Abstract: A method of forming a coated article is disclosed. The method involves heating a magnesium alloy component, positioning the component in a mold such that a gap exists between component outer surfaces and mold inner surfaces, and heating a magnesium-containing alloy material above its melting temperature, which is lower than that of the component. The material is formed from magnesium alloyed with i) the component element, but at a higher concentration, ii) at least one element that is different than the component element, or iii) the component element and at least one other element. The method further includes introducing the material into the gap, thereby covering at least the outer surfaces of the component, and cooling the material to form a substantially evenly distributed solidified coating on the outer surfaces of the component. The coating has a higher wear and/or corrosion resistance than that of the magnesium alloy component.

Abstract: A method of forming metal castings includes positioning a first end of a structural member in a first mold cavity and a second end of the structural member in a second mold cavity. The first and second mold cavities are fluidly coupled to a reservoir of molten metal. A main pressure is applied to the molten metal in the reservoir to force the molten metal into the first and second mold cavities. First and second auxiliary pressures are applied to the first and second mold cavities to densify the castings formed in the first and second mold cavities. Another method for casting includes maintaining a main pressure at or less than an initial, mold-filling pressure after the first and second mold cavities have been filled. Additionally, a method for detecting whether a first mold cavity is sufficiently filled with molten metal includes monitoring a moveable element.

Abstract: A feedback control circuit and method for controlling laser frequency employing an interferometric phase sensor which accepts a light output from a laser and combines a phase modulated version of the light output, with an unmodulated version. By modulating only one component of the signal in the interferometric sensor, the improved noise characteristics are obtained, while demodulation can be performed relatively easily and cheaply. Methods and enclosures for reducing ambient noise in an interferometer or the delay coil thereof are also described.

Abstract: A hybrid yoke for a vehicle driveshaft assembly includes a cast iron portion having a pair of opposed yoke arms at a first end. The hybrid yoke also includes a steel portion having a yoke end and a shaft end, the shaft end for coupling to the driveshaft assembly and the yoke end for insertion into a second end of the cast iron portion.

Abstract: A cylinder block has a cast cylinder liner. A different level portion with a predetermined width is provided in a projected part formed along the lower end-face of the cylinder liner, in the centrifugal direction of the cylinder liner. In this case, the different level portion has a width corresponding to the dimensional tolerance range with respect to a finished inside diameter dimension position, and a outer circumference edge of the different level portion is provided in the outer circumference side farther than the finished inside diameter dimension position. Displacement of a hole is detected by checking the different level portion after machining the internal circumference of the cylinder liner.

Abstract: A method of making a frictionally damped part including providing a frictional damping insert including downwardly extending support legs stamped out of a body portion of the insert.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to creating blocks of aluminum and/or copper material having embedded TPG elements for forming heatsinks. The metal blocks have an improved thermal conductivity in the X-Y plane. Furthermore, the TPG-embedded heatsinks can be created using methods capable of being performed using various machines and equipment in many various facilities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound body comprising cemented carbide and steel with a carbon content corresponding to a carbon equivalent Ceq=wt-% C+0.3(wt-% Si+wt-% P) of from about 0.1 to about 0.85 wt-%. The body is particularly useful for earth moving tools e.g. dredge cutter heads.

Abstract: One embodiment of the invention may include a product including a body portion including a first face and a frictional damping insert overlying the first face of the body portion. The body portion may include a second face overlying the insert. The insert may have a throughhole and a portion of the body portion may extend from the first face through the throughhole and the insert to the second face of the body portion.

Abstract: A method including positioning an insert in a vertical mold including a first mold portion and a second mold portion; and casting a material including a metal around at least a portion of the insert.

Abstract: A method of forming metal castings, including positioning a first end of a structural member in a first mold cavity and a second end of the structural member in a second mold cavity. The first and second mold cavities being fluidly coupled to a reservoir of molten metal. Applying a main pressure to the molten metal in the reservoir to force the molten metal into the first mold cavity and the second mold cavity. Then, applying a first auxiliary pressure to the first mold cavity and a second auxiliary pressure to the second mold cavity to density the casting formed in the first mold cavity and the second mold cavity. Also, a method for casting including maintaining a main pressure at or less than an initial, mold-filling pressure after first and second mold cavities have been filled. Additionally, a method for detecting whether a first mold cavity is sufficiently filled with molten metal by monitoring a moveable element.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of magnetic tip of tape measure comprising: first step which is preparing a conducting magnet material which is still not magnetized; second step which is setting said conducting magnet material into a die; third step which is casting a form material to produce a tip of tape measure structure and making said form material to combine with said conducting magnet material; fourth step which is magnetizing said conducting magnet material and manufacturing a magnetic tip of tape measure.

