Abstract: Provided is a magnetic hinge device including a rotor having an elongated body with a rotor surface at least one permanent rotor magnet coupled to the rotor surface. A stator including an inner surface that defines a cavity to receive the rotor, the rotor is positioned within the stator along a common axis of rotation. The inner surface of the stator is generally radially continuous having a first edge portion and a second edge portion such that the first edge portion is attached to the second edge portion at an offset. The stator having at least one permanent stator magnet coupled to the inner surface. The rotor includes a radial position that is configured to rotate to a neutral position within the stator. The neutral position along the common axis of rotation is in approximate alignment with the offset.

Abstract: A hot-top is disclosed that continuously casts an ingot by pouring molten metal down into a cylindrical space in a continuous casting mold from a molten metal flow-down port. The inner shape of a flow-down port forming part corresponds to the inner shape of a cylindrical space forming part. The hot-top forms an annular groove about the molten metal flow-down port, and has a barrier between the annular groove and the flow-down port.

Abstract: A clean metal ingot mold comprises an ingot mold body and an insulating riser arranged on the ingot mold body. The bottom mold plate of the ingot mold is provided with at least a ridge connected thereto. The region having a V-shape containing impurities produced during the crystallization process of the liquid metal moves upwards because of the ridge, and then the impurities depart from the center of the cast ingot and the impurities are more centralized. A water-cooling device is arranged in the ridge to allow the temperature of the metal in the ingot mold to decrease rapidly, and the crystallization process of the metal to be rapid.

Abstract: This manufacturing apparatus for a multi-channel tube having a plurality of parallel channels includes: a crucible; and a die set for forming the multi-channel tube from molten copper supplied from the crucible, the die set including: a hollow portion having an inner surface shaped like the profile of the multi-channel tube; punches which are inserted into the hollow portion from an inlet end of the hollow portion to define a space between the inner surface of the hollow portion and each of the punches; and a feed passage which is disposed between the crucible and the space, and configured to feed the molten copper from the crucible to the space, the molten copper being supplied from the crucible to the space within the die set through the feed passage to solidify as it passes through the hollow portion.

Abstract: This manufacturing apparatus for a multi-channel tube having a plurality of parallel channels includes: a crucible; and a die set for forming the multi-channel tube from molten copper supplied from the crucible, the die set including: a hollow portion having an inner surface shaped like the profile of the multi-channel tube; punches which are inserted into the hollow portion from an inlet end of the hollow portion to define a space between the inner surface of the hollow portion and each of the punches; and a feed passage which is disposed between the crucible and the space, and configured to feed the molten copper from the crucible to the space, the molten copper being supplied from the crucible to the space within the die set through the feed passage to solidify as it passes through the hollow portion.

Abstract: Methods and associated apparatus for semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots are described. In one embodiment a method for the semi-continuous casting of a metallic hollow ingot is provided. The method includes providing a mold that includes a mold center having an inner pipe and an outer pipe arranged to form an annular space for a cooling media and an outer mold, circulating a cooling media in the annular space, feeding a source material to the mold, heating the source material to produce a molten material, moving the mold center progressively downward relative to the outer mold, and solidifying the molten material to form a hollow ingot. Embodiments relating to an apparatus for semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots, and products resulting from the semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots are also described.

Abstract: Methods and associated apparatus for semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots are described. In one embodiment a method for the semi-continuous casting of a metallic hollow ingot is provided. The method includes providing a mold comprising a mold center having an inner pipe and an outer pipe arranged to form an annular space for a cooling media and an outer mold, circulating a cooling media in the annular space, feeding a source material to the mold, heating the source material to produce a molten material, moving the mold center progressively downward relative to the outer mold, and solidifying the molten material to form a hollow ingot. Embodiments relating to an apparatus for semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots, and products resulting from the semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots are also described.

Abstract: A process for the production of industrial tubes or section bars from metal, such as copper, copper alloys, special brasses, cupronickel or aluminum bronzes, includes the following steps: melting the metal material with possible compatible working scraps; obtaining a preform from a casting; roll milling and/or drawing the preform to reduce its section; drawing with one or more concatenated intervention the roll-milled and/or drawn preform, in order to further reduce its section to the size desired; straightening and possibly submitting to thermal and/or decreasing treatment the dimensionally finished product; and cutting the finished product to measure.

