Abstract: Improved heat transfer tube and method of making same has mechanical enhancements which can individually improve either the inner or outer surfaces or which can cooperate to increase the overall efficiency of the tube. The internal enhancement, which is useful on either boiling or condensing tubes, comprises a plurality of closely spaced helical ridges which provide increased surface area and are positioned at an angle which gives them a tendency to swirl the liquid. The external enhancement, which is applicable to boiling tubes, is provided by successive cross-grooving and rolling operations performed after finning. The finning operation, in a preferred embodiment for nucleate boiling, produces fins while the cross-grooving and rolling operation deforms the tips of the fins and causes the surface of the tube to have the general appearance of a grid of generally rectangular flattened blocks which are wider than the fins and separated by narrow openings between the fins and narrow grooves normal thereto.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes an insert having a plurality of longitudinal flutes disposed about its periphery defining flow passages of enhanced surface area. The insert includes at least one slot and expansion means so that the insert can be inserted into a duct without press fitting and subsequently expanded to urge the flutes into intimate thermal contact with the wall of the duct. Removal of the expanding force permits the insert to be removed from the duct for maintenance.

Abstract: A heat transfer tube has at least a row of projections provided on its inner surface at regular intervals along a spiral curve thereof. The row of projections are formed by plastic deformation of part of the heat transfer tube, which is effected by pressing a rolling disc having projections against the outer surface of the heat transfer tube. The projections have smooth curved surfaces. The height of the projections ranges from 0.45 mm to 0.6 mm, their pitch along the spiral curve ranges from 3.5 mm to 5 mm, and their pitch in the axial direction ranges from 5 mm to 9 mm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchanger for use as a reboiler-condenser which increases the efficiency of heat transfer between boiling and condensing fluids such as cryogens, e.g. oxygen and nitrogen in an air separation unit. The exchanger has enhanced boiling and condensing surfaces and slightly inclined condensing passages built up from individually extruded passageway elements.

Abstract: In an air-cooled surface condensor including a plurality of elongated finned heat exchanger tubes arranged in a single row, each tube has a continually increasing cross-sectional area from a front end to a rear end of the tube in the direction of flowing of cooling air. A separating wall provided with perforations is mounted within each tube.

Abstract: Apparatus to reduce or eliminate fluid bed erosion in fluidized bed combustion boilers by increasing the fire-side tube temperature by adding appropriately dimensioned longitudinal or circumferential fins to the inbed heat exchange tubes in the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides heat exchanger apparatus and method including a tubular heat transfer surface, a heat transfer fluid which is made to pass along the surface, and a wire brush heat exchanger insert positioned to impinge the fluid flowing within the heat transfer surface. The brush heat exchange insert is composed of a ceramic material having a high absorptance and emittance.

Abstract: An enhanced heat-transfer tube for use in a condenser of a refrigeration system, in which fine grooves having a depth equal to or less than 0.0012 inches, when the refrigerant has a mass velocity equal to or greater than 200,000 lb.sub.m /hr-ft.sup.2, improves the average heat-transfer coefficient.

Abstract: The present invention provides heat exchanger apparatus and method for enhancing heat transfer between a fluid and a tubular heat exchanger surface. The invention involves a heat transfer surface, a heat transfer fluid passed along the surface, and a metal or ceramic thin rod packing positioned to impinge the fluid flowing within the heat transfer surface. The thin rod packing is established in the form of a screen heat exchange insert composed of a metal or ceramic material having a high adsorptance and emittance.

Abstract: The invention comprises a high performance segmented baffled shell and tube heat exchanger in which baffles are oriented at angles less than 180.degree. adjacent one another.

Abstract: A heat exchanger element includes a single and integrally extruded member having at least two hollow tubes having parallel longitudinal axes, each two adjacent hollow tubes being connected by at least two webs which extend parallel to the longitudinal axes and which are formed integrally with each of the two adjacent hollow tubes. The webs have therethrough plural perforations, and the material of each web between adjacent perforations therein is deflected to form a rib extending at an angle to the web. At least one tube has formed integrally therewith a projecting track which extends parallel to the longitudinal axes. Plural heat exchanger elements are connected at the respective tracks thereof to form a tube bundle.