Abstract: A mold assembly device for use in sand casting of engine cylinder blocks is disclosed, the mold assembly device includes a magnet for securing a cast-in-place cylinder bore liner during assembly of a mold package, wherein the magnet militates against undesirable movement of the bore liner during assembly of the mold package.

Abstract: An artificial bone includes a bone-shaped hollow metal body confining a sealed space and having two opposite closed ends, and a porous structure disposed in the sealed space. A method for making the artificial bone includes the steps of: positioning a metal tube in a bone-shaped mold cavity of a mold, hydro-forming the metal tube into a bone-shaped hollow tube in the bone-shaped mold cavity by injecting a high pressure fluid into the metal tube, disposing a crumple of metal wire into the bone-shaped hollow tube, depositing a metal coating on the metal wire and an inner surface of the bone-shaped hollow tube to form a porous structure in the bone-shaped hollow tube, and sealing the bone-shaped hollow tube.

Abstract: A stabilizer bar with a lateral retention collar is provided. The lateral retention collar is cast onto the stabilizer bar and can be made from a zinc-aluminum alloy. In addition, the lateral retention collar is cast onto the stabilizer bar using a die casting machine. The lateral retention collar has an axial sleeve with a flange that extends radially therefrom. In some instances, the flange has a width in the axial direction, with the width being between 5 and 50% of an overall axial width of the lateral retention collar. In addition, the flange has a radial thickness that is between 5 and 100% greater than the radial thickness of the sleeve. Casting of the lateral retention collar onto the stabilizer bar can provide a push-off load of greater than 5,000 pounds.

Abstract: Ceramic adhesive is applied inside the slots of an electric machine squirrel cage rotor prior to casting or insertion of rotor conductors. This heat-resistant insulation provides superior electrical insulation that is also mechanically rugged, thus enabling casting of squirrel cage rotors by die or cost-effective consumable pattern casting. The consumable pattern cast copper rotors are electrically well insulated, thus minimizing rotor losses. The ceramic insulation in cast rotors enables longer conductors to be cast by thermally insulating the molten metal from the cooler laminations. The ceramic insulation in fabricated rotors withstands the high temperatures of end ring attachment.

Abstract: A cast aluminum base frame of a movable guide for a timing chain in an internal combustion engine is produced by a die in which the parting lines are located so that the shoe-engaging surface of the base frame and the pivot shaft-receiving hole are each formed by a continuous surface of the die, without oppositely pitched drafts.

Abstract: A cold plate unit includes a coolant system and a fluid system in heat exchange relationship, and a metallic unit. The coolant system has inlet and outlet manifolds and a plurality of coolant lines each including a plurality of loops. The fluid system includes at least one fluid line preferably also including a plurality of loops, and preferably is interleaved with the coolant lines. The metallic unit incorporates the coolant and fluid systems. An apparatus for cooling at least one fluid includes a cold plate and a dispenser unit. The cold plate unit includes a coil basket having a fluid system and a coolant system. The fluid system includes a plurality of fluid lines each comprising a plurality of loops. The coolant system includes coolant inlet and outlet lines, at least one inlet manifold, at least one outlet manifold and a plurality of coolant line segments each comprising a plurality of loops.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for manufacturing a disc rotor made of a metal-based composite material, which enables stabilization of a preform support within a disc rotor casting cavity while minimizing likelihood of damaging of preforms. The apparatus comprises a lower die 10 and a movable core assembly 20 which constitutes a disc rotor casting cavity 18; a preform supporting portion 24a which is provided on a movable core assembly 20; a pressurizing and shaping portion 32 of an upper die 30 for applying pressure upon a molten metal accommodated in the cavity 18; and a preform biasing mechanism 40 having a biasing face 41b which can be brought into a face-to-face contact with the upper face of a preform 5 which is supported on the preform supporting portion 24a. On application of pressure upon the molten metal, the preform biasing mechanism 40 biases the preform 5 via the biasing face 41b to prevent the preform 5 from being shifted due to an increase in the pressure upon the molten metal.