Abstract: Provided is a hot-top type continuous casting machine for stably producing hot metal hollow billets having a high quality, which comprises: (a) a molten metal holding part fed therein with molten metal; (b) a ring mold arranged being connected to the molten metal holding part; and (c) a core inserted in the hollow mold from thereabove, and composed of a low heat-conductive upper core and a high heat-conductive lower core to be cooled by coolant circulating therethrough.

Abstract: A process for the production of industrial tubes or section bars from metal, such as copper, copper alloys, special brasses, cupronickel or aluminum bronzes, comprises the following steps: melting the metal material with possible compatible working scraps; obtaining a preform from a casting; roll milling and/or drawing said preform to reduce its section; drawing with one or more concatenated intervention said roll-milled and/or drawn preform, in order to further reduce its section up to the size desired; straightening and possibly submitting to thermal and/or degreasing treatment the dimensionally finished product, and cutting the finished product to measure.

Abstract: A method for production of a cooling plate (50, 80) with integrated coolant ducts (52, 84) for iron and steel making furnaces, in particular blast furnaces, is described. A preform of the cooling plate (50, 80) is continuously cast by a continuous casting mould (10), wherein rod-shaped inserts (28) in the casting duct (20) of the continuous casting mould (10) produce in this preform ducts (52, 84) running in the continuous casting direction, which form coolant ducts in the finished cooling plate.

Abstract: A device for continuous. casting of workpieces has a melting crucible, a filling device, and a forming tool provided with a temperature control system. The temperature control system of the forming tool is designed so that areas of the workpiece to be manufactured that have a greater wall thickness can be cooled to a greater degree and areas of the workpiece to be manufactured with a lesser wall thickness can be cooled to a lesser degree and/or heated. The solid-liquid interface of the workpiece is located in a plane that is at least approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis of the workpiece.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for positioning a die block (5) of a casting table (1) of a continuous vertical ascendant casting machine for pipes (T) with respect to a vertical axis of extraction (X—X), the die block (5) of the machine being fed by means of a device (3) for the supply of liquid iron, and bearing thereon.

Abstract: A sealing device for a casting table of a machine for the continuous vertical casting along a vertical extraction axis (X—X) of cast iron pipes (T) includes a die block (5) aligned with the vertical extraction axis and a device (3) for the supply of liquid iron. Two sealing gaskets (12A, 12B) are located between the outlet from the device supplying liquid iron and the entry to the die block. The sealing device has members (6, 15, 21) for tightening the die block against the outlet of the supply device, parallel to the vertical extraction axis, in order to tighten the sealing gaskets.

Abstract: The molten-metal feed device (1), arranged between a source of molten metal and a casting machine for the ascending continuous casting of cast-iron pipes, has a modular structure (3, 16). This structure includes a syphon (3) for conveying the molten metal from the source of metal to the casting machine, constituting a replaceable component, and plates (16) for heating the syphon (3) which are removably arranged around the latter and in contact with it.

Abstract: Method and apparatus used for continuous casting of copper alloy rods and tubes for obtaining a fine grain size therein. Liquidus copper alloy material flows from a reservoir area or crucible into a continuous casting die through spaced apart feed slots disposed in the casting die cap, thereby effecting agitation of the liquidus material, which prevents the formation of thermal gradients large enough to produce gross directional solidification of the alloy at the liquid-solid state transition zone. The desired agitation is effected by altering the number, location, size and angle of the feed slots in accordance with formulas provided for that purpose.

Abstract: In a continuous casting a hollow ingot by means of a forcedly cooled tubular mold and a core, gas is introduced around an outer peripheral surface of the core along longitudinal slits to form an annular gap surrounding an inner peripheral surface of hollow metallic molten metal, and gas pressure is applied on said inner peripheral surface of the hollow molten metal. Refractory heat-insulative material, starter bar, is brought into contact with the molten metal poured into said annular space at the casting start, encased in the metal solidified thereon, and withdrawn together with the hollow ingot being withdrawn. By these methods smooth cast skin is formed on the inner peripheral surface of a hollow ingot.

Abstract: A chill mold in a continuous casting apparatus consists of a cast material, which is shrunk onto the cast-in central chill tube as well as the chill tubes which spirally surround the same. Components of the apparatus are re-usable. This is accomplished by a primary and a secondary chill which are offset in the axial direction in relation to each other. Both chills are cooled by separate coolant circuits to their respective chill bodies. The ratio between the length in the continuous casting direction to the external and, respectively, the internal diameter of the primary chill is less than 70:100.

