Abstract: A tube and fin-type evaporator is provided for a refrigerator having trapezoidally shaped fins with the wider portion of the fins disposed upstream in the cooling air flow path through the evaporator. The refrigerant tube passes through at least two rows of openings in these fins, and those openings are staggered and of different length to enhance turbulence and reduce tube shielding within the cooling air flow. Projections (dimples) on the fins adjacent the downstream side of each opening are provided to reduce dead air space downstream from the tube. Further, the openings are provided with collars to increase heat transfer between the fins and the tube. These projections and collars also serve to increase rigidity of the fins. The present invention enables the use of relatively small diameter, thin walled refrigerant tubes within the evaporator. Also, the tubes can be hydraulically expanded within the fins to enhance fin to tube contact and decrease heat transfer resistance.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for maintaining a particular temperature differential and/or adjustable temperature gradient between two, possibly variant domains on a first glass, ceramic or synthetic plate, includes a first active thermal element (heater or cooling element) in contact with that plate for adjusting the temperature of a first domain; a ferrofluid, liquid metal, solder etc. droplet and made of a material that has a thermal conductivity higher than the thermal conductivity of the plate, rests on a second plate and in thermal contact therewith; a second active temperature means (heater or cooling element) on the second plate determines the temperature of the droplet; and the droplet is flattened to different degrees to thereby vary the area of contact between the top part of the droplet and the first plate.

Abstract: A heater which is preferably rated at about 1,500 watts is described. This heater contains at least three separate heat exchangers; each of the heat exchangers contains heat exchanger tubes, and each of the heat exchangers contains a different fluid capacity.A blower passes cold air, in sequence, past the first heat exchanger, then past the second heat exchanger, and then past the third heat exchanger. At the same time, a pump forces a heated heat-exchange medium through the third heat exchanger, through the second heat exchanger, and then through the first heat exchanger.

Abstract: Apparatus for changing the temperature of an infusible liquid from a first temperature to a second predetermined temperature. The apparatus includes a receiver assembly for changing the temperature of the liquid. The apparatus also includes a cartridge to be received in the assembly and which defines an enclosed passageway for movement of the fluid. The cartridge has a first end, a second end, a liquid inlet disposed adjacent the first end, a liquid output disposed adjacent the second end, and a first wall extending between the ends and made of a material having good heat transfer properties. The assembly includes a thermoelectric heat pump, and a slot is provided for releasably receiving the cartridge so that the heat pump engages the wall of the cartridge.

Abstract: An arrangement for the catalytic oxidation of the harmful components in a cooled carrier gas from a technical process. The arrangement includes two parallel gas ducts which are connected at one end through a bend and whose other ends are connected to gas lines for the carrier gas and for purified gas. The gas ducts are connected to each other through a three-stage thermal energy return unit. The exchanger stage of the thermal energy return units are arranged spaced from each other and are composed of individual heat tubes whose number increases from exchanger stage to exchanger stage. The size ratio of the heat-exchanging surfaces of heating part to cooling part of each exchanger stage decreases in flow direction of the carrier gas from exchanger stage to exchanger stage. The catalyst is integrated in the gas duct for the carrier gas immediately downstream of the heating part of the last exchanger stage.

Abstract: A liquefier for the coolant in a vehicle air-conditioning system equipped with finned heat exchange tubes through which the coolant is conducted in cross-current to the inflowing ambient air. The heat exchange tubes are arranged in several rows of tubes disposed one behind the other in the direction of flow of the incoming ambient air with the respective heat exchange tubes being connected in cross-countercurrent flow. The rows of tubes are subdivided into several component groups (14, 16) which are arranged one behind the other in the direction of flow of the incoming ambient air, with their fin arrangements being decoupled with respect to thermal conduction. The component groups (14, 16) are connected in series with respect to the coolant and in countercurrent to the direction of flow of the incoming ambient air.

