Abstract: Method and device to obtain vibrations in the walls of the crystalliser (11) in an ingot mould (10) by use of actuators, the ingot mould (10) including a channel use (13) for the circulation of cooling liquid, the ingot mould (10) being associated with a conventional system of oscillation, there being induced on the crystalliser (11) vibrations of small amplitude and high frequency and acceleration obtained by exciting an actuator (16) comprising an element in magnetostrictive alloy (18) arranged in cooperation with at least one face of the crystalliser (11) itself, the element in magnetostrictive alloy (18) being excited by an electromagnetic field.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for operating a guided vertical mold, especially for the continuous casting of a steel billet, which is oscillated by a lifting device. According to the invention, the driving force (F), the lift position (x) and/or the lifting speed (v) of the mold are detected by measurement technology, and a mold lifting movement is preset in a computer model as a target variable. Finally, a difference of the mold lifting movement, representing the measure of frictional force between the billet and the mold, is fed as a control variable to actuators by means of a circuit arrangement.

Abstract: Method to obtain transverse vibrations of the walls (111) of the crystalliser (11) in an ingot mould (10), by a pulsation in the cooling liquid, the ingot mould (10) possibly having one or more peripheral areas (13a, 13b), disposed lengthwise, wherein the cooling liquid circulates around the sidewalls (111) of the crystalliser (11), the cooling circuit comprising a transit channel (16) directly in contact with one or more sidewalls (111) and at least a pump, a delivery pipe and a discharge pipe connected with a discharge side (21), the cooling fluid being made to circulate the pump around the sidewalls (111) of the crystalliser (11), in cooperation with at least one portion of the sidewall (111), the pressure of the cooling liquid in transit being of the pulsation type, the pulsation in the pressure being functional to the desired elastic transverse vibration induced on the portion of the sidewall (111).

Abstract: A batch-casting mold table assembly for casting slabs. The assembly includes a frame positionable over a pit sized for holding cast slabs. The frame is moveable between a slab-casting position in which the frame is positioned directly over the pit for casting slabs and a slab-removal position in which the frame is positioned beside the pit so the pit is accessible for removing slabs. The assembly also includes at least one hydraulic cylinder mounted on the frame. The cylinder has a piston reciprocally moveable in response to hydraulic fluid entering and leaving the cylinder. In addition, the assembly includes a control system operatively connected to the hydraulic cylinder for controlling movement of the piston and a table for holding a batch-casting mold. The table is moveable up and down in response to the piston movement for oscillating the mold up and down over the cooling pit as molten metal is poured through the mold to produce slabs having a smooth surface finish.

Abstract: A process for strand casting of steel in a cooled casting mold made to oscillate over a distance h at a frequency f, for manufacturing a product withdrawn from the mold at a casting speed V.sub.C, the metal being surmounted by alubrication product forming a liquid slag, the speed of descent of the casting mold being greater than the casting speed V.sub.C during a negative stripping time t.sub.N. The casting speed VC can be adjusted over a wide range to adapt to well-defined casting conditions without modifying the nature of the lubrication product, by acting in a combined way on the distance and frequency of oscillations according to the chosen casting speed, in such a way that the consumption rate Q of the lubrication product and the negative stripping time t.sub.N are both maintained at an optimum value that remains substantially constant over the entire speed adjustment range, irrespective of the casting speed V.sub.C.

Abstract: Material is fed in a feed direction along an assembly vibrations are simultaneously applied to the assembly in both a direction at an acute angle to the feed direction and in a direction along the feed direction. The vibration is preferably applied in both directions using two vibrators with the same working phase. The productivity of the apparatus is increased, the quality of the continuous cast considerably improved and the continuity of the process is insured as compared with known methods and apparatus.

Abstract: A device for the continuous casting of steel, consisting of a continuous casting mold which oscillates in the casting direction, is mounted on springs clamped at both ends which extend transverse to the direction of casting, and is connected with a hydraulic oscillation drive. The the hydraulic oscillation drives are servo-hydraulic cylinders, arranged in a longitudinal sectional plane placed through the continuous casting mold laterally alongside the continuous casting mold, the servo-hydraulic cylinders are firmly connected, free of play, to a support frame and with the continuous casting mold.