Abstract: The invention provides apparatus for the production of a continuous uniform length of coherent metal. A cone 10 of atomized metal particles is deposited on a surface 12, which is continuously withdrawn in the form of a length of coherent metal 14. Shaping means 16 are provided to make the withdrawn deposit uniform along its length. The equipment is protected from the atmosphere by a hood 18 through which the length of metal is withdrawn through an aperture provided with a seal 20. Preferably, the deposit is of circular cross-section and is caused to rotate during withdrawal about its longitudinal axis. The equipment is suitable to form billet or rod or tube.

Abstract: A continuous casting apparatus wherein molten metal flows through a die progressively and is solidified in the die and withdrawn from the die comprising a die and cooling assembly including a tubular die having an external tapered surface which is uniformly tapered radially inwardly in the direction of movement of metal to the die, a cooling sleeve having an internal surface complementary to the external surface of the die and in substantial intimate surface contact with the external surface of the die, an annular cooling shell surrounding the cooling sleeve and having portions thereof spaced from the sleeve to define a cooling chamber, and at least one inlet to the chamber, at least one outlet from the chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus utilizing a core is located at a central portion of a molten metal storing portion in a vertical semi-continuous mold. The molten metal is poured into the molten metal storing portion, and casting takes place with the inner diameter of a solidified distal portion of the molten metal being controlled by a distal portion of the core. This approach provides a reliable method for the manufacture of high-quality hollow billets which are free from internal defects.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and apparatus for thermally treating cast-iron pipes formed in a continuous casting die. The pipe or tube undergoes tempering by passing through a vat which is located downstream from the continuous casting die. The vat contains a continuously cooled bath of fluidized sand or the like which lowers the temperature of the tube in a uniform manner and makes it possible to obtain a very precise and homogeneous tube structure.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the continuous casting of tubular shapes wherein molten metal from which the tubular shape is formed is centrifugally deposited adjacent to the outlet of a fluid-cooled mold by a nozzle assembly, with the metal being cooled and rapidly solidified by the mold to form a cylindrical shell upon which additional metal is deposited to incrementally build the thickness of the tubular shape. The tubular shape being formed is withdrawn continuously from the mold, and is further cooled by coolant directed thereon. The nozzle assembly may be rotated to discharge the molten metal or, alternatively, the mold may be rotated as the metal is deposited thereon. Single-layer tubular shapes, with or without reinforcing material, may be cast and multiple-layer composite shapes may be produced having layers of different material composition and thicknesses. An inert atmosphere is maintained to prevent oxidation of the molten metal.

Abstract: A combination-use nozzle for continuous casting vertically upwards with or without vacuum, has a solidification pipe in a cooler in a fireproof thermal shield. To provide a simple and durable structure, the solidification pipe is short, with thin walls and manufactured of a known nozzle material. The melt is led into the solidification pipe by a conduit pipe manufactured of a fireproof material and having a wider inside cavity then the solidification pipe. An annular space between the solidification and conduit pipes at the thermal shield of the cooler has powder insulation. When only the lower end of the conduit pipe is immersed in a melt, the melt can be lifted into the solidification pipe by vacuum pressure in the solidification pipe, or when the conduit pipe is immersed in the melt up to the cooler, the melt can rise into the solidification pipe of itself.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises an annular water-cooled metallic mold having open upper and lower ends, a core member located in the inner space of the mold to form therebetween an annular casting passage for solidifying therein the molten metal supplied in the casting passage, and a movable supporting base member adapted to initially close the lower end of the casting passage to support the molten metal therein and then to be moved downwardly apart from the lower end as the metal in the casting passage solidifies so as to permit the solidified metal to be pulled out from the casting passage for continuously producing the hollow metallic ingot.

Abstract: Installation comprising a reservoir crucible 11, 12 for molten cast-iron F with step-by-step extraction of a pipe T produced from the crucible comprising a cooled die. To obtain a cast-iron pipe of uniform thickness over its entire circular periphery, despite the absence of a core, the molten cast-iron F is set in slow rotation in the crucible by the tangential supply of molten cast-iron with a low rate of flow through a tangential orifice 18, by the rotation of a magnet 36 disposed in a hollow central relief 17 upstanding from the base of the crucible, by the rotation of paddle arms 44 disposed in the molten iron, or by the tangential injection of an inert gas.