Abstract: A thermoforming apparatus having a mold with an internal vacuum chamber and a quench for cooling a thermoplastic sheet while it remains on the mold. Because the quench cools the sheet, conventional cooling lines are eliminated from the mold. A preferred process of using the thermoforming apparatus includes drawing a heated sheet over the mold, creating a partial vacuum in the vacuum chamber of the mold to maintain the sheet on the mold and quenching the sheet on the mold in a quenching tank. A preferred process of manufacturing a mold with an interior vacuum chamber includes forming an impression of the mold in a casting media, suspending a vacuum line or vacuum cabinet within the impression and pouring molten material around the vacuum line or vacuum cabinet to form the mold at least partially surrounding the vacuum line or vacuum cabinet. Vacuum holes are drilled through the mold from the mold face to the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: A cylinder liner has an outer circumferential surface around which another metal is to be cast. The cylinder liner also has a plurality of protrusions disposed on the outer circumferential surface and having respective substantially conical undercuts or necks which are progressively spread outwardly from the outer circumferential surface. The protrusions have respective flat faces on the distal ends of the undercuts.

Abstract: Process of making a lightweight part comprising an inner core including a metal foam, a dense core surface layer that is metallically joined to the inner core, and an outer wall comprising an essentially pore-free cast metal layer that is at least one of positively engaged with the dense core surface layer and surrounding the inner core and metallically joined to the dense core surface layer and surrounding the inner core, wherein the process includes creating a core part by forming the dense core surface layer, forming the inner core of a metal foam, and metallically joining together the inner core and the dense core surface layer and creating a finished part by positioning the core part in a casting mold, feeding a melt material into the casting mold, and allowing the melt material to solidify so as to form the outer wall. This abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: A casting mold for an engine block and method for manufacturing the casting mold. In one embodiment, the casting mold includes a mold seat with a double-curved surface, and a cast-in cylinder liner. The cylinder liner has an axis and an end surface. The end surface is in tangential contact with the double-curved surface in a seated position prior to any thermal expansion of the cylinder liner. In various embodiments, the cylinder liner becomes slightly unseated upon thermal expansion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a brake disk (B) that comprises a supporting part (2) and a friction ring (R). The inventive method involves the following working steps: manufacturing, especially by casting, the supporting part (2) with at least one radially protruding projection (10) situated on the periphery of the supporting part; forming a cast core (14), which is made of core sand and which surrounds the projection (10) over a foot section (10a) that is assigned to the supporting part (2), onto the supporting part (2) while sealing a free end section (10b) of the projection (10) so that this end section (10b) is not made wet by the sand of the cast core (14); casting the friction ring (R) onto the supporting part (2), which is provided with the cast core (14), while casting around the free end section (10b) of the projection (10).

Abstract: A method of making a casting having a cast portion and a cap nut includes forming a hole with a stepped shape in the cap nut to have a large-diameter hole on an opening side and a threaded small-diameter hole on a bottom side, inserting a fixing member into the large-diameter hole, supporting the fixing member in a sand mold, pouring a casting material into the sand mold so that the cap nut is enveloped in the cast portion and that a first surface of the cap nut adjacent to the hole is exposed outside without being covered with a second surface of the cast portion, and removing the fixing member from the cap nut after the casting is taken out of the sand mold.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a clad component in which a cladding workpiece having a section comprising a first metal onto which a number of metal beads are rigidly bonded is inserted into a mold. A molten second metal is poured into the mold, where it flows about and covers the beads and is then permitted to cool. This process forms an article made of the second metal, which is mechanically interlocked to the beads, clad by the first metal. Typically the first metal is a high-melting point strong metal, such as steel, and the second metal is a lower-melting point, weaker, but lighter metal, such as aluminum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a molten material processing device having an elongated thermal element like a heating element, a thermocouple, a sensor, a heatpipe and a cooling pipe which is characterised in that said elongated thermal element (2) is located in a recess (3) provided in a surface (6) of the molten material processing device (1), the recess (3), comprising a first portion (4) and a second portion (5), has a cross-section which is larger than a cross-section of the thermal element (2), so as to provide a clear space (7) between the thermal element (2) and the surface (6) of the processing device (1), the clear space (7) which is limited by the first portion (4) and the thermal element (2) is filled by a thermally sprayed material (8) and the second portion (5), which is adapted to the cross-section of the thermal element (2), partially surrounds and directly contacts same.

Abstract: A golf putter includes a shalt and a head secured to the shalt. The head includes a forward portion that defines a face, and the head includes a rear portion positioned rearward of the face. The rear portion may have the configuration of a ring structure. Whereas the forward portion is formed of a first material, the rear portion may be formed of a different material with greater density. In manufacturing the head, the rear portion may be formed and then placed within a mold having the shape of the entire head. Molten first material is then introduced into the mold to form the forward portion.

Abstract: To provide a mold capable of manufacturing a metal-ceramic composite member in which a predetermined number of ceramic members are joined onto a large joining metal, the large joining metal being free from swell and shrinkage cavity on the surface thereof and high in dimensional precision. A metal-ceramic composite member 3 according to this embodiment is manufactured in such a manner that a predetermined number of metal-ceramic bonded substrates 30 are placed in a mold main body 11 constituting a mold 1, with a ceramic substrate 31 side thereof facing upward, an atmosphere inside and outside the mold 1 is replaced with an inert gas such as a nitrogen gas from the atmosphere, a molten metal 42 is poured and filled in a first joining portion 14 that is formed by the molten metal main body 11 and an upper container 13 and that has a shrinkage cavity inducing portion 16 on a metal material holding portion side and a shrinkage cavity inducing portion 18 on an air vent side, and the molten metal 42 is cooled.

Abstract: A process for the injection of an electric motor rotor, said rotor comprising: a lamination stack (10) having a central axial bore (11) and a plurality of axial channels (12); and a cage (30) of aluminum, which is formed by an upper end ring (31) and a lower end ring (32), which are interconnected by a plurality of bars (33) molten in the axial channels (12).

Abstract: A disk rotor is produced using pre-forms. A manufacturing device 10 includes lower mold 11 and upper mold 12. The lower mold 11 includes support block 13, main body part of the lower mold 14, inclined pins 15, core elements 16 and slider 17. In securing and supporting pre-forms 4A, 5A, a cylinder 18 is actuated to cause upward movement of the support block 13 and the main body part of the lower mold 14, during which movement, core elements 16 and slider 17 are slid relatively outwards along inclined pins 15. In this state, the pre-forms 4A, 5A are guided to preset sites. The support block 13 and the main body part of the lower mold 14 are then moved downwards, during which movement, core elements 16 and slider 17 are slid relatively inwards along the inclined pins 15. In this state, the pre-forms 4A, 5A are supported and secured stably to define a cavity.

Abstract: A metal casting fabrication method is provided. In accordance with the method, first a metal plate is disposed in the cavity of molding dies. This metal plate includes a first surface formed with a heat insulating layer, and a second surface opposite to the first surface. With the metal plate placed in the cavity, the heat insulating layer is held in contact with the dies, while the opposite or second surface is partially exposed to the cavity. The injected molten metal properly fills the cavity from end to end since its heat is not conducted unduly to the dies via the metal plate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for positioning components of a brake system, which includes a push rod, a ball end coupled to the push rod, and a force transfer member placed between the push rod and the ball end. The force transfer member has both a flowable property and a solidifying property, whereby the force transfer member is flowable when being placed between the push rod and ball end and, after a passage of time, the force transfer member solidifies.

Abstract: Bimetallic plate is produced by providing a substrate of a first metal and, with the preheated substrate positioned in a mold cavity with a major surface of the substrate facing upwardly and to fill a portion of the depth of the cavity, a second metal is cast against that surface to form a cladding component and, with the substrate, to form the bimetallic plate. Prior to the cladding being cast, the major surface is rendered substantially oxide-free and is protected against oxidation. The cladding is cast by a melt, of a composition required for it, being poured at a superheated temperature whereby, with the preheating of the substrate, an overall heat energy balance is achieved between the substrate and the cladding.

Abstract: A controlling member (a controlling pin 10) is inserted through an insertion hole 7 of a mold 1 and projected into a cavity 6. After a pipe P as an insert member is arranged at a predetermined position in the cavity 6, the pipe P is held in the cavity 6 by inserting a tip of the controlling pin 10 into a hole h of the pipe P at the end p1, or by inserting the end p1 of the pipe P into a cave 21 of the controlling member. A molten aluminum alloy is then poured through a gate 5 into the cavity 6 under such the condition, to enclose the pipe P with the aluminum alloy. Dislocation of the pipe P caused by kinetic and thermal energies of the poured aluminum alloy is suppressed by the controlling pin 10 or block 20 at the end p1. Since the enclosed pipe P has its end p1 opened at a predetermined position, a cast product obtained in this way can be used as a brake caliper or the like having an inner hydraulic circuit.

Abstract: A disk rotor is produced using pre-forms. A manufacturing device 10 includes lower mold 11 and upper mold 12. The lower mold 11 includes support block 13, main body part of the lower mold 14, inclined pins 15, core elements 16 and slider 17. In securing and supporting pre-forms 4A, 5A, a cylinder 18 is actuated to cause upward movement of the support block 13 and the main body part of the lower mold 14, during which movement, core elements 16 and slider 17 are slid relatively outwards along inclined pins 15. In this state, the pre-forms 4A, 5A are guided to preset sites. The support block 13 and the main body part of the lower mold 14 are then moved downwards, during which movement, core elements 16 and slider 17 are slid relatively inwards along the inclined pins 15. In this state, the pre-forms 4A, 5A are supported and secured stably to define a cavity.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing a cylinder block with a sleeve in which arc recesses for avoiding interference with the umbrella portions of valves are formed at an intersection between a deck face and a cylinder bore. A sleeve is cast in such a manner that it is embedded in a cylinder block with a space from a deck face simultaneously with the molding of the opening end portion of a cylinder bore and recesses in the cylinder block in the space with a bore pin mated with a sleeve.

Abstract: An object of this invention is to provide a connecting rod in which a pair of ball-shanks are connected to a rod main body such that they are axially perpendicular to each other, having a sufficient strength and which can be produced easily and at low cost, and a manufacturing method thereof. The connecting rod of this invention to achieve such an object comprises first and second ball-shanks and a rod main body to which the first and second ball-shanks are connected freely swingably and rotatably. The first ball-shank is connected to the rod main body such that the shank portion is perpendicular thereto, while the second ball-shank is connected to the rod main body such that the shank is in parallel thereto. Further, the rod main body is die cast with a ball portion of each ball-shank inserted as a core.

Abstract: Bimetallic plate is produced by providing a substrate of a first metal and, with the preheated substrate positioned in a mold cavity with a major surface of the substrate facing upwardly and to fill a portion of the depth of the cavity, a second metal is cast against that surface to form a cladding component and, with the substrate, to form the bimetallic plate. Prior to the cladding being cast, the major surface is rendered substantially oxide-free and is protected against oxidation. The cladding is cast by a melt, of a composition required for it, being poured at a superheated temperature whereby, with the preheating of the substrate, an overall heat energy balance is achieved between the substrate and the cladding.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing highly wear and fatigue resistant steel components for power tools includes melting and mixing together a readily available base steel and alloying elements. The molten steel is cast into near-net-shape in an investment casting process. This method is cost competitive with forming the same component from steel with fewer alloying elements. In particular, clutch plates for a drill/driver or screw gun can be formed in this manner from a steel containing relatively large amounts of nickel and chromium, such as SAE 9310 steel, or from a steel containing a relatively large total amount of molybdenum and tungsten, such as AISI M2 steel.