Abstract: A cooling system for engine exhaust gases includes a engine block mounted exhaust manifold connected to a heat exchanger by a conduit and gas distribution header, the exhaust manifold, conduit and distribution header being continuously water jacketed to shield all hot exhaust system surfaces for engine operation in flammable or explosive environments. The exhaust gas flows through parallel gas tubes in the heat exchanger having thin, corrugated walls which aid heat transfer to the surrounding water and are axially expandable to relief thermal stress.

Abstract: A space heating device which utilizes infrared lamps has enhanced heat transfer, and achieves an air flow velocity increase of approximately 30 percent, resulting in increased efficiency. A heat exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced, parallel copper tubes, and a plurality of spaced, parallel aluminum fins connected and extending perpendicular to the tubes, is mounted above the infrared lamps and in an air flow path within a casing so that air is circulated by a fan from a cool air inlet, past the lamps, beneath, around, and above the heat exchanger, through the tubes of the heat exchanger, and through the spaces between the fins and tubes, to the heated air outlet. Bottom portions of the fins are coated with black carbon paint to enhance heat transfer, and curved deflectors are provided adjacent the bottom of the lamps and adjacent the top of the heat exchanger on one end thereof, to facilitate guiding of the air in a generally S-shaped path through the casing.

Abstract: A self-contained, wall-mountable cooling and filtering unit for hydraulic drive fluid featuring a coiled heat transfer pipe in a coil chamber which surrounds a drum-type filter cartridge, the hot fluid flowing through the coil chamber in the axial direction, before traversing the filter cartridge in a radial inward direction and exiting from the device. The heat transfer pipe is a finned pipe with an integral helical fin having is originally radial fin wall bent away at four folding lines in a rectangle, to form aligned fold segments in four longitudinal surface planes. The fold segments support superposed pipe turns in the heat transfer coil while positioning the latter against the walls of the coil chamber.

Abstract: Improved heat transfer tube and method of making same has mechanical enhancements which can individually improve either the inner or outer surfaces or which can cooperate to increase the overall efficiency of the tube. The internal enhancement, which is useful on either boiling or condensing tubes, comprises a plurality of closely spaced helical ridges which provide increased surface area and are positioned at an angle which gives them a tendency to swirl the liquid. The external enhancement, which is applicable to boiling tubes, is provided by successive cross-grooving and rolling operations performed after finning. The finning operation, in a preferred embodiment for nucleate boiling, produces fins while the cross-grooving and rolling operation deforms the tips of the fins and causes the surface of the tube to have the general appearance of a grid of generally rectangular flattened blocks which are wider than the fins and separated by narrow openings between the fins and narrow grooves normal thereto.

Abstract: A heat exchanger suitable for use with a combustion heater, comprises a one-piece extruded tubular heat exchanger element having a tubular body and a number of interior and exterior fins projecting integrally radially from the tubular body.

Abstract: Shell and tube heat transfer apparatus and a corresponding process of heat transfer employ a fluid flow consisting of non-turbulent boundary-layers adjacent the inner and outer heat exchanger surfaces of the tubes and a non-turbulent core-layer between the boundary-layers and interfacing therewith. Interrupter-structures disposed within the tube and shell flow passes and interrupt the full development of the boundary-layers at a multitude of spaced spots, leaving the heat transfer surfaces unaltered, unmodified and uninterrupted, so that the boundary-layers cannot increase in thickness but will partially separate from the surfaces and mix non-turbulently with the core-layer to effect the required heat transfer between the surfaces and the fluid. The interrupter-structure preferably consists of a plurality of rows of spheres, with which the space remote from the heat exchange surface is filled with a space-filling material to prevent the useless flow of fluid in a space not effective for heat transfer.

Abstract: A water-condensing heat exchanger recovers heat from a hot flue gas, subjecting tubes of the heat exchanger to substantial thermal expansion and contraction, and corrosive constituents in the flue gas require that metal tube sheets be thoroughly insulated from the flue gas during operation in a water-condensing mode. The heat exchanger is constructed by heat-forming edge portions of holes in plastic sheets through holes in tube sheets, temporarily plugging the plastic-lined holes to limit diametrical reduction, and entering tubes through the plastic-lined holes sufficiently shortly after unplugging the holes that further diametrical reduction of the holes causes them to grip and fixedly locate the tubes relative to the tube sheets. The method of manufacture also concerns providing a fluroplastic coating, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, on the interior elements of the heat exchanger to inhibit corrosion thereof; such coatings are hydrophobic thus allowing falling condensate to be washed away easily.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved ambient-air liquid cryogen vaporizer and a method of using the same. The interconnections between the vertical starfinned pipe lengths of the vaporizer are arranged such that the coldest temperature pipe lengths are placed at more remote locations from the warmer pipe lengths than in previous vaporizer set-ups. This arrangement increases the capacity of the vaporizer by reducing ice bridging between the colder and warmer fins.

Abstract: The oxygenater heat exchanger disclosed utilizes a heat transfer tube having several tube legs arranged in closely spaced, parallel relation. A resilient central core fits resiliently within the tube legs and cooperates with spiral ribs on the tube and with the housing to form blood flow spiral passages down around the exterior of each of the tube legs. The blood inlet is positioned to enhance efficient heat exchange.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electromagnetic energy collector assembly in which a transparent cylindrical glass tube made from common glass tubing lengths is sealed under vacuum at one end to an inner cylindrical energy absorber having a plurality of grooves on the exterior surface. The inner absorber may be constructed of glass, metal, or other material and the energy absorbing surfaces have grooves which may be helical, or parallel or longitudinal to the normal axis of the absorber. One or more of energy collectors are connected into a manifold for circulation of a fluid working media, e.g., gas or water, which is eventually utilized in any application of thermal energy, e.g., heating, cooling or driving a turbine. The collector assembly is particularly useful in the collection of solar energy.

Abstract: A heat transfer pipe including a cylindrical heat transfer pipe body and a plurality of circumferential or spiral fins integrally formed on the outer surface of the pipe body, the upper portion of each of the fins having one or more circumferential grooves to divide it circumferencially into at least two parts and a plurality of axially extending breaks to divide it axially into a number of parts. The fins further may have notches formed therein with a predetermined pitch in a direction crossing the fins to divide them into a plurality sections, and a plurality of discrete beads are integrally formed on the inner surface of the body along imaginary lines having a lead angle which is in reverse relation to the lead angle of the fins, the beads being formed on at least some of the intersections between the imaginary lines and the fins.

Abstract: A double wall heat exchanger for use in solar heaters and the like. An outer drawn copper tube of predetermined thickness and inside diameter is slid over a second drawn copper tube also of a predetermined thickness and outside diameter. A small axial groove, which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second or inner tube, is located in the surface of the inner tube and extends the entire length of the inner tube. The tubes are then placed in a furnace and annealed for a specified time and temperature. The double wall tubes are placed in a finning machine. Under a specified pressure and at a specified feed rate, integral fins are formed on the outside tube. While the fins are being formed on the outside tube, internal pressure is being applied forcing the inner tube to expand and conform to the inside diameter of the outer tube. The mating surfaces form a helical passageway which serves as part of the path of leakage.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger for an air conditioning system including a plurality of heat exchanger tubes and a plurality of fins secured to outer surfaces of the heat transfer tubes, the fins are of a special constructional form, such as slitted fins having slits formed in flat or convoluted fins or spine fins, and the heat transfer tubes are each formed on its inner wall surface with spiral grooves or two systems of spiral grooves of large number. The heat transfer tubes define therein a refrigerant passage while the adjacent two fins define therebetween an air passage extending past the outer surfaces of the heat transfer tubes.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for cryosurgical instruments comprises a mantle containing individual layers of a heat exchange substance, such as a heat exchange material or a heat exchange filler, an outer jacket surrounding the mantle, a contact zone within the outer jacket for receiving cooling fluid, and a heat detector in thermal contact with the outer jacket but separated by the mantle from the cooling fluid contact zone. Each of the individual layers of heat exchange substance is positioned within the mantle a spaced distance from every other individual layer, so that these individual layers of heat exchange substance are mutually separated from one another.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger for an air conditioning system including a plurality of heat exchanger tubes and a plurality of fins secured to outer surfaces of the heat transfer tubes, the fins are of a special constructional form, such as slitted fins having slits formed in flat or convoluted fins or spine fins, and the heat transfer tubes are each formed on its inner wall surface with spiral grooves or two systems of spiral grooves of large number. The heat transfer tubes define therein a refrigerant passage while the adjacent two fins define therebetween an air passage extending past the outer surfaces of the heat transfer tubes.

Abstract: The invention relates to an atmospheric heater particularly for cryogenic fluids. Examples of cryogenic fluids which can be heated are liquified nitrogen and liquified oxygen.

Abstract: This specification discloses an improvement to the construction of an elongated turbulator radiator tube (114) and a radiator construction produced thereby. In general, the turbulator radiator tube has a first principal heat transfer surface (120) and a second principal heat transfer surface (122), both of which have a first edge (124) and a second edge (126). Interconnecting surfaces (128) and (130) are provided for independently interconnecting both the first edges and the second edges of the first principal heat transfer surface and the second principal heat transfer surface. The improved construction is characterized in the following manner. Each of the principal heat transfer surfaces having a plurality of flow diverting members (152) placed along the length thereof. Each of the flow diverting members is deformed from the principal heat transfer surfaces toward the interior of the tube.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to heat exchange apparatus in which a cooling tower having coils carrying heated water from a facility in a closed circuit system are mounted such that the coils, by means of multi-directional thermal expansion, crack scale and other film from the surface thereof. The improvement is directed to the internal flow path of heated fluid in the closed circuit which includes turbulator means to enhance agitation and vibration of the coils thereby increasing efficiency and avoiding the build-up of the scale on the smooth external surfaces of the cooling coils. The cooling tower may include a turbine driven fan which utilizes as a motive fluid water for cooling and washing the coils of scale.

Abstract: A high performance heat transfer tube for use in an evaporator of a refrigeration system is disclosed. The tube has at least one helically extending fin convolution on its external surface and at least one helically extending rib on its internal surface. The fin convolution has bent over tip portions which touch the adjacent convolution to form subsurface passages at those sections of the fin convolution which are not located above an internal rib. Depressed sections of the fin convolution located above an internal rib have bent over tip portions which do not touch the adjacent convolution to form cavities. The subsurface passages and cavities form a subsurface channel having fluid communication with the surroundings of the tube through the cavity openings.

Abstract: Improved double wall tubing assembly which is especially useful in heat exchangers of the "coil-in-can" type for solar applications has a double wall construction which insures that a leak developing from a failure in either of the walls will not result in a mixing of fluid external to the outer tube with the fluid flowing internally of the inner tube. An outwardly projecting helical fin configuration formed on the outer surface of the inner tube provides an effective heat transfer medium between the inner and outer walls of the tube assembly while defining a spiral flow channel through which leakage entering through either wall can flow and be detected. A method of making the double wall tube assembly is disclosed wherein a finned outer tube is assembled over a previously finned inner tube. The assembled tubes are then brought into firm mechanical contact by the step of forming the assembled tubes into a coil and/or by expanding the inner tube.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for forming a heat exchanger tube comprising the steps of inserting an inner tube within an outer tube, interposing therebetween a heat conductive fin element and expanding the inner tube thereby causing frictional engagement of the inner tube, outer tube and interposed fin.

Abstract: A turbulator comprising a strip of metal formed into a generally zig-zag longitudinal extending element for insertion into a fire tube of a furnace which so deflects gases passing through the tube as to break up laminar flow and thus improve heat transfer. The apices at the junctures of the legs of the element, which contact the interior wall of the fire tube, are rounded both longitudinally and laterally of the length of the strip to insure non-scratch contact with the interior wall during insertion and retraction whereby to prolong the life of the tube by eliminating zones sensitive to corrosion.

Abstract: A mass produced, easily assembled heat exchanger for use in cooling a cabinet or other enclosure by convection over both ends of fins which penetrate the wall of the enclosure. The configuration of the preferred embodiment has offset fins alternating in and out of the enclosure with the overlap at the enclosure wall and each fin acting as a spacer for the adjacent ones. An alternate embodiment uses a "U" shaped spacer to wrap around the overlapping edge of each fin, thus increasing the air flow space between fins without increasing the thickness of fins.

Abstract: A heat transfer device having an augmented surface is disclosed. The device comprises a base wall of heat conductive material having a plurality of pyramid-fins formed integrally with the surface of the base wall. The pyramid-fins are regularly spaced apart in the range of about 80-500 pyramid-fins per square inch and have a height in the range of 0.015 to 0.040 inch. The base wall is preferably a cylindrical tube and the pyramid-fins are formed as a knurled diamond pattern around the outside periphery of the tube.

Abstract: An atmospheric vaporizer suitable for vaporizing cryogenic liquids on a continuous basis at greatly improved operating efficiency characterized by a critical pass spacing ratio of from 1 to 5.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has at least two channels, separated from each other by a wall, for the flow therethrough of fluids such as gases. It is desired that heat exchange should take place between the fluids. The wall is made of a material which is poorly heat-conducting and is penetrated by heat-conducting pins projecting into both channels. The wall is made of a flexible film and the pins are inserted into the film at any desired locations.

Abstract: A cooling radiator having a secondary cooling means and comprising a pair of spaced liquid coolant tanks, one of which is an inlet tank having a liquid coolant inlet adjacent one end and the other of which is a liquid outlet tank having an outlet adjacent its corresponding opposite end, interconnecting spaced coolant tubes between the tanks, a heat exchanger for cooling a second liquid such as engine oil located in the outlet tank with the heat exchanger having a spaced inlet and outlet and a confined liquid space therebetween for flow of this second liquid through this spaced and an internal fin within the heat exchanger located within an inner tube of the heat exchanger in heat exchange relationship with the liquid coolant in the outlet tank.

Abstract: A thermal energy transfer apparatus and method to efficiently transfer thermal energy between two or more media, such as plural fluids, a fluid and a solid, two solids, etc. A thermally conductive mesh-like member provides relatively large surface areas for energy transfer therethrough. In one embodiment the mesh-like member disperses a fluid flowing therethrough while simultaneously effecting efficient and substantial thermal energy transfer therewith. A pair of thermally conductive generally solid discs direct the fluid into and receive fluid from the mesh-like member while also distributing thermal energy in the mesh-like member and/or transferring thermal energy with respect to the latter, for example, to a source or dissipator of thermal energy.

Abstract: A heat transfer tube for a water-spray-panel evaporator for the gasification of liquefied natural gases which includes a tube having a pair of planar members each projecting outwardly from its peripheral surface, radially with respect to its longitudinal axis and extending longitudinally along such axis, and an internal fin disposed within the tube and having at least three fin members each projecting radially with respect to the longitudinal axis to provide a helical formation extending along and about the longitudinal axis, the helix of the helical formation contacting the internal wall of the tube in a pressure-fitting relationship. The heat transfer tubes can be assembled to form a panel evaporator. The method for fabricating such heat transfer tubes and assemblies is characterized in that the above pressure-fitting relationship is established by drawing the tube alone to reduce its internal diameter until the helix of the helicoid is abutted against the internal wall of the tube.

Abstract: The specification discloses a refrigeration apparatus suitable for cooling water in an air conditioning system, the apparatus having a heat exchanger in which certain heat exchanger tubes are omitted to greatly enhance the overall performance of the apparatus.This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 118,885, filed Feb. 6, 1980, now abandoned.

Abstract: A ribbed construction assembled from sheet metal bands for improved heat transfer, suitably built into the pipes of heat exchangers forms the arrangement of the invention. The ribbed construction assembled from toothed metal bands ensures the improved heat transfer primarily by slowing down the velocity of the medium flowing in the center of the pipe; furthermore it improves the temperature distribution of the flowing medium by means of metallic contact and mixing. Although the ribs are easily movable in the pipe, a significant portion of the tooth-ends is in loose contact with the inner pipe wall, which likewise improves the heat transfer.

Abstract: A solar heat collector made up of several metal plates, each bent to provide a first planar portion and a second planar portion at substantially 90.degree., with a flanged hole through each first portion. One or more metal tubes passes through the holes of the plates to position the plates with their second portions forming a substantially continuous sheet. Spacers maintain the plate spacing so that the plate second portions do not overlap. The tubes and flanges are sized so that the tubes are squeezed as they pass through the plate holes, assuring good thermal contact between the tubes and the plates.

Abstract: The method of making elongated heat exchangers having outwardly projecting fins spaced longitudinally thereof, wherein the fins are cut or gouged from a work-piece while the work-piece and cutting tool are vibrated relative to each other to afford roughened surfaces on both faces of the fins facing longitudinally of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat exchange unit for cooling oil or other fluids.

Abstract: A vapor generating system in which a vapor generating section and a superheating section are connected in a series flow relationship. The vapor generating section includes an upright furnace section formed by a plurality of tubes, a portion of which extend at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane for passing fluid through the length of the furnace section to convert a portion of the fluid to vapor or to heat the fluid. The angularly extending portion of each tube has a rifled bore.

Abstract: An energy storage system of increased conductivity for enhanced receipt, capture, storage, removal and release of energy is provided by dispersing finely divided filaments of highly conductive material throughout chemical energy storage media and causing the conductive filaments to establish a myriad network of highly conductive paths in contact with substantially the entirety of the media and energy exchangers devised to add energy to and remove energy from the media via the conductive paths.

Abstract: A heat transfer wall comprises a heat transfer wall body, a number of fins integrally formed on one surface of the body, extending parallel to each other and having breaks formed therein at predetermined intervals, and a number of beads integrally formed on the other surface of the body. This arrangement may be applied to a heat transfer pipe. Thus, the pipe comprises a heat transfer pipe body, at least one row of spiral fins integrally formed on the outer surface of the body and having breaks formed therein at predetermined intervals, and a number of beads integrally formed on the inner surface of the body.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers, having an excellent heat transfer performance. More specifically, the invention relates to a surface condition of the heat transfer tube for improving the heat transfer performance and a method of producing the tube easily, especially a method for processing the surface condition efficiently and advantageously from an industrial point of view. The essential feature of the invention resides in a provision of a surface condition for promoting the boiling which consists of annular or spiral cavities extending along the tube surface in the circumferential direction of the latter, as well as narrow gaps extending along the cavities so as to allow the cavities to communicate the outside space. If necessary, spiral or annular fins may be provided on the tube surface, so as to improve the boiling performance at the outside of the tube.

Abstract: A modular infrared heating device having an outer casing which encloses a heating chamber wherein one or more infrared lamps are vertically positioned. The heating device also includes an intake channel which communicates with an opening in the outer casing and with the heating chamber. At least one heat exchanging plate is positioned within the heating chamber adjacent to the infrared lamps such that it is capable of being heated thereby and defines an air discharge channel with a wall of the casing and. This plate has a plurality of open-ended tubular conduits mounted onto it. Each of these conduits is constructed to have a hollow inner channel and is mounted onto the heat exchanging plate such that its hollow inner channel is aligned with a corresponding opening in the plate.