Abstract: In a continuous vertical ascending casting installation for iron pipes T, graphite elements 3 defining a molten metal feed chimney 28, a die and coaxial core arrangement 13, 14 and an expansion vessel 16 are mounted under a cover 2 of an electric furnace 1. In use these graphite elements are immersed in a bath of molten metal contained in the hearth area 7 of the furnace, to thus enable precise temperature regulation and control. The outer surface of the die 13 is surrounded by a water cooling jacket 18, and the level of molten iron in the hollow cavity 25 of the core 14 is varied by the expansion vessel 16, to provide even finer control of the temperature gradient within the annular casting space. The overall arrangement is thus similar to a double boiler.

Abstract: In the continuous ascending vertical casting of an iron tube T without the use of a core to form the hollow tube interior, the molten iron is contained in a crucible made up of a cooled tubular die 6, 7 and the base 1 of a syphon unit. The crucible comprises a coaxial central form 5 at least as high as the die, which creates with the latter an annular space for molten iron F. Such arrangement reduces the volume of molten iron in the crucible and thus results in considerable energy savings.

Abstract: The process and the device according to the invention relate to the continuous casting of hollow bodies made of metals such as aluminum, copper, steels of all types or other metals or alloys. The process involves introducing the liquid metal into an annular space between an external mold and an internal mandrel, the liquid metal being subjected in the vicinity of the mandrel to the action of a moving magnetic field which drives it upward. This field is created by a magnetic rotor housed in the mandrel comprising a rotating part around which is arranged at least one spiral made of magnetized magnetic material made integral with the rotor by at least one collar. The process is applied, in particular, to the production of blanks intended for the manufacture of seamless tubes.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for electromagnetically coiling a molten material into a longitudinally extending casting defining a longitudinal axis thereof. The casting has a desired cross section extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. At least one portion of the outer peripheral surface of the casting extends transversely of the longitudinal axis and has a small radius of curvature. The apparatus includes an inductor extending transversely about the molten material for providing an electromagnetic containment force field acting on the outer peripheral surface of the molten material to form the desired cross section. The improvement comprises a device for turning the electromagnetic containment force field about the longitudinal axis to cause a corresponding turn of the transverse cross section of the molten material about the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: The vertically ascending casting of a thin-walled metal pipe and integral end fitting from a bath of molten metal is implemented using a housing 12 and a core 14 to mold the end fitting or bell housing and a tubular draw tube 6 to mold the pipe shank. The end fitting E is first formed by forcing the metal to rise in the annular space 16 between the housing and the core, simultaneously forming the initial section of the pipe shank. Once the end fitting has solidified it is extracted upwardly, step by step, while shank sections are simultaneously withdrawn from the metal bath. These sections are also solidified step by step along a tapering front S in the bath until the desired length of pipe T has been obtained.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and process to cast continuously high quality hollow round steel billets or tubes. The hollow round steel billets are produced by a compact, high production casting machine incorporating a rotating hypocycloidal mandrel for inside cooling and deformation of the solidified steel. The outside cooling is by traditional mold and spray cooling. The adjustable rolling movement of the mandrel controls the uniform heat extraction from the inner annulus as well as the deformation and deformation rate of the as-cast steel to increase the ductility. The inside of the hollow round billet so formed is substantially round and the inside surface is smooth to facilitate high quality and further processing to finished pipes in conventional high production machinery.

Abstract: For use in a continuous casting apparatus wherein molten metal flows through a die progressively and is solidified in the die and withdrawn from the die, a die and cooling assembly comprising a tubular die having an external tapered surface which is uniformly tapered radially inwardly in the direction of movement of metal to the die, a cooling sleeve having an internal surface complementary to the external surface of the die and in substantial contact with the external surface of the die and an annular cooling jacket wall surrounding the cooling sleeve and having portions thereof spaced from the sleeve to define a cooling chamber. At least one coolant inlet is provided to the chamber and at least one coolant outlet is provided from the chamber. The inlet and outlet are spaced axially with the outlet being nearest the upper end of the die where the molten metal enters the die and the inlet being nearest the lower end of the die where the solidified metal leaves the die.

Abstract: To produce tubes of reactive metals, a melt (14) is removed from the annu gap (13) of a crucible (10). The temperature of the melt (14) is such as to ensure the formation of the solidus-liquidus zone (33) directly behind the annular gap (13), a planar solidification front (34) being created in a non supported region which is not exposed to the direct influence of a cooling means. In the subsequent region, the oriented solidification of the tube with high temperature gradients is realized, and the tube can be shaped or adjusted free of thermal influences. Only thereafter, the tube (25) is exposed to the action of cooling means (26, 31) to cool it without contact. In such a way, it is possible to produce tubes having a high stability and resistance to temperatures for use in turbines, heat exchangers or the like.

