An animal excrement removal device is provided which includes an excrement containing housing adapted to receive and retain the excrement; a piston adapted to generate sufficient suction to draw the excrement into the housing; a priming device adapted to actuate the piston; and a trigger adapted to release the piston from its actuated position and generate sufficient suction in the housing in order to draw the excrement therein. The housing may be baffled to prevent the excrement from being drawn up into the piston. Alternatively, a disposable bag may be utilized within the housing to assist the owner in readily disposing of the excrement. The priming device may be mechanically or electrically assisted.Type: GrantFiled: June 7, 1982Date of Patent: October 23, 1984Inventor: Karmen D. Albert
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Patent number: 4429434Abstract: This invention offers a novel toothbrush capable of comfortably performing normal toothbrushing action, massaging the gums and teeth, and conveniently sucking and jetting out the food residues caught at the gaps between the teeth in general and between the molars in particular.Type: GrantFiled: January 27, 1982Date of Patent: February 7, 1984Inventor: Peng Sung-shan
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Patent number: 4386445Abstract: A dynamic vacuum cleaning device permits continuous or intermittent extraction, aspiration and elimination of solid dusts and particles from a stationary or moving surface. The vacuum is created by forcing a gas at high velocity into a venturi. A tube extending from the venturi will have a negative pressure created therein, resulting in a suction. A brush may optionally be fitted to the end of the vacuum tube. An adjustable cam is provided to control the amount of suction. The device can be used for the vacuum cleaning of sensitive optical, phonic or delicate micromechanical apparatus.Type: GrantFiled: May 27, 1981Date of Patent: June 7, 1983Inventor: Alain Rudolf
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Patent number: 4372700Abstract: A reservoir brush useful for washing automobiles and the like has a vacuum creating pump operable in a chamber in which an expandable bladder resides in order to draw fluid through the head of a brush to which the bladder is attached and into the bladder, wherein the chamber is vented, facilitating collapse of the bladder and run-out of the fluid when the pump is not operating, the pump including a check valve facilitating the pumping action.Type: GrantFiled: June 24, 1981Date of Patent: February 8, 1983Inventor: Merritt L. Moffitt, Jr.
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Patent number: 4292706Abstract: A heavy duty, pneumatic or manually operable hand-held desoldering tool. The tool comprises a hollow cylindrical large size barrel. There is further provided a hollow plunger loading cylinder and a plunger assembly removably mounted on the plunger loading cylinder. A plunger loading member is concentric with the plunger loading cylinder and includes a hollow cylinder slidable within the loading cylinder. A plunger loading guide is disposed concentric with and partially surrounding the plunger loading cylinder. Spring means are disposed in the plunger loading cylinder for urging the loading member outwardly and away from the loading cylinder. Trigger means are connected to the barrel and externally actuable for locking the plunger loading cylinder in its cocked, loaded position and for releasing it. Heavy duty spring means are disposed in the barrel and are retained between the plunger and the rear end of the barrel for rapidly returning the plunger rearwards upon release of the trigger means.Type: GrantFiled: August 20, 1979Date of Patent: October 6, 1981Inventor: William S. Fortune
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Patent number: 4274176Abstract: A tool for removing solder comprises a tubular body having a nozzle at one end thereof and a piston device arranged to reciprocate within the tubular body to produce a suction effect through the nozzle during a solder removing operation. The piston device includes a piston rod and a piston member slidably mounted on the rod with a spring operating to urge the piston member relative to the rod in a direction toward the nozzle and with a stop member limiting movement of the piston member in this direction.Type: GrantFiled: November 20, 1979Date of Patent: June 23, 1981Assignee: Toolema ABInventors: Hans Undin, Hans Wiener
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Patent number: 4206531Abstract: A suction pump for removing excess soldering tin at a soldered joint. The suction pump has a tensionable piston which jumps or snaps back upon a release thereof. A shock occurs in the suction pump and is transmitted onto a collecting nozzle. A shock absorbing device is mounted in axial direction in the collecting nozzle and absorbs the shock to act positively on the operation.Type: GrantFiled: September 9, 1977Date of Patent: June 10, 1980Assignee: Homax AGInventor: Walter Haeuptli