Abstract: An oscillating device for a continuous casting mold, wherein the continuous casting mold is guided on a support frame and is moved in an oscillating manner by servo hydraulic cylinders arranged on the support frame. Each servo hydraulic cylinder is fastened at the bottom thereof through an elastic fastening element on the support frame and the piston rods of the servo hydraulic cylinders are connected with the mold. The fastening element is composed of an elastic bending web which on both sides thereof is provided with fastening flanges.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a method of lubricating a mold (1) for the continuous casting of a metal product (16), of the type including a vigorously-cooled vertically-oscillating metal tubular element (2) defining a passage (4) for the cast metal and intended to cause, in contact with its wall (3) in said passage, the solidification of said metal product, in which a lubricant in the liquid state is injected through said metal tubular element toward said metal product being solidified, wherein said injection is carried out at points distributed annularly at a single level of said tubular element, said level lying at a distance greater than 20 cm from the lowest level at which solidification of said product is able to be initiated, and in that the flow rate of said lubricant is sufficient to cause a fraction of said lubricant to rise up along said wall to the level at which solidification of said product is effectively initiated.

Abstract: A description is given of an ingot mould for a continuous casting plant comprising an ingot mould tube (12) and an ingot mould body (22). The ingot mould tube (12) is movable axially with respect to the ingot mould body (22). Sealing elements, preferably metal diaphragms (88, 90) allow an axial displacement of the ingot mould tube (12) with respect to the ingot mould body (22), while ensuring the sealing of a sealed chamber (23) containing the circuit for cooling the ingot mould tube (12). A device for generating mechanical oscillations, preferably a hydraulic cylinder (46), is connected to the ingot mould tube (12) through the intermediary of a lever (54) supported by the ingot mould body (22).

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for strand-casting near to final size cast formats from non-ferrous metals for the purpose of further cold working, especially strips, bars or tubes of copper or copper alloys. The process includes continuously casting the melt in a vertical mold to form a vertical strand, withdrawing the solidified strand from the mold in a centrally guided manner and directly threading into a surface treatment machine, removing the surface of the strand, laterally cutting the surface-finished strand in a predetermined manner, and removing the cut strand pieces from the machine. The machine for carrying out the process has a base frame which is connected to a foundation and on which a withdrawal device, a surface treatment unit, a cross-cutting device, and a conveying device are provided in line.

Abstract: Method of continuously casting steel slabs and the like wherein a layer of melting powder is maintained at the top portion of the casting mold with sufficient thickness so as to provide an increased thermal insulation to the liquid layers of steel and slag, whereby the formation of a solidified slag rim in the mold is eliminated and the surface quality of the steel products is considerably improved. The melting powder addition according to the invention also reduces the number of break-outs and consequently considerably increases the availability and productivity of the caster.

Abstract: A jet of liquid metal 42 is directed onto a fast-moving receiving surface 4 and reciprocal relative motion is caused between the receiving surface 4 and the jet 42 perpendicularly to the moving direction.

Abstract: Method for the continuous casting of high-carbon steels to produce thin slabs, these steels being characterised by a content of carbon greater than 0.50%, in which method the taper of the mould at least in its first segment having to be between 1.5% and 4% per meter, the frequency of oscillation of the mould being between 180 and 350 oscillations per minute with a travel upwards and downwards of about .+-.5 to 9 mm., with a total travel of 10 to 18 mm., the cooling in the primary cooling period being very intense, the times of the transient state of start-up of the casting being reduced by 1/3 to 1/4 as compared to the normal times of the transient state of start-up.

Abstract: Method for the continuous casting of peritectic steels to produce thin slabs, these peritectic steels being characterised by a content of carbon between 0.10%, and 0.15%, and at times even between 0.09% and 0.16%, in which method the taper of the mould at least in its first segment is between 2.0% and 6% per meter and the frequency of oscillation of the mould should be between 300 and 500 oscillations per minute with a travel upwards and downwards between .+-.2.5 mm. and 4 mm., with a total travel of 5 mm. to 8 mm., the primary and secondary cooling being restricted.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of continuously casting metal strip (20) is disclosed. A casting pool (30) of molten metal is formed in contact with a moving casting surface such that metal solidifies from the pool (30) onto the moving casting surface. In addition, sound waves are applied to the casting pool of molten metal to induce relative vibratory movement between the molten metal of the casting pool (30) and the casting surface.

Abstract: In a process of withdrawing castings while vertically oscillating a mold formed with long side walls and short side walls, the long side walls are moved apart from the castings by operating a hydraulic cylinder in the time zones for which the castings are applied with a large frictional force. On the contrary, the separated long side walls are made to move together to the casting in the other time zones for which the casting is not applied with the large frictional force. By repeating the separation and approaching of the long side walls, it is possible to obtain castings which are reduced in the depths of oscillation marks and suppressed in segregations at oscillation mark trough portions.

Abstract: A semi-solidified metal composition having an excellent workability is continuously produced by pouring molten metal into an upper part of a cooling agitation mold, agitating it while cooling to produce a slurry of solid-liquid mixed phase containing non-dendritic primary solid particles dispersed therein and discharging out the slurry from a lower part of the cooling agitation mold. In this case, a ratio of shear strain rate at a solid-liquid interface to solidification rate of molten metal is adjusted to a value exceeding 8000 in the cooling agitation mold.

Abstract: To continuously cast thin slabs or round ingots from copper alloys, which slabs or ingots have a thickness of 8 to 40 mm, the present method electromagnetically agitates the melt found inside the ingot mold. By properly dimensioning the agitator coil, the agitation power inside the melt is limited to within a range of about 0.5 to 100 W/cm3, while the pull-off rate of the casting strand is limited to within a range of 0.05 to 1.3 m/min. The copper alloys contain up to a maximum of 1% of one element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, zirconium, chromium, molybdenum and niobium.

Abstract: A method of casting molten material into a strip-shaped product having substantially intended final dimensions that first supplies molten material into the interior of a vessel having a casting nozzle connected thereto. The nozzle is formed of a refractory ceramic material and has a passage extending therethrough from an inlet opening connected directly to the interior of the vessel to an outlet opening. The nozzle is oriented relative to the vessel so that the outlet opening is positioned at a location higher than the inlet opening. Molten material passes from the vessel interior directly through the inlet opening and into the passage until an upper level of molten material in the passage is the same as an upper level of molten material in the vessel interior and below the outlet opening. Solidification of the molten material is commenced in the passage, thereby forming solidifying material.

Abstract: In a mold oscillation device for making oscillation of a mold used in a continuous casting machine, an acceleration sensor (22) detects the oscillation to produce an oscillation detection signal representative of said oscillation. The oscillation detection signal has a particular waveform. Responsive to the oscillation detection signal, a signal producing circuit (30) produces an adjusting signal with reference to the particular waveform. With reference to the adjusting signal, a control unit (16) controls the oscillation. In order to produce the adjusting signal, it is preferable that the signal producing circuit carries out a frequency analysis as regards the particular waveform.

Abstract: A cast rod is swung from side to side to generate movement at the solidifying end of the rod. The drawing rolls operate simultaneously with steady (adjustable) speed. The swinging of the rod is generated between the upper end of the die cooler and the drawing rolls with e.g. a runner which is connected to an eccentric disk rotated by an electric motor. The amplitude and the frequency of the swinging and the speed of the drawing rolls can be varied and thus be used to achieve different movement forms in casting.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuously casting metal strip (20) of the kind in which a casting pool of molten metal (30) is formed in contact with a moving casting surface. By making the casting surface (16A) very smooth and inducing relative vibratory movement between the molten metal and the casting surface at selected frequency and amplitude, the heat transfer from the solidifying metal is dramatically improved. The casting surface has an Arithmetical Mean Roughness Value (Ra) of less than 5 microus and the induced vibratory movement preferably has a frequency of no more than 20 kHz. This enables improved casting productivity and also produced a marked refinement of the surface structure of the cast metal.

Abstract: An oscillator for oscillating a mold in a continuous casting apparatus has a motor, and a linkage connecting the motor to the mold. The linkage includes a pair of noncircular gears which are in mesh with one another. The noncircular gears are arranged and designed such that, during the major part of the displacement of the mold concurrently with a strand being cast in the mold, the speed of the mold exceeds the casting speed.