Abstract: The die (6) comprises a thick cylindrical body (7) which is surrounded by a cooling jacket (15) clamped against the pouring basin (2) and in contact with the latter in a plane (P). The body (7) is extended in the casting orifice (4) by a composite head (17) comprising a thin inner annular lip (22), whereof the inner surface extends that of the body (7) and a ring (24) of refractory material fitted between the lip, the body and the casting orifice. The (hot) lip (22) is connected to the body (7) in the plane (P), so that the ring (24) rejoins it also in this plane and that the flow of heat (f.sub.1) passing from the casting orifice to the cooling jacket must skirt around this ring.

Abstract: In the art of continuous vertical casting, an improved cooler assembly surrounds the forming die through which molten metal is poured for forming elongated metallic bar products which may be solid or hollow. The cooler assembly includes a cooling sleeve surrounding the die in continuous intimate contact; and a jacket surrounding the cooling sleeve and spaced therefrom to provide space for receiving a coolant. Along a substantial intermediate length of the cooling sleeve is formed a continuous helical or spiral groove for controlling the flow of coolant from the bottom to the top of the cooler assembly while increasing surface contact of the coolant with the cooling sleeve and the jacket itself. Coolant is introduced into and discharged from the cooler assembly at an oblique angle to initiate helical flow of the coolant about the sleeve and also avoid cold spots and consequently grain and strength imperfections in the bar product being cast.

Abstract: A cap 42 with a lower spherical surface 46 is held against the flared head 38 of a casting core 24 and rests on the spherical upper surface of an annular bed 50 which is fixed above a casting head 12. The bed is coaxial with an enlarged orifice 40 for the passage of the core, and is coaxial with a casting tank 16. Projections 70 are distributed regularly around the periphery of the core and come into contact with the internal wall of a mold 22 near a die opening to center the core in the mold by possibly moving the cap in relation to the bed, before final tightening.

Abstract: A hollow blank, preferably of steel, for continuously casting by pouring molten metal into a continuous casting mold, withdrawing a shell containing liquid metal continuously from the lower end of the mold, directing the shell along a curved path, rotating the liquid metal in the mold, rotating the liquid metal in the shell at a location spaced from the mold to form a hollow in the liquid metal, and allowing the metal to solidify against the inside of the metal shell in the region of the hollow, to form a hollow metal blank. The blank thus formed can be straight or curved, and is cut off after the final solidification. An apparatus for forming the blank is disclosed and the blank thus formed has unique good quality surface characterictics free of dendrites.

Abstract: A method and apparatus (10) for the continuous casting of hollow articles (12) provides for the removal of liquid metal (49) from a mold (20) concurrently with the withdrawal of the solidified article (12). Undesirable reaction products, such as oxides, sulfides, and ceramic compositions, are commonly included in cast articles, reducing the mechanical and physical properties of the article and producing a product of inferior quality. The problem is solved by continuously casting molten metal (16) in a vertically oriented mold (20) and draining the contaminate enriched liquid (49) from an upper end (24) of the mold (20), thereby washing undesirable impurities from the freezing zone resulting in a clean, dense hollow article (12) having superior properties. Seamless mechanical tubing suitable for oil field and hydraulic cylinder applications can be produced by this process.

Abstract: In continuous casting of tubular products, the same die is used with mandrels of different sizes depending on the internal diameter of the tubular product to be cast. This avoids the necessity of dismanteling the casting "set-up" in order to remove a die and mandrel assembly when changing from casting a tubular product of one internal diameter to another of the same external diameter but different internal diameter. The mandrel and die are constructed so that the mandrel is releasable from the die after use to enable another mandrel to be inserted in the same die. During casting, the mandrel is maintained within the die against axial movement either by a thermocouple device positioned within the associated crucible to engage the top of the mandrel. The mandrel may be removed either manually or by a suitable tool engageable with the mandrel.

Abstract: Both the position and shape of the solidification front in molten metal passing continuously through the horizontal solidification chamber of a mold body are precisely controlled in the invention by establishing a cooling probe insertion pattern in which some of the probes are inserted into cooling bores in the mold body to greater distances than others. Specifically, establishment of a solidification front characterized by a liquid/solid isotherm that is substantially symmetrical across the chamber is achieved by progressively increasing the cooling probe insertion distance from the bottom to the top of the mold body. Premature, asymmetrical solidification on the bottom of the chamber is effectively minimized and reduces hot tears, fissures and other surface defects in the casting.