Abstract: Here is disclosed a heat exchanger of the multiflow type comprising a plurality of flat tubes and corrugated fins stacked together one on another alternately, an inlet header pipe to which said flat tubes are connected at their one ends, an outlet header pipe to which said flat tubes are connected at their other ends, and partitions provided within said respective header pipes so that a flow of refrigerant folded plural times in zigzag fashion is established along a purality of paths defined between the two header pipes, wherein the corrugated fins and the flat tubes are previously dimensioned within the respective optimal ranges and the number of the paths as well as the numbers of the flat tubes defining the respective paths are also optimally selected so that the passage resistance of the refrigerant and the flow resistance of the cooling air may be effectively reduced while improving the heat exchanging efficiency, and thereby a heat exchanger having a totally high reliability may be obtained.

Abstract: A radiator comprising a radiating block including a hollow air path through which cooling air flows, outer cooling faces on which a plurality of heated bodies to be cooled are mounted, and a plurality of cooling fins disposed within the hollow air path so as to engage inner faces of the radiating block wherein the cross-sectional cooling areas vary along the air flow path.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger having a plurality of fins mounted on an outer surface of a tube which is for conducting a fluid therethrough, the fins are different in fin thickness to make a first and a second fin set portion. Each of the fins of the first fin set portion has a comparatively small thickness. Each of the fins of the second fin set portion has a comparatively large thickness. The heat exchanger is placed in another fluid so that a comparatively high flow energy portion of the other fluid flows into the first fin set portion while another comparatively low flow energy portion of the other fluid flows into the second fin set portion.

Abstract: Heating apparatus for heating an environment comprises one or more heat exchange conduits (A, B, C, D, E, F, 6, 8) located in the flow path of primary heated fluid (F1-F2), and a device (4) for inducing a flow of air in each conduit, each conduit being adapted to carry air into, through and out of a heat flow path to the environment (2), the arrangement being such that, in use, air within the conduits progresses from a cooler to a hotter part of the heat flow path, and the conduits are spaced closer together toward the downstream direction of the flow path to improve the efficiency of heat exchange between the primary heated fluid and secondary air in the conduits.

Abstract: A multiple serpentine tube heat exchanger having side-by-side arranged serpentine-shaped passageways each extending across the core and a mixing chamber connecting one such passageway to at least one other. The passageway constituting the back of the heat exchanger core has an enlarged internal surface area relative to the passageway constituting the face of the heat exchanger core. Microgrooving of the passageway can be used to further enhance heat transfer.

Abstract: In flat heat exchangers for ventilating dwellings, swimming pools, public premises, etc., which are used for air entering and leaving, problems arise when the air entering has low temperature. This results in a cold corner (A) appearing in the heat exchanger and its efficiency thus being reduced. The object of the present invention is to reduce the effect of the cold corner by introducing throttling means (9) along a number of the channels (3) for air leaving. The throttling means (9) are of equal size along one and the same channel, but different in the different channels (3), the channel (3) with the smallest throttling means (9) being located closest to the inlet for the air.

Abstract: A plate-fin-type heat exchanger for transferring heat from a hot fluid to a cold fluid includes stacked plates having fins therebetween that define alternate interdigitated first and second fluid passages, the fins defining the first fluid passages having a high coefficient of heat transfer and a large area of heat transfer and the fins defining the second fluid passages having a low coefficient of heat transfer and a small area of heat transfer. Either the hot fluid or the cold fluid is continuously passed through the first fluid passages and the other fluid is intermittently passed through the second fluid passages.

Abstract: A consolidated duplex heat exchanger includes a first unit heat exchanger used for instance as a radiator, and a second unit heat exchanger employed for instance as a condenser for a car-cooler. The two unit heat exchangers are juxtaposed parallel with and close to each other, and united together by common corrugated fins each extending between cores of said unit heat exchangers. The corrugated fins are provided with cutouts intermediate the two unit heat exchangers parts so as to intercept undesirable heat conduction between said heat exchangers.

Abstract: A heat exchanger device is manufactured by providing a heat exchanger body (10) and a plurality of fins (28) formed from a metal strip (14) having a plurality of slots or slits (26) extending transversely of the strip (14) and defining the fins (28). The strip (14) has at least one continuous longitudinal strip portion (30), so that when the strip (14) is bent or folded appropriately the continuous portion or portions can be welded to the body (10).