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Patent number: 4206864Abstract: A hand-held, trigger-actuated gun heats solder to be removed from a workpiece and sucks the molten solder from a hollow tip through a small-diameter suction tube into a larger-diameter chamber from which it may be removed at intervals through a discharge tube. The tip placed in contact with the solder is heated by a heater of the type used in soldering irons. A cylinder communicates with the chamber in such manner that solder is not drawn into the cylinder. The piston in the cylinder is actuated either by a solenoid energized when the trigger is pulled or by a mechanical linkage connected to the trigger.Type: GrantFiled: June 23, 1977Date of Patent: June 10, 1980Inventor: George P. Rauchwerger
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Patent number: 4204299Abstract: A replaceable tip assembly for desoldering tools includes an end cap and a nozzle tip in the end cap. The end cap has a frustoconical front portion and a rear cylindrical portion, both being concentric with the central axis thereof. The end cap has a central bore extending therethrough provided with an inwardly extending annular detent. An annular relief is provided between the cylindrical and frustoconical portions so that the inner core is flexible. The nozzle tip has a generally cylindrical outer surface and a central bore extending therethrough. The nozzle tip also has an annular recess cooperating with the annular detent of the end cap. Preferably the annular detent on the end cap and the annular recess on the nozzle tip are disposed about halfway between the two end planes of the end cap.Type: GrantFiled: July 7, 1978Date of Patent: May 27, 1980Inventor: William S. Fortune
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Patent number: 4193160Abstract: A solder evacuation system for removing molten solder from multiple holes in a printed circuit board. The system comprises a hollow cup assembly adapted to contact the printed circuit board. The cup assembly includes a resilient mouth adapted to contact the circuit board and encircle the molten solder area. Conduit means are connected to the cup assembly and in communication with the interior thereof. A vacuum source is connected to the conduit means and is operative for instantaneously generating a vacuum. The vacuum source comprises a hollow cylinder having a piston therein and a port to which the conduit is connected. The piston is connected to spring means which are operative when enabled to instantaneously pull the piston down the cylinder to create the vacuum. Quick-acting latch means are provided coupled to the piston to enable the piston to be withdrawn by the spring instantaneously in response to the unlatching of the latch means.Type: GrantFiled: October 7, 1977Date of Patent: March 18, 1980Assignee: Nu-Concept Computer Systems, Inc.Inventor: Harold F. Vandermark
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Patent number: 4094031Abstract: Cleaning apparatus for cleaning selected small areas of a swimming pool comprising hand operated vacuum inducing means, water inlet tubes attached to the vacuum inducing means, and debris retaining and removal means within said tubes.Type: GrantFiled: December 20, 1976Date of Patent: June 13, 1978Inventor: Alfonso J. Cellini
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Patent number: 4048693Abstract: In the apparatus for regeneration of filters for antidust respirators according to the invention, a pump for blowing air through the filter comprises two coaxially mounted bellows with common bottom and top walls. The bottom wall is rigidly fixed in the casing of the apparatus and has passages for the admission of air into the space between the bellows, and for discharging dust-laden air from the interior of the inner bellows. The top wall supports an adaptor with a cover, for mounting the filter being regenerated.The apparatus according to the invention enables the bidirectional blowing of the filter, thus improving the quality of regeneration and reducing the time required for cleaning.Type: GrantFiled: January 29, 1975Date of Patent: September 20, 1977Inventors: Iosif Maxovich Axelrod, Anton Savvich Alengoz, Viktor Nikolaevich Luchko, Valentin Alexandrovich Mukhin, Ignat Leontievich Nikolenko, Igor Alexandrovich Potapenko
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Patent number: 3965608Abstract: A manually operated, manually-powered, hand held suction device for capturing insects, solder, or other small objects by creating and then discharging a stored vacuum. A suction pulse is produced by initially creating a vacuum in an internal storage chamber of the suction device by using a manually operated piston pump, and subsequently creating an instantaneous suction into the muzzle or nozzle of the device and thence into the storage chamber by opening a trigger actuated shutter valve which lies in the barrel between the chamber and the atmosphere. The pump may include two check valves whereby repeated operation of the pump strengthens the stored vacuum. The object is sucked into the valve and toward the chamber where it is stopped by a screen. The object can then be ejected back through the muzzle by reversing the check valves or the direction of motion of the piston, pressurizing the chamber by means of the piston pump, and again pulling the trigger.Type: GrantFiled: May 1, 1974Date of Patent: June 29, 1976Inventor: Mark Schuman