Abstract: A device is configured to eject droplets of an electrically non-conductive medium at a temperature of 360° C. or above. The device includes a fluid chamber body, the fluid chamber body having a fluid chamber for containing an electrically non-conductive medium at a temperature of 360° C. or above and for containing a conductive medium. The fluid chamber includes an orifice. In the fluid chamber, at least a part of the electrically non-conductive medium is positioned closer to the orifice than the conductive medium. The device further includes a heater configured to heat the electrically non-conductive medium and an actuator, the actuator includes electrodes for generating a current in the conductive medium and magnets for generating a magnetic field in the conductive medium.

Abstract: Systems and methods for thermal treatment of packed product(s), e.g, food items, using electric current, which includes providing interconnected electrodes to facilitate the flow of electric current through the products in series, parallel, or any other combination, thus efficiently heating the products in a controlled manner.

Abstract: The energy consumption during electroslag remelting is determined to a considerable extent by the heat losses of a slag bath on the wall of a water-cooled ingot mould. A process and an ingot mould suitable for carrying it out wherein these heat losses may be avoided for the most part. Remelting thus takes place in a short, two-part sliding ingot mould known per se, except in the start-up phase, during normal block construction, the metal surface is always kept in the lower, water-cooled part of the ingot mould- that is below the line of separation between water-cooled part and insulated part of the same—by corresponding control of the relative movement between ingot mould and remelting block, so that the distance between the surface area of the metal surface on the one hand and the planes determined by the line of separation between cooled part and insulated part on the other hand, is at least 5 mm, but 100 mm at the most.

Abstract: A method for producing metallic ingots or strands, especially from steel and Ni and Co based alloys, by melting self-consuming electrodes in an electroconductive slag bath, using an alternating current or a direct current in a short water-cooled mold which opens downwards, via which an electric contact can be produced for the slag bath. The supplied melt current is passed via the consumable electrode, the bottom plate, the remelt ingot and the melting bath, and optionally at least one electroconductive element of the mold, to the slag bath. The current distribution can be regulated in a controlled manner and the return circuit of the melt current passes back via at least one other electroconductive element of the mold, which is electrically isolated in relation to a first part of the mold which forms the remelt ingot. The proportion of the entire melt current supplied via the bottom plate is selected between 0 and 100%.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and the apparatus required for carrying out the method for the continuous production of billets or ingots of metals, in particular steels and Ni- and Co-base alloys using the method of electroslag remelting and electroslag continuous casting in downwardly open water-cooled ingot molds, in which the billet issuing downwardly from the ingot mold is pressed against at least one guide element arranged rigidly in respect of its position with respect to the ingot mold axis, by at least one clamping element arranged opposite the guide element, in such a way that the regions of the billet surface which are in contact with the guide or clamping elements change within short intervals of time, wherein at least one of the elements is driven to withdraw the billet while the others move with the billet and a contact with a current source can be made by way of at least one of the elements.

Abstract: A casting system and method for producing a metal casting is provided. The metal casting can comprise a fine-grain, homogeneous microstructure that is essentially oxide- and sulfide-free, segregation defect free, and essentially free of voids caused by air entrapped during solidification of the metal from a liquidus state to a solid state. The casting system can comprise an electroslag refining system; a nucleated casting system; and a cooling system that cools the metal casting so as to cool a liquidus portion of the metal casting. The metal casting is cooled in a manner sufficient to provide a microstructure that comprises a fine-grain, homogeneous microstructure that is essentially oxide- and sulfide-free, segregation defect free, and essentially free of voids caused by air entrapped during solidification from a liquidus state to a solid state.

Abstract: A method for hearthless processing of a solid metallic material consisting essentially of titanium or other metal or alloy thereof which includes providing a solid metal block having a processing surface and a base surface and consisting essentially of titanium or a metal, forming a pool of molten metal on the processing surface of the solid metal block provided in step, adding the metallic material to be processed to the pool of molten metal formed in step, and melting the metallic material to be processed, and removing metallic material melted in step from the pool of molten metal.

Abstract: Nucleated casting systems and methods comprise the addition of powders into a liquidus portion of the casting. The casting system forms a casting comprising a liquidus portion that receives the refined liquid metal and a solidified portion, the casting further comprising a fine-grain, homogeneous microstructure that is essentially oxide- and sulfide-free and segregation defect free. The casting system comprises a source of refined liquid metal, the refined liquid metal having oxides and sulfides refined out of the metal; a solid metal particle addition system that adds solid metal particles to a surface of the liquidus portion of the casting; and a nucleated casting system for forming the casting. The solid metal particle addition system adds solid metal particles that serve as nucleation centers during solidification of the casting.

Abstract: A process for producing a steel includes subjecting at least a portion of a melt of the steel to electroslag remelting and, in a subsequent step, heating the steel to a temperature at least as great as the lowest temperature at which all carbides that can form in the remelted steel will dissolve and no greater than the nil ductility temperature of the of the remelted steel, and maintaining the temperature for a period of time sufficient to dissolve primary and clustered carbide particles in the remelted steel greater than 15 micrometers in length. A novel martensitic stainless steel also is disclosed including 0.65 to 0.70 carbon; 0 to 0.025 phosphorus; 0 to 0.020 sulfur; 0.20 to 0.50 silicon; at least one of greater than 0.0004 boron and greater than 0.03 nitrogen; 0.45 to 0.75 manganese; 12.7 to 13.7 chromium; and 0 to 0.50 nickel.

Abstract: The casting apparatus includes an electro-slag mould (7) which includes a bath adapted to hold a pool of molten flux and an underlying pool of refined liquid metal and an exit passage extending downwardly from the bath. The casting apparatus further includes electrode carrier (FIG. 2) adapted to feed a consumable electrode (51) of raw metal into the bath and a power supply to pass a heating current from the electrode through the flux pool to melt the electrode. The apparatus further includes a product transporter (FIG. 1) to draw a cast product downwardly from the mould, and a drive (9,11) to effect concerted rotary oscillation about the axis of the product, of the mould, and of the product transporter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for building an axially symmetrical workpiece of desired geometry by deposit welding which uses a translatable welding head for depositing molten weld material and a rotatable, reusable shoe which translates with the welding head. The rotatable, reusable shoe forms, supports and cools the deposited molten weld material puddle while the weld material is solidifying thereby eliminating the need for a conventional preform.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the production of metal blocks, castings or profile material (14) during which molten metal (S3) in a chill (K) is moved from a heating zone (HZ) into a cooling zone according to the solidification speed of the molten metal (S3) and during which cooling time hard material grains are continuously fed through the heating zone (HZ), preferably being electrical heated molten slag (12), the temperature of which is above the melting point of the hard material, into the molten metal (S3), the temperature of which is lower than the melting point of the hard material. The temperature of the molten slag, the height (h) of it and the height of the molten metal is controlled by the control device (ST) controlling the electrical current and dosing of the materials currents. Control methods and devices as well as material selections for matrix and doping materials are described.

Abstract: A device for building up a workpiece of any shape by deposit welding comprising a support device for the workpiece and a welding head for depositing the filler material. A form shoe is arranged on both sides of the workpiece wall that it being built up. Each form shoe is movable independently from the other one and transverse to the workpiece wall. The welding head is reciprocably mounted between the form shoes. There is provided a device for producing relative movement between the support device with the workpiece and/or the welding head and the form shoes.

Abstract: This invention is in a method of manufacturing a composite steel ingot wherein a consumable electrode is inserted into an empty space positioned concentrically with said steel ingot, and electric power is fed to said consumable electrode to effect electroslag remelting under a slag bath and then to solidify the molten metal, while taking out an electric current through a plurality of collecting electrodes which are electrically connected to said steel ingot placed on a surface plate, the improvement in that a flow path of the electric current passing from said consumable electrode to said collecting electrodes is moved in the circumferential direction of said steel ingot during said electroslag remelting.

Abstract: In an electroslag remelting apparatus comprising electrode holders adapted to hold at least two consumable electrodes connected to different terminals of an a.c. power source, the mould and the bottom plate are electrically connected to each other and, through rectifiers, to the a.c. power source, the rectifiers being connected to the same terminals of the a.c. power source as the electrode holders. The rectifiers are so connected into the circuit as to provide a flow of only direct current through the bottom plate and mould towards the a.c. source through said rectifiers.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a cooled mould mounted on a bottom plate and at least two consumable electrodes positioned so that their melting ends are at different levels relative to the bottom plate. The electrodes are connected to respective terminals of the secondary winding of a single-phase transformer and the bottom plate is connected to one of these terminals, with the electrode having a melting end at a higher level, being connected to the same terminal as the bottom plate. The electrodes are melted by passing an operating current, first through the electrode with the melting end being at a lower level to the bottom plate and then by passing the operating current from one electrode to the other, respectively, forming a portion of the casting, having a smaller cross-section, and then a portion of the casting, having a larger cross-section.Thus the present invention is especially well suited for manufacturing workpieces for vital parts such as connecting rods, piston rods, valves for ship engines, etc.

Abstract: The method includes remelting consumable electrodes in a melting container and effecting a positive action upon crystallization of the ingot in the course of the melting operation, consisting in that a cooled body is brought into contact with the molten metal constituting the metal bath and the contact is maintained till the melting operation is complete by moving the cooled body at a speed close to the melting rate. On completion of the melting operation, the cooled body is extracted from the metal bath. The cooled body may be made in the form of a float or of an extension widened at the bottom and fixedly attached to a movable mold.