Abstract: A vibrating apparatus for vibrating a mold 1 by an electrohydraulic stepping cylinder 5 through a link mechanism 3 is characterized in that when a driving signal delivered into a drive unit 26 for the stepping cylinder 5, the actual acceleration of the mold 1 is fed back to a target waveform signal for the mold 1 and compensating signals for cancelling the operation delay of the stepping cylinder 5 and the signal transfer lag due to elastic deformation of the link mechanism and the like are added thereto to make feed-forward compensation.

Abstract: On detection of an occurrence of skin sticking in the mould, the withdrawal speed is subjected to a cyclic variation which comprises a ramp from the cruising speed to a reduced, decelerated speed, a healing plateau, and an acceleration ramp from the reduced speed to the cruising speed, measures are taken to determine the ferritic potential (PF) of the steel which is being cast, to determine the gradients (d, a) of one of the two ramps as a function of this ferritic potential, and to determine the length (t.sub.r) of the healing plateau as a function of the difference between the liquidus and solidus temperatures of said steel.

Abstract: A process for producing a thin metallic strip by continuous casting, comprising forming a pouring basin portion for a molten metal between a pair of rotary cooling drums respectively having shafts parallel to each other and a pair of side gates in contact with the end faces of the cooling drums and pouring molten metal into the pouring basin portion for molten metal to continuously cast a thin cast strip, characterized in that the casting is conducted while vibrating the side gates at a frequency, f (Hz), determined according to the following formula in a direction substantially horizontal to an imaginary line formed by connecting the shaft centers of the cooling drums to each other:aA+b+cV.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.50 (1)whereinA is the numerical value of the amplitude (mm) of the side gate at the kissing point portion of the cooling drum and is in the range of from 0.5 to 5 mm;V is the numerical value of the casting rate (m/min) previously determined from a desired casting sheet thickness; anda=2, b=5, and c=0.1.

Abstract: A horizontal multiple-strand continuous casting plant and a method of operating the plant. The casting plant includes a distributor with several molds and a corresponding strand drawing unit which conveys the individual strands out of the molds by means of pulling movements and return pushing movements, wherein the strands can be individually clamped within the strand drawing unit. The strand drawing unit includes two clamping devices which alternatingly carry out the pulling movements and the return pushing movements. In the event of an interruption in one of the molds, the method includes connecting in a frictionally engaging manner the strand located in the affected mold to one of the two clamping devices of the strand drawing unit by actuating the corresponding clamping device only during at least one return pushing movement, and disconnecting from this strand the second clamping unit during the pulling movement thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous casting of metals of the type according to which ultrasonic vibrations are applied to the wall of the ingot mould, characterized in that the vibrations comprise both a component which is oriented parallel to and a component which is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the ingot mould. This method is preferably implemented by applying at least one ultrasound emitter against a surface integral with one of the ends of the ingot mould and with an angle of inclination relative to the axis of the latter. The invention is principally applicable to the continuous casting of steel products of all sizes.

Abstract: A method of controlling drawing of a cast piece in horizontal continuous casting, in which drawing is controlled in accordance with an inwardly curved passage to keep the acceleration low at the start of the drawing and to increase it gradually in the drawing process for the purpose of reducing the number of bubbles appearing on the surface layer of the cast piece by sucking the ambient air into the mold when drawing the cast piece.

Abstract: Steel is continuously cast while adding a mold powder using a vertical continuous casting mold having two pairs of mold surfaces which form a casting cavity, wherein the surface temperature of the mold is kept at 700.degree. C. or more by forming the mold surfaces of a Ni-Cr alloy, and a mold powder having a solidifying point lower than the surface temperature is used so that the mold powder is maintained in a liquid-phase state.

Abstract: To continuously cast thin slabs or round ingots from copper alloys, which slabs or ingots have a diameter of 8 to 40 mm, the present method electromagnetically agitates the melt found inside the ingot mold. By properly dimensioning the agitator coil, the agitation power inside the melt is limited to within a range of about 0.5 to 100 W/cm3, while the pull-off rate of the casting strand is limited to within a range of 0.05 to 1.3 m/min.

Abstract: Continuous casting apparatus comprising a tundish having a pouring nozzle communicating with a closed, pressurized pouring box which has an outlet corresponding to the inlet of a mold such that the entry conditions of liquid metal into the mold are not adversely affected by the flow of liquid metal into the mold thereby providing a uniform skin of solid metal about a liquid metal core as the cast product is withdrawn from the mold.

Abstract: An alloy melt having a solidified portion of primary crystals is maintained at a temperature between solidus and liquidus temperature of the alloy. The primary crystals are molded to give individual degenerated dendrites or cast grains of essentially globular shape and hence impart thixotropic properties to the liquid-solid metal alloy phase by the production of mechanical vibrations in the frequency range between 10 and 100 kHz in this liquid-solid metal alloy phase.

Abstract: A continuous-casting plant having a mold-oscillating device is disclosed. In such plant one of a mold and a frame-like mold lift table bearing a mold is connected via connecting rods to eccentrics arranged on a shaft that is driven in rotation, with the stroke of the oscillation of said eccentrics being adjustable, the eccentrics being different eccentricities, and the connecting rods acting on defined points of attack of the mentioned one of the mold and lift table. At least two connecting rods are provided for each point of attack, with each connecting rod being connected to one eccentric. Each connecting rod of a point of attack is provided with a respective piston. The corresponding eccentrics of each point of attack which determine the stroke are connected in force-locked manner to the mentioned one of the mold and lift table via coupling means.

Abstract: An oscillation gear for a mold of a continuous casting plant includes an eccentric shaft and an eccentric sleeve surrounding the eccentric shaft and rotatable and fixable relative to the same. in order to provide for a space-saving structure requiring only few mechanically moving parts, both the eccentric shaft and the eccentric sleeve are each provided with at least one groove. The longitudinal axis of at least one of the grooves is oriented at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the eccentric shaft or eccentric sleeve, respectively. The longitudinal axes of the two grooves enclose an angle with each other. A force transmission element rotating commonly with the eccentric shaft or with the eccentric sleeve projects into each groove, the force transmission elements being mutually coupled.

Abstract: A apparatus for the production of a vertical lift movement of a continuous casting ingot mold for metal, especially steel, consisting of at least one mechanical drive element which can be adjusted in its lifting height and which produces an adjustable oscillation. The drive element is supported by a foundation and makes contact with an continuous casting ingot mold. The drive element, at least one of which is provided, has a rotary plate inclined to the longitudinal axis at an adjustable angle about a swivel axis. On the side facing the direction of lift and outside the axis of rotation of the plate 20, one end of a rod is situated, the other end of the rod being situated in an element which supports the mold.

Abstract: On spray-forming metals onto a substrate from which the sprayed coating is to be detached, unwanted adhesion may occur, even to a smooth substrate. Conversely, if the coating is meant to adhere, it may accidentially delaminate, even from a roughened substrate.By vibrating the substrate, marginally adherent splats will be encouraged to detach themselves while, on the other hand, well adherent splats will not be affected.

Abstract: A lifting device is provided which has two rotatingly driven eccentric shafts articulated to an elevating platform for the continuous casting mold or directly to the latter. At least one Cardan shaft (D) which meets at least one of the following two conditions is provided in the linkage between the rotating drive (B) and the eccentric shafts (A):(a) the position of the joint head (H) removed from the eccentric shaft (A) is variable (change of position angle .beta.),(b) the joint heads (G,H) can be rotated mutually (gimbal error).

Abstract: A steel strand having a thickness of 40 to 50 mm in cast in an oscillating mold for continuous casting at a speed of 2 to 20 m/min. The not yet completely solidified steel strand emerging from the mold is squeezed to such an extent that the inner walls of the already solidified strand shell are welded to one another. After the steel strand reduced in thickness in this way has been cooled to 1000.degree. to 1200.degree. C., the strip is rolled out in at least one pass with a 5 to 85% degree of deformation.

Abstract: A method of oscillating a mold of a vertical continuous caster of the type having a pair of longer side frames and a pair of shorter side frames. The mold is oscillated vertically during the casting. A pair of mold walls, e.g., the longer side frames, are moved towards and away from the cast metal in synchronization with a vertical oscillation of the mold, so as to control the condition for supplying a mold powder into the gap between the mold walls and the cast metal.