Abstract: The hot-gas cooling plant has a gas outlet line releasably connected between the radiant cooler and the convection cooler. The gas outlet line is curved to extend from an upper region of the radiant cooler to the top end of the convection cooler. Flange connections are used to connect the gas outlet line to the pressure vessels of the coolers. Cooling tubes are also provided within the gas outlet line for cooling the flow of gas therethrough.

Abstract: A cylindrically-shaped engine cooler for automobiles comprises a pair of water tanks or main coolant tubes, a plurality of water tubes connecting the water tanks or main coolant tubes, a plurality of cooling fins and at least one cooling fans. The cylindrical engine cooler is disposed in a vehicle so that the axis line of the cooler crosses the traveling line of a vehicle so that the air resistance against vehicle travel becomes small. The water tanks or main coolant tube can be used as the shroud for accommodating the cooling fan, when they are annularly shaped and disposed at the end of the cylindrically cooler. Two cooling fans disposed at the both ends of the cylindrically-shaped cooler may have different air-blowing capacity each other.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing semiconductors formed of bonded wafers. The method includes the use of a heat sink. The heat sink induces a temperature gradient to occur on a single area at the interface of the wafers with the gradient moving rapidly across the remaining surface. As a result of the temperature front, the voids or uncontacted areas between the wafers which result in a typical bonding process are substantially reduced, thereby providing a stronger and more effective bond.

Abstract: A circuit module that contains a planar array of chips has an improved fin assembly that transfers heat to a liquid coolant that is circulated through the fins in a single pass so that there is a tendency for the upstream edge of the fins to run cold and the downstream edge to run hot. The module can be immersed in the coolant. A shroud on the fins confines the coolant flow to channels defined by the fins, the shroud, and the base of the fins. The fin assembly is constructed so that the coolant channels are narrowed as a function of the temperature of the liquid coolant. The narrowing channels increase the coolant velocity and thereby improves the heat transfer at what would otherwise become the hot end of the module. The coolant velocity is increased at the appropriate rate to maintain equal cooling along the direction of coolant flow.

Abstract: A heat exchanger core including a heat conducting tube. A plurality of spines are mounted on the tube in opposed groups and are separated by spine free areas, one of which faces the direction of air flow and the other of which faces away from the direction of air flow.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for heating a liquid in at least one vertically disposed externally heated tube on the inner surface of which the liquid flows in the form of a trickling film, characterized in that the internal space of the tube is kept under a gas pressure which is higher than the vapor pressure of the liquid in the trickling film.

Abstract: An insulated reflector for a low-intensity radiant energy heating system. Several embodiments are disclosed. In one embodiment, the reflector forms a chamber which is used to preheat fresh air admitted to the heated area.

Abstract: An evaporator is provided having a core portion with an inlet and an outlet; a fluid path for allowing a cooling fluid to pass through, the path being formed in a zigzag form so that the fluid passes through the core portion at least three times; and the fluid path having an increasingly large cross-sectional area from the inlet toward the outlet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for boiling flowing liquids such as liquefied gases in a heat exchanger in which a circulating flow is occurring, such as in reboiler-condensers in air separation and similar cryogenic plants or other applications where a high efficiency for boiling heat transfer is beneficial. The important feature of the process and apparatus is the use of two sequential heat transfer zones having different pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics in the same boiling channel, the first zone having an overall high-convective-heat-transfer characteristic and an overall higher pressure drop characteristic and comprising a plurality of sub-zones, each sub-zone sequentially having a lower pressure drop than the previous sub-zone and the second zone having a lower pressure drop and an enhanced nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristic.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are described for heating and/or cooling a plurality of objects simultaneously at different preselected temperatures, wherein a predetermined temperature difference is established between two spaced points on a heat-conductive member to produce a constant temperature gradient between the points; and then a plurality of objects are supported in heat exchange relationship with respect to predetermined locations of the temperature gradient according to the preselected temperatures to which the respective objects are to be heated or cooled. The apparatus further includes temperature control means for maintaining the two spaced points of the heat conductive member at the predetermined temperature difference during the heating or cooling of the objects.

Abstract: In a corrugated fin unit assembled to a serpentine-anfractuous refrigerant pipe in a serpentine-type heat exchanger, each of generally parallel fin plate portions of the fin unit has a group of louvers parallel to the fin plate portion in the windward region and another group of louvers inclined downwardly in the leeward region, to thereby reduce air flow resistance of each fin unit without substantial reduction of heat exchange rate of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: Graphite mold blocks with liquid coolant sprays located in bores extending through the blocks. A sleeve for retarding the cooling of the mold adjacent the spray entrance ends of the bores serves to reduce the temperature differential along the height of the block.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for boiling flowing liquid such as liquefied gases in a heat exchanger in which a circulating flow is occuring, such as in reboiler-condensers in air separation and similar cryogenic plants or other applications where a high efficiency for boiling heat transfer is beneficial. The important feature of the process and apparatus is the use of two sequential heat transfer zones having different pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics in the same boiling channel, the first zone having a higher pressure drop and high convective heat transfer characteristic and the second zone having a lower pressure drop and an enhanced nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristic.

Abstract: An economical pipe for use in a utility or service system, particularly a circulating hot water supply system or a heat exchanger system requiring outgoing and incoming hot water paths. The pipe possesses a partition wall dividing it longitudinally into two ducts.

Abstract: A heat exchanger core of the plate and fin type having intrinsic capabilities of controlled resistance to heat flow. Objectives are achieved without a need for special materials and without departing from practiced structural and fabrication standards. A concept of resistance layers is used, with heat flux being controlled primarily in the resistance layers.

Abstract: A system for recovering waste heat from a stream of heated gas is disclosed. The system includes a convection heat transfer chamber, a boiler tank, and a plurality of heat pipes thermally interconnecting the convection heat transfer chamber with the boiler tank. Each of the heat pipes includes an evaporator section which is disposed in heat transfer relation with a stream of heated gas flowing through the convection heat transfer chamber, and a condenser section disposed in heat transfer relation with a volume of water disposed within the boiler tank. The evaporator sections and condenser sections are totally enclosed within the convection heat transfer chamber and boiler tank, respectively, and are connected in closed cycle fluid communication with each other.

Abstract: A plate (1) for a plate heat exchanger is provided with a corrugation pattern of ridges (4) and grooves (3) intended to rest against the corrugation pattern on an adjacent plate so that a great number of supporting points (2) are formed. On at least one of its sides, the plate has ridges provided with recessed parts (5) positioned in the areas of the supporting points (2). Thus, the number of turbulence-generating supporting points and consequently the flow resistance are reduced in an adjacent heat exchanging passage (7).

Abstract: Plate heat exchanger having mainly rectangular plates mounted in a frame. According to the invention the plates (6, 8) are arranged in at least two groups, the plates having port holes of one size being arranged in one group, while plates having port holes of another size are arranged in another group, the plate group having the largest port holes being arranged closest to the inlet (3) while a plate group having smaller port holes (9) is arranged further away from the inlet (3).

Abstract: A plate evaporator of the rising film type and/or the falling film type comprises several heat exchange plates essentially vertically arranged in spaced face-to-face relationship to define evaporation passages alternating with heating medium passages. Evaporation passages with increasing cross-sectioned area and decreasing perimeter in the flow direction of the feed liquid are formed by providing adjacent plates encompassing one evaporation passage with bulges (for example, ridges) which bulges, compared with imaginary planar plates, entail reduced volume of the evaporation passages. The size of said bulges (that is, the volume-reducing effect of said bulges) is gradually reduced in the flow direction of the medium to be evaporated. Thus, the cross-sectional area of the evaporation passages is increased while their perimeter is reduced in said direction.

Abstract: An improved evaporator unit in which a cooling tube core is placed between guide panels which permit a portion of the refrigerated air band to by-pass the front air opening of the core and to thereafter be forced into the core along a substantial longitudinal length of one or more side air openings. The flow of an auxilliary portion of the air stream into the side air opening permits the diffusion of frost build-up within the cooling tube core. A heater is provided for use during a defrost cycle in order to add heat directly into the cooling tube core. The improved evaporator is designed for use with reverse flow air defrost refrigerated container apparatus. Use of the evaporator permits improved refrigeration and defrost cycle operation.

Abstract: An incubator for laboratory use which includes a housing defining a thermally insulated inner chamber having a controlled gas atmosphere. Devices for sensing characteristics of the incubator chamber atmosphere, and for conditioning the atmosphere, are positioned in a gas recirculation path outside the incubator chamber. The gas atmosphere of the incubator chamber circulates from a chamber outlet in an upper portion of the chamber, through the recirculation path, returning to the incubator chamber through a chamber inlet in a lower portion of the chamber. Included in the recirculation path are a blower for recirculating the chamber atmosphere, a filter, a CO.sub.2 sensor, and a humidifier. A microprocessor-based controller is responsive to the output of the CO.sub.2 sensor to effect the addition of CO.sub.2 to the recirculating gas to maintain a selected CO.sub.2 level in the chamber atmosphere. Upper and lower diffuser plates in the incubator chamber define upper and lower plenums, respectively.

Abstract: The heat exchanger unit is highly efficient in operation and is so constructed as to permit rapid installation in and removal from the earth at small size sites of desired use of the heat pump system. The unit includes a freon-conduction coil assembly preferably comprised of a plurality of concentric coils defining parallel flow paths for the fluid conducted to and from the heat exchanger unit during operation of the system. In one embodiment the coils are preferably formed of tubing of deffering diameters, and the convolutions of each coil are preferably spaced from one another and from the other coils of the assembly. The coil assembly may be enclosed by an impervious cylindrical casing to and from which anti-freeze liquid may be readily conducted while he heat exchanger unit is situated entirely below ground level. Water supply means may be provided in association with the heat exchanger unit to maintain the soil adjacent thereto in a moist condition.

Abstract: An electric space heater includes a housing having inlet and outlet openings and enclosing a heat exchange structure having a main tube and a secondary tube communicated by conduit pipes to define a closed space, exhausted of air, in which a working fluid performs a cycle of vaporization and condensation. The main and secondary tubes each have a uniform diameter and are horizontally disposed in parallel relation with the conduit pipes extending upwardly from the main tube to the secondary tube. Extending the entire length of the main tube is a protective pipe enclosing an electric resistance heating element. The working fluid fills the main tube to a level completely immersing the protective tube, the remainder of the closed space being empty. The main and secondary tubes are provided with spaced radiation fins, with the fins on the secondary tube being at a wider spacing than those of the main tube.

Abstract: A heat recuperator comprises a monolithic refractory block containing a first array of waste gas passages and a second array of combustion air passage segments oriented perpendicular to the waste gas passages. At least one turnaround manifold interconnects successive combustion air passage segments into multiple-pass passages. Preferably waste gas passages are tapered from a larger area entry aperture to a smaller area exit aperture. Successive combustion air segments are preferably tapered in opposite directions in the refractory block so that they can be interconnected to form a multiple pass passage with a substantially continuous taper from a smaller area initial entry aperture to a larger area exit aperture. The monolithic refractory block containing integral passages can be formed in a single casting or ramming operation.

Abstract: A helicoidally finned tube for use mainly in heat exchangers. The tube comprises a cylindrical tubular member which carries or is integral with a helical member the turns of which form the fins of the tube. The fins are provided with ripples which extend from the outer rim of the fins inwardly and the depth of which diminishes toward the tube center. The ripples serve for diverting a cooling medium inwardly to hotter parts of the tube thereby improving its heat transfer performance. The helicoidal member has rippled sections alternately with level sections, the rippled sections subtending an angle not exceeding about 90 degrees and both types of sections on successive turns registering with one another in the direction of the axis of the tubular member.

Abstract: A gas or a fired radiant energy heating system wherein a burner is connected to a long radiator tube. Means are provided for balancing the heat output over the length of the tube thereby lowering the temperature at the burner end. In one embodiment, this entails use of a length of insulator in the tube adjacent the burner and a length of turbulator near the exhaust.

Abstract: The heat exchanger unit is highly efficient in operation and is so constructed as to permit rapid installation in and removal from the earth at small size sites of desired use of the heat pump system. The unit includes a freon-conducting coil assembly preferably comprised of a plurality of concentric coils defining parallel flow paths for the fluid conducted to and from the heat exchanger unit during operation of the system. In one embodiment the coils are preferably formed of tubing of differing diameters, and the convolutions of each coil are preferably spaced from one another and from the other coils of the assembly. The coil assembly may be enclosed by an impervious cylindrical casing to and from which anti-freeze liquid may be readily conducted while the heat exchanger unit is situated entirely below ground level. Water supply means may be provided in association with the heat exchanger unit to maintain the soil adjacent thereto in a moist condition.

Abstract: An ice product is disclosed having improved liquid displacement characteristics and which is of a configuration which provides for splash resistance and resistance to bridging between adjacently stored products. The apparatus and method for producing the improved ice product is disclosed in the form of an ice making machine having one or more combination evaporator and ice form assemblies, each of the assemblies being provided with a plurality of pockets or recesses in which the ice product is formed during a freezing or refrigeration cycle, the ice products being subsequently discharged to an associated storage area during a subsequent harvest cycle.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is described for slurry casting an ingot having a non-dendritic structure across substantially its entire cross section. The casting mold has a first chamber for extracting heat from the molten material. The amount of heat extracted from the molten material and the cooling rate of the molten material is controlled to initiate growth of primary phase particles and to form a semi-solid slurry having a desired fraction solid. The mold also has a second chamber for casting the slurry into an ingot. Adjacent the exit portion of the first chamber and the inlet portion of the second chamber, a transition member is provided for delivering the slurry to the casting chamber and for preventing the ingot shell from extending back into the first chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus and method of forming a durable and immediately reflective line rking on roadways are described. The method includes melting a thermoplastic resinous material, projecting a continuous stream of the melted material onto the roadway in a line and simultaneously (a) projecting a first continuous stream of glass beads into the stream of thermoplastic material as the stream is being applied to the roadway; and (b) dropping a second stream of glass beads onto the top of the thermoplastic/glass bead line immediately after the line is applied to a roadway. The equipment includes a multisection melting tank for the thermoplastic material having a temperature gradient across the different sections, a heated holding tank separably connected to the melting tank, a spray unit for spraying the thermoplastic material, and means for simultaneously projecting glass beads into the liquid marking material as it is being applied and for dropping glass beads onto the applied line after it is applied.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for heat exchange, especially for cooling at solid surfaces. At the solid surfaces, a locally uniform convective heat exchange is achieved. According to the invention, a sink flow is superimposed on a circular flow of a fluid in a flow chamber (1) at a surface of a heat-conducting solid wall (9) by means of a distributor, forming a vortex sink flow. The heat exchange surface of the component (9) to be cooled is at the same time the base plate (8) of a flow chamber (1).

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes therein heat transfer tube assemblies arranged in rows in a zigzag form. Each assembly comprises a tube, and a plurality of fins secured the outer surface of the tube, and the radial length of each fin facing an inlet of the heat exchanger for a high temperature gas to be supplied therethrough is constructed to be larger than that facing an opposing outlet thereof so as to effectively perform heat exchange between the supplied high temperature gas and a liquid passing through the heat transfer tube assembly.

Abstract: A hot water heater tank is formed from a cylindrical body or tube and a header subassembly. The header subassembly includes first and second headers sized to fit in separately sized sections of the body of the tank. The subassembly, comprising the headers and interconnecting heat exchange tubes, is coated with a protective ceramic material prior to insertion into the cylindrical body of the tank.

Abstract: A process of quenching an effluent containing materials having a tendency to coke is disclosed, the process being characterized by the quenching of the effluent in a quench zone wherein heat is transferred from the effluent through at least one heat exchange tube wall, and through a solid heat transfer medium surrounding the tube and in contact with the tube, to water, the temperature of the wall being maintained above the dew point of materials having a tendency to coke partly by the provision of the solid heat transfer medium which increases gradually in thickness from a point at or near the entry of the tube to a point at or near the exit of the tube.

Abstract: The flow of cracked gases, for example, from an ethylene plant through the tubes of a transfer line heat exchanger is equalized by employing larger cross-section tubes in the outer portion of the exchanger and smaller cross-section tubes in the inner portion of the exchanger thereby preventing, or substantially minimizing, build-up of coke deposits in the exchanger, especially in the inlets of the tubes in the outer portion where coke formation conventionally occurs.