Abstract: A system using fiber reinforced metal matrix wire in castings increases the tensile strength of and/or the rigidity the resultant casting. Because the fiber reinforced metal matrix wire is formed by a method that limits the exposure of the fiber to excessive heat, the fiber retains its strength more than conventionally formed wires. This system is applicable to castings for preferential reinforcement—increasing tensile strength and rigidity, and to sandwich structures wherein the composite wires bracket and internal matrix or a metallic layer surrounds and is strengthened by a central composite wire.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for pressure casting a battery part wherein the state of molten lead is monitored so that when the molten lead enters a liquid-to-solid transformation stage, the volume of the mold available for the lead to solidify therein is quickly reduced through a volume contraction step to thereby cause the molten lead to flow into the remaining volume at the same time one maintains pressure on the molten lead. As the molten lead solidifies under the reduced volume and high pressure it produces a battery part that is substantially free of both tears and cracks. In an alternate method, the lead is allowed to solidify and at least a portion of the lead is mechanically deformed through a volume contraction step to cause cracks or tears in the battery part to be eliminated thereby providing a battery part free of cracks or tears.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling at least one fluid includes separable cold plate and dispenser units. The cold plate unit includes a coolant system, a fluid system and a metallic unit. The coolant system defines a cold plate portion and a tower portion. The cold plate portion of the coolant system has a primary inlet manifold and a primary outlet manifold, and the tower portion has a secondary inlet manifold and a secondary outlet manifold. The coolant system further includes a first plurality of coolant line segments connecting the primary and secondary inlet manifolds and a second plurality of coolant line segments connecting the secondary and primary outlet manifolds. The fluid system also defines a cold plate portion and a tower portion, the portions being in heat exchange relationship with the coolant system. The metallic unit includes unitary cold plate and tower portion which respectively incorporate the cold plate and tower portions of the coolant system and fluid system.

Abstract: A controlling member (a controlling pin 10) is inserted through an insertion hole 7 of a mold 1 and projected into a cavity 6. After a pipe P as an insert member is arranged at a predetermined position in the cavity 6, the pipe P is held in the cavity 6 by inserting a tip of the controlling pin 10 into a hole h of the pipe P at the end p1, or by inserting the end p1 of the pipe P into a cave 21 of the controlling member. A molten aluminum alloy is then poured through a gate 5 into the cavity 6 under such the condition, to enclose the pipe P with the aluminum alloy. Dislocation of the pipe P caused by kinetic and thermal energies of the poured aluminum alloy is suppressed by the controlling pin 10 or block 20 at the end p1. Since the enclosed pipe P has its end p1 opened at a predetermined position, a cast product obtained in this way can be used as a brake caliper or the like having an inner hydraulic circuit.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a heat sink, in which a plate-shaped base portion is formed by the diecasting method integrally with the one-end portions of a plurality of fins arrayed at a constant pitch and in parallel with each other.

Abstract: A method of connecting elements in a vehicle frame includes fixing the elements in a desired orientation, positioning dies to surround a portion of each element, and introducing material into the die cavity thereby casting a node around the elements.

Abstract: A method for producing a golf club head includes: preparing a plurality of face plates that complement with one another to form the golf club head; joining edges of the face plates to form a shape of the golf club head, and providing grooves which extend between the adjoining edges of the face plates and which open at an outer surface of the golf club head; and welding the adjoining edges by placing the joined face plates in a mold and by introducing a solder into the mold casting in the grooves.

Abstract: A device for making a mold for molding at least a portion of a tread of a re using a countermold and a pourable, solidifiable material. Molding elements are transferred from the countermold and imbedded in the tire tread mold in protruding fashion by placing each molding element in a housing of the countermold before the actual molding of the tire tread mold and in such a manner as to permit easy transfer from the countermold to the tire tread mold.

Abstract: Alumina tiles within aluminum framing jigs are fixedly positioned by lock ns within an internally coated mold for centrifugal casting within a block of an aluminum alloy material. Such jigs and the tiles framed therein are coated with silver before casting to prevent aluminum oxidation by heating of the aluminum material to a molten state for deposit into the mold. Bonding of the tiles and framing of the jigs with the aluminum material being cast is also enhanced by such silver coating.

Abstract: A mold with a cylindrical sidewall, is provided. A shell is positioned around the sidewall. The shell is heated to between 500 and 1,000 F. Molten iron alloy between 2550 and 2650.degree. F. is poured into the mold. The resulting composite brake drum is cooled and cleaned. The method of casting includes positioning a brake drum shell around a mold defining a cavity interior of the shell, heating the shell, pouring molten iron alloy into the mold to fill the cavity and cooling and cleaning the composite brake drum.