Abstract: The outflowing casting metal on the path to solidification is no longer subjected to reoxidation and degassing of the casting metal in case of unkilled melts and can immediately be performed ahead of the casting process in a method for continuous casting of metal strands from high-melting metals with cross-sections close to the end dimensions according to the principle of the communicating pipes, and further a temperature and analysis correction can be performed. These conditions are fulfilled by pressing the casting metal from a higher disposed storage container through the communicating channel pipe (8) into a pressure vessel (13) with a gas dome (20), where the casting metal is further transported through an immersion pipe (14), which immerses into the casting metal through the gas dome, into a substantially vertically oscillating independent continuous casting die (15) and where the casting strand formed is deflected in an arc from the vertical direction into the horizontal direction and is withdrawn.

Abstract: Strip steel is continuously cast by immersing a mold into a melt of liquid steel, solidifying liquid steel on a starter bar disposed within the mold, and oscillating the mold as the starter bar is withdrawn upwardly from the mold. The mold includes, at its lower end, an insulating ceramic entry die. The remainder of the interior surface of the mold is defined by a water cooled copper or copper alloy liner. The mold can be vertical or it can be inclined at an angle to the horizontal in order to facilitate feeding strip steel directly into a rolling mill or hot coiler. Alternatively, the interior of the mold can be curved so that strip steel issuing from the mold is directed horizontally into the rolling mill or hot coiler.

Abstract: A casting is extracted from a horizontal mold by means of extraction cycles with a shallow speed rise followed by a steep one, followed by a constant speed phase, followed by a rapid slowdown, and brief reversal. The casting is held by brackets which operate from above and below with separate bracket drives but parallel axes of action.

Abstract: Steel is teemed into one end of a continuous casting mold to form a continuously cast strand which is withdrawn through the other end of the mold. The mold is oscillated and the strand is accelerated through a first range of speeds less than 1.2 meter per minute and a second range of speeds greater than this value. As the strand accelerates through the first range, the oscillation frequency is increased from a value between 60 and 120 cycles per minute to a value between 120 and 200 cycles per minute while holding the stroke constant. On the other hand, when the strand accelerates through the second range, the oscillation frequency is maintained constant and the stroke is increased with strand speed. A condition of negative strip is maintained in both ranges and the time for which negative strip occurs during each oscillation cycle approximates 0.1 second.

Abstract: A method of oscillating a continuous caster mold at high frequencies comprises disposing a plurality of oscillators having substantially the same oscillating characteristic at appropriate intervals along or in the vicinity of a line where liquid metal contacts an inner lining of a mold, connecting the tip of each oscillator to the inner lining so that the axis of the oscillator extends at right angles to the surface of the inner lining, and supplying power from an oscillation generator to each oscillator so that the oscillation frequencies of any two adjoining oscillators are differentiated within the limit of 2 KHz. Thus, any two adjoining oscillators oscillate the inner lining at right angles to the surface thereof at mutually differentiated frequencies.

Abstract: A continuous metal casting plant comprising, on a stationary supporting structure (3), an ingot mold (1) and a secondary cooling device (2), apparatus for supporting and guiding the ingot mold permitting oscillations of the latter parallel to its axis and oscillation controls (5) for the ingot mold (1) resting directly on one side on the ingot mold frame (12) and on the other side on the upper part of the frame of the secondary cooling device (2). The invention relates in particular to continuous steel casting.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for discontinuous withdrawing of a cast strand from a continuous casting mold. A drive roller frame is rotatably supported by a pedestal fixed as to spacial position. At least two drive rollers are rotatably supported by the drive roller frame and are disposed to press against the strand from opposite sides. A drive is connected to the drive rollers for driving the drive rollers. A reciprocating drive is connected to the drive roller frame for providing an oscillating pendulum motion to the drive roller frame around an axis supported by the pedestal.

Abstract: Continuous casting line (10) comprising ingot mould means (11) having any required inclination ranging from 0.degree. to 90.degree., oscillation means (17) and a roller conveyor (12) with at least one curved segment, and which includes at least one electromagnetic source (25) that acts with a variable effect.

Abstract: Molten steel containing lead and/or bismuth is continuously cast without explosions in the casting mold. The mold has sidewalls whose interior surface is coated with a non-organic lubricant which is not violently reactive thermally or chemically, under the conditions of continuous casting existing within the mold, to produce explosions, and does not breakdown under those conditions to produce a compound which is explosive under those conditions. Conventional petroleum-base lubricants for the continuous casting of molten steel are excluded.