Abstract: A dummy bar successfully adapted to horizontal type machines for continuous casting of metals comprising a head with a central orifice for installing a mandrel and a bar connected to the head by a connecting assembly. The central orifice of the head has a cylindrical and a conical section. The cylindrical section of the central orifice of the head accomodates a wedging bushing with a nut. The connecting assembly is provided with a cam sleeve, each half thereof having one degree of freedom, one in the axial and the other in the tangential directions.

Abstract: The process is particularly intended for the casting of thin tubes of iron in a vertical annular die defined by a mould and a core. It comprises maintaining in the liquid state metal under pressure poured into the die and in contact with the core so as to create a substantially frustoconical solidification front which extends from a point of the wall of the mould in the vicinity of the input end of the die and reaches practically the lower end edge of the core. The installation for carrying out this process comprises a heating device inside the core and a liquid metal jacket under pressure which surrounds the mould and is surrounded by a water cooling jacket.

Abstract: Continuous casting process for the production of hollow ingot using an improved direct chill casting equipment having a molding system comprising a hollow mold and a movable platform, wherein at least one core and a pipe for introducing outer air are provided, said core being made from a refractory material unwettable with a molten metal and having a convergent taper at the side and an air runner for introducing outer air, which is packed with an air-permeable material, at the bottom, and said pipe for introducing outer air extending upwards from the air runner and passing through the core.

Abstract: A mandrel for continuous casting of hollow ingots comprising a hollow rod having a collar and a tapered portion thereof introduced into a mold cavity. Mounted on the collar is a protective sleeve axially movable along the rod under the hollow action of a drive mechanism. This makes it possible to eliminate the possibility of bridging formed in the continuously cast ingot in the event of an emergency.

Abstract: A machine for continuous casting by drawing-up comprises at least two moulds positioned above a metal supply means, and, sequentially arranged in the drawing-up direction of the continuously cast product, a drawing-up means for pulling out said product from said moulds, a cutting-off means for cutting the continuously cast product to lengths, said means being secured directly on the cast product and performing the cutting-off operation during its stepwise upward movement together with the cast product, and a manipulator adapted to place the cut-off lengths onto a conveyer.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuously casting hollow bars in which a one-piece mandrel is suspended from a support bar secured across the top of a female die by a retaining ring which holds down the female die. A cooler surrounds the female die and the retaining ring is fixed to the cooler. The mandrel extends axially within the female die, and the mandrel support bar leaves relatively large crescent-shaped pouring areas permitting easy access by a pouring spout which dispenses molten metal directly into the space between the female die and the mandrel. Quick connect and disconnect fasteners are employed to secure the support bar to the retaining ring so as to facilitate replacement of the mandrel during a casting operation. A pair of guide pins is also provided to facilitate and center installation of the mandrel.

Abstract: A mandrel for use in the continuous casting of tubular metallic members and receivable in a continuous casting die in a spaced relationship relative to the die side walls. The mandrel is preferably constructed from graphite to include a distinct freeze area or zone intermediate the mandrel ends. This freeze area has a constant cross-sectional dimension over the length thereof to substantially accommodate freezing of metal from a liquid to a solid state in a desired configuration during a casting operation. An elongated bore extends longitudinally inward into the mandrel from the outermost end, through the freeze area and at least partially through the area of the mandrel between the freeze area and the innermost end.

Abstract: A process for continuous casting of hollow ingots wherein the rate of heat removal from the surface of an ingot within a mold is changed gradually over the mold height from a given maximum value in the ingot skin formation zone to a given minimum value as the ingot emerges from the mold. The speed of the continuous ingot withdrawal from the mold is increased gradually during each withdrawing cycle from zero to the maximum value for apredetermined length of time. An apparatus in accordance which comprises a water-cooled mold which is made in the form of an inverted truncated cone with the diameter of any of its bases being substantially less than its height. A part of the upper portion of the mold being cylinder-shaped and formed with a plurality of slots. The diameter of projections formed by the slots is slightly less than that of the top base of the frustoconical section, with the walls of the slots passing smoothly into projections.

Abstract: An electromagnetic mould for the continuous and semi-continuous casting of hollow ingots and tubes includes two single-turn inductors connected in series, whose electro-magnetic fields form the external and internal surfaces of an ingot or a tube, the inductor forming the external surface of the ingot being 1,2 to 3 times higher than that forming the internal surface thereof.