Abstract: In a fluidized bed of solid particles having one or more heat exchange tubes immersed therein, the rate of heat transfer between the fluidized particles and a fluid flowing through the immersed heat exchange tubes is controlled by rotating an arcuate shield apparatus about each tube to selectively expose various portions of the tube to the fluidized particles.

Abstract: A novel method and device for precision injection molding is disclosed providing controlled cooling of a portion of the mold cavity surface during the molding cycle, or several such portions independently, and also, in the preferred embodiment controlled heating of a portion of the mold cavity surface during the molding cycle or several such portions independently, whereby high quality, high precision parts having close dimensional tolerances may be produced. Another aspect of the invention, a volume-controlled variable conductance heat pipe is disclosed, which novel heat pipe comprises housing means forming a sealed chamber, fluid, such as water or ammonia, within the chamber, wicking means and control means for controling the thermal conductance of the heat pipe comprising means for controlling the volume of fluid in the liquid phase in the chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid circuit, comprising a fluid outlet; a primary fluid flow line having a first section coupled with the fluid inlet and a second section coupled with the fluid outlet; an on-off type control valve and a heat exchanger located in the primary fluid flow line; a bypass fluid flow line connected in parallel to the heat exchanger to provide fluid flow between the first and second sections bypassing the heat exchanger; and a valve positioned in the bypass line for permitting fluid flow in the bypass line in the direction of the fluid inlet. Also disclosed is an automotive vehicle heating and cooling system containing the fluid circuit as the vehicle interior compartment heating system.

Abstract: A friction furnace having a casing and containing a plurality of orifice plates disposed therein. The orifice plates are of two types arranged in alternating order throughout the casing; each type of orifice plate, however, having an annular ring disposed radially inward from its periphery which contains a plurality of radially disposed passages. The first type of orifice plate contains a plurality of transverse passages disposed between its periphery and annular ring whereas the second type of orifice plate contains a plurality of transverse passages disposed entirely within the diameter of its annular ring. An adjusting means is provided for varying the number of orifice plates contained within the casing. Fluid is circulated throughout the friction furnace through and around the orifice plates by a pump; and, a heat exchanger is provided in fluid communication with the furnace to transfer the heat of the circulating fluid to a directionally controlled flow of air.

Abstract: A heat exchanger, intended for use in hot water heaters, in which a tank and a hot water inlet pipe are formed integrally with each other, at a junction of which is placed a valve for control of the flow rate of hot water. The valve has a valve body disposed in close contact with a valve seat for rotation about its own axis relative thereto. Secured to the valve body is a rotary shaft which can be operated from outside. The valve body and the valve seat have respective through holes formed therein which can register with each other with their registered area variable to vary the flow rate of hot water with a change in the registered area of these through holes. The valve body is adapted to be placed in tight contact with the valve seat substantially solely by the pressure of hot water in the inlet pipe.

Abstract: In a plant for recovering the sensible heat of continuously cast slabs, the slabs are guided through a cooling chamber in which heat is given off from the slabs to a cooling medium. In order to achieve a high heat yield and a low exit temperature of the slabs, the cooling medium is brought into direct contact with the slab surfaces within the cooling chamber, and the heated cooling medium is used as a heating medium in a heat exchanger in contact with a recirculating medium.

Abstract: Solar collectors whose absorbers are made of a conventional building material form the outer surface of the roof and wall of a building. Air flows behind the absorbers and heat is transferred to the air by expanded metal conductors which extend from adjacent the outside surfaces of the absorbers into the flow passages. Heat from the collectors is stored in a system including a cold tank of liquid, a heat tank of liquid at a higher temperature, and a hot water tank of liquid at an even higher temperature. A heat pump may transfer heat from the cold tank to the heat tank and from the heat tank to the hot water tank. Cold and heat exchangers are provided in each tank for receiving heated air from the collectors and transferring heat therefrom to the liquid in the tank; and the exchangers in the cold and heat tanks transfer heat between the liquid in the tanks and air from or to the building. Air flows to and from the collectors, tanks, and buildings in ducts formed by the floor and roof beams and wall slabs.

Abstract: A check valve for a thermosiphoning solar energy system having a buoyant movably disposed element situated between primary and auxiliary valve seats. Under normal operating conditions flow enters the top of the valve and passes downwardly through the primary seat thereby dislodging the movable element from its seated position. The element, however, is designed to have a density greater than the fluid at high temperatures, which causes the element to lodge in the auxiliary seat to prevent the further flow of the thermosiphoning fluid.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed of solid particles having one or more heat exchange tubes immersed therein, the rate of heat transfer between the fluidized particles and a fluid flowing through the immersed heat exchange tubes is controlled by rotating an arcuate shield apparatus about each tube to selectively expose various portions of the tube to the fluidized particles.

Abstract: A hair dryer for use in personal beauty care incorporates a blower for moving a stream of air through a dryer housing onto the hair. A self-regulating, disc-shaped, electrical resistance heater body formed of a ceramic material of positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTC) and having a multiplicity of air flow passages extending between the opposite faces thereof is arranged the housing for heating the air stream.

Abstract: In a gas-controlled heat-pipe thermostat of high precision having a temperature-controlled chamber arranged at least partly within the evaporation and condensation cycle and a gas reservoir connected to said heat-pipe, the improvement comprising in that in the heat-pipe a cooling surface is arranged for the production of condensate which, for the scavenging of the surface of said temperature-controlled chamber in a directed manner, is connected to the outer wall of said chamber by liquid conducting capillary structures.

Abstract: A bubble (32) of non-condensable gas between a solvent permeable membrane (18) and solvent within a solvent reservoir (16) limits the amount of surface area of the membrane wettable by the solvent and thereby limits the amount of solvent capable of passing through the membrane into the solution reservoir (12).

Abstract: An annealing oven for wire and the like includes a tubular elongated heater made of electrical resistance alloy material. The wire passing therethrough is so guided that it remains at all times out of contact with the heater and no current passes through the wire. Relatively movable sections of heat-insulating material laterally jacket the tube to facilitate threading a wire through a slot in the tube and so as to facilitate rigid heating with a minimum of heat loss, so as to adjust heat loss as a part of temperature control, and so as to effect rapid cooling of the tube. The sections are arranged in pairs, and a pair of such sections has a lesser insulating capacity than the preceding section, taken in the direction of wire movement. The device is compact and takes a minimum of space adjacent to any material processing machine.

Abstract: A rotating electric machine with a cylindrical rotor and a cylindrical stator enclosing the rotor is provided with coatings on the outer surface of the rotor and the inner surface of the stator for the enhancement of radiative heat exchange between these components.

Abstract: A gas-controlled heat-pipe thermostat of high precision comprising a closed pipe interiorly covered with a capillary structure; a gas pressure regulation system containing control gas in communication with the interior of the pipe and a working fluid. The pipe defines first and second condensation zones and an intermediate evaporation zone. The working fluid within the pipe upon reaching the evaporation zone is vaporizable and dividable into two portions, each portion flowable to one of the first and second condensation zones after which it returns to the evaporation zone by way of the capillary structure for recycling. The control gas of the gas pressure regulation system forms a buffer zone. The positioning of the evaporation zone in relation to the second condensation zone resulting in the evaporation condensation cycle through the first of the condensation zones is separated from the control gas by the evaporation condensation cycle through the second condensation zone.

Abstract: A materials heating device includes rod-shaped electrical heating element which serves both to heat a thermoconductive receptacle containing the material to be heated as well as tools and instruments for working with the material. The heating element is mounted in spaced relationship to the receptacle by a thermoconductive bracket through which heat is conducted to the receptacle to heat the contents thereof. The end of the heating element protrudes from the bracket, whereby tools and instruments to be heated can be held in direct contact with the exposed end portion of the heating element until sufficient heat is transferred thereto. An adjustable heat dissipator can be provided on the receptacle to regulate the temperature of the receptacle.

Abstract: A refrigerator comprising a freezing compartment and a refrigerating compartment which refrigerator is provided with a primary refrigerating system containing a refrigerant with a primary evaporator disposed in the freezing compartment, and a secondary refrigerating system which also contains a refrigerant with a secondary evaporator disposed in the refrigerating compartment, and a secondary condensor which is in heat-exchanging contact with the primary evaporator, which condensor has a condensation wall on whose surface the refrigerant condenses during operation, means being provided for varying the available condensation wall area, so as to control the temperature of the secondary evaporator.

Abstract: A heat recovery system for use with a rotatable cylindrical kiln having a curved sidewall surface and which is adapted to be fired, for example, by a burner supplied through a fuel supply line with fuel oil, comprises, at least one segment member which overlies and is spaced from the kiln curved sidewall surface and which defines a heat radiation absorbing surface. A coolant circulating system is connected to the segment member and a coolant is circulated therethrough and then into a separate heat exchanger which is used for recovering the heat. The heat exchanger may be employed, for example, to preheat the oil which is delivered to a burner for firing the kiln or it may be used in a separate system requiring heat. A segment member is advantageously mounted on an undercarriage so that it may be moved toward or away from the kiln surface in accordance with the heat exchange requirements.

Abstract: An electrostatic oven or cooking apparatus having a heating structure defining a cavity and conventional thermostatically controlled heating element into which articles are placed is provided with an arrangement to generate an electrical field in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the cooking articles thereby improving the overall efficiency of the cooking process. The improved efficiency of the cooking process results in a reduction in the cooking time relative to conventional ovens. The electrical field generating apparatus in one arrangement includes an electrical field grid element maintained at a reference potential and apparatus for supporting the cooking articles upon being positioned within the heating structure cavity and maintaining the cooking articles at a DC potential with respect to the reference potential. The electrical field grid element and the cooking article support apparatus are spaced apart and adjustable relative to each other.

Abstract: An apparatus for scavenging condensate from the interior of a cylinder, such as a drying cylinder of a papermaking machine, which is heated by means of condensable medium. The apparatus comprises a siphon arranged in the cylinder and forming a mainly radial passage. One end of the passage opens in the vicinity of the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder while the other end of the passage is in communication with a condensate scavenging pipe which extends along the cylinder axis and is in communication with a region outside the cylinder to scavenge condensate from the interior of the cylinder. The passage formed by the siphon is composed of a plurality of parallel and mutually delimited part passages. A pressure difference sensing means is arranged in the cylinder to sense the difference between the pressure in the cylinder and respectively a pressure depending upon the pressure drop in the siphon and a preset reference pressure.

Abstract: An adjustable temperature warming plate for an electric coffee maker in which a fixedly positioned metal hot plate has an electric heating element disposed beneath and adjacent the hot plate with the supporting means for the electric heating element permitting the heating element to pivot about a contact point near the edge of the hot plate for varying the thermal coupling of the heating element to the hot plate by changing the spacing between the heating element and the hot plate. A pressure element is provided to urge the heater toward the contact point and a setting element is provided to adjust the spacing between the heating element and the hot plate. This provides a simple and reliable means for varying the thermal coupling of the heating element to the hot plate and consequently the temperature of the warming plate. The heating element includes a tube unitary therewith forming a continuous flow water heating tube for the coffee maker.

Abstract: The thermal induction unit utilizes heat rays radiated by external material bodies by virtue of their absolute temperature and by reflection. The majority of the surface area of the thermal induction unit is fabricated of heat insulation material so as to inhibit heat transfer therethrough and passages are provided throughout the otherwise insulated area. The structure on the induction side of the unit is so conformed as to reflect, direct and converge radiant heat rays through the passages and thus into the environment on the opposite side of the induction unit.

Abstract: A fluid-containing tube is supported by a radially-disposed, heat absorbing fin so as to be coaxial with the reflective inner surface of a hemi-cylindrical reflector. Such a combination, if positioned with the reflector aperture substantially horizontal and with a North-South disposition of the reflector axis, or with the reflector aperture vertical, its axis substantially vertical and with a Southern exposure of that aperture, will produce effective sun-tracking and efficient heating of the fluid in the tube throughout the daylight hours even though the reflector remains static.

Abstract: An illustrative embodiment of the invention has a group of three concentrically disposed banks of helical steam generator tubes. Shrouds interposed between each of these three tube banks establish liquid barriers between the individual banks that prevent liquid sodium (or other shell side working fluid) from enjoying free communication throughout all of the tube banks. In this way, potentially damaging leakage between the shell side working fluid and the water within one of the tube banks can be isolated through discontinuation of the shell side working fluid and feedwater flow to the leaking bank, thereby permitting the remaining sound tube banks to continue functioning.

Abstract: A three way valve selectively charges or discharges gas under pressure within the annular gaps between a series of transversely extending longitudinally spaced radiator tubes fixed to a radiator panel to control waste heat rejection and coaxial inner tubes which may comprise heat pipes or turns of a sinuous coolant flow tube for spacecraft, earth satellites and the like to thermal couple and decouple the heat pipe or coolant flow tube to the space radiator.

Abstract: A solar collector is disclosed that enables the installation of the collector parallel to the surface plane or angle of any structure, including vertical walls and flat roofs, without affecting generating efficiency. The collector is efficient for both energy absorption and transfer to the transport fluid. The collector removes architectural constraints and is suitable for building structure applications not heretofore possible. The collector comprises an array of integral fin/tube extrusions all of which are aligned in the East-West direction. Mechanical linkage rotates the extrusions in unison, with a sun tracking device, to the solar altitude angle. The extrusions, mechanical linkage, and sun tracking device are contained within an insulated housing enclosure. The integral fluid channels likewise extend in an East-West direction, are spaced apart in the North-South direction and are directed to supply and return manifold piping extending in the North-South direction with inlet and outlet connections.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for flue gas in which water tubes are inserted through the flue wall into the flue from the exterior thereof so as to be adjustable in the depth of insertion. Each of the water tubes has a structure comprising an inner water feed tube and an outer recovering tube for recovery of the waste heat by returning the water from the water feed tube to generate steam by heat transferring from the waste gas passing through the flue. Headers are provided at each exterior top of the feed water tubes and recovering tubes and are connected respectively to a water-steam drum through movable connecting tubes. The headers are movable in co-operation with driving means provided at the exterior of the flue so as to adjust the heating surface of the water tubes inserted into the flue by the action of the driving means.

Abstract: In the present invention, a plurality of containers provide for heat storage in water or other fluids, or solids, or both, plus domestic water heating. There is good quality heat exchange going in to storage and going out to points of use. Space heating may be accomplished by hot air, or by hot water or other liquid, or both.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for increasing the heat transfer efficiency of a heat exchanger by utilizing a high intensity RF field. Either an ion stream generated by the RF field or the RF field itself results in the efficiency increase and the rate at which the fluid acquires energy from the heat exchanger is enhanced to the extent that the boundary layer normally present at the walls of the heat exchanger which impedes the transfer of heat from the heat exchanger to the fluid breaks down during this process. The RF technique is utilized in one unique application for increasing the efficiency of solar energy receiver which operate at temperatures exceeding 1,500.degree. F in that the system eliminates arcing which would occur due to the high temperatures involved, if electrostatic (D.C.) ion spray devices were used.

Abstract: A heat transfer system, e.g., refrigeration system or heater, particularly aluable at cryogenic temperatures which comprises a serial arrangement, in abutting contact and connected to the material or device to be cooled or heated, of a thermal reservoir made of a material having a specific heat capacity, a thermal valve made of a thermally-conductive material whose thermal conductivity increases as its temperature increases, e.g., magnesium, a working material whose temperature is periodically varied, e.g., by magnetic or electric fields, and another valve of a thermal-conductive material whose thermal conductivity decreases as its temperature increases, e.g., NaCl. The magnetic refrigeration or heater units may be ganged to increase the cooling or heating ability.

Abstract: A plurality of parallel heat exchange tubes are grouped together and connected at the ends to form a bank. One or more banks are positioned so that one end lies in a supply air stream and the other end lies in an exhaust air stream. Each bank of tubes is sealed and contains a working fluid of the type having a liquid phase and a vapor phase. At one end of each tube, the working fluid absorbs heat from one of said air streams to effect vaporization of said fluid, the vaporized fluid flows to the cooler end of said tube where said vaporized fluid gives up heat to the cooler air stream and condenses in the tube. The condensed fluid then flows back to the warmer end by means of gravity.One end of the lowest tube in each bank includes a reservoir connected thereto which communicates with the normally cooler air path and includes a heating coil operatively associated therewith for providing a modulated control of the system responsive to the temperature of the enclosed space being ventilated.

Abstract: A thermal energy transfer device having controllably variable thermal conductance comprises a reflux heat pipe having a capillary wick therein, an evaporator and a condenser zone, a circulating supply of working fluid which is controlled by a bendable section in the heat pipe body and an external device to control the bend in the heat pipe body, thereby controlling the amount of liquid returning to the evaporator. As returning liquid condensate is trapped in the center of the deformed tube, less liquid is available for evaporation in the evaporator. This results in a low liquid level that saturates only a portion of the evaporator wick. This results in higher thermal impedance. If the heat pipe body is deformed so that all liquid is trapped in the deformed portion, no liquid is available in the evaporator and there is a high thermal impedance.

Abstract: An integrated unit for manufacturing food products, the food being processed in a vat having a double-wall defining a jacket which surrounds the vat chamber. Associated with the vat are two tanks, one containing a heated liquid and the other a cooled liquid. A selective valve arrangement is provided to recirculate the heated liquid from the hot tank through a closed circuit or to circulate it through the jacket to heat the vat contents, or to recirculate the cooled liquid from the cold tank through a closed circuit or to circulate it through the jacket to cool the vat contents.

Abstract: The level of primary fluid is controlled to change the effective heat transfer area of a heat exchanger utilized in a liquid metal nuclear power plant to eliminate the need for liquid metal control valves to regulate the flow of primary fluid and the temperature of the effluent secondary fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus for circulating and cooling a liquid lubricant utilized for lubricating an external device such as a mechanical seal. A housing has an internal lubricant reservoir and at least one peripheral outer sidewall with axially spaced and lower end wall portions in sealed relation with the peripheral outer sidewall. A cooling chamber is disposed about at least a portion of the internal reservoir and within the housing in communicating relation with the internal reservoir and is formed at least in part by the outer peripheral sidewall such that heat is transferable from within the chamber to an outside atmosphere.

Abstract: In a process or a device for receiving or emitting solar energy a coating absorbing or emitting the sunlight is in thermally conductive communication with a crystalline storage mass having a phase change at a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for automatically controlling the surface temperature of a body by removing heat from the body with a first heat exchange liquid circulating between a heat exchanger in contact with the body and a second heat exchanger in which heat is transferred from the first heat exchange liquid to a second, more volatile, heat exchange liquid in boiling equilibrium with its vapor. The temperature of the second heat exchange liquid, and consequently the amount of heat removed from the body being cooled, is controlled by regulating the pressure in the second heat exchanger in inverse proportion to the temperature of the body being cooled. This abstract is not to be construed in any way to define or limit the invention set forth below.

Abstract: A method is provided for customizing the heat transfer from the walls of an electronic unit such as a semi-conductor chip or wafer by determining the required heat transfer characteristics of the units; drilling holes of a predetermined size and location in the walls of the unit with a high energy beam in accordance with the required heat transfer characteristics of the unit; immersing the unit in a suitable dielectric coolant so that nucleate boiling will start at approximately the desired wall temperature to obtain the required heat transfer from the unit, thereby providing a uniform wall temperature.A further aspect of the invention is the inclusion of a heater means located at or near the bottom of the heat transfer wall so that bubble generation can be started thereat, which bubbles wash the liquid from the downstream drilled holes or natural nucleation sites, thereby starting nucleate boiling when the required temperature is reached.

Abstract: A flexible heat pipe employing external tube arteries in the adiabatic region to transfer the heat pipe working fluid from the wick contained in the condenser portion to the wick contained in the evaporator section.

Abstract: An air climatizing or conditioning device possessing a plurality of flaps controlling air through passages and an adjustment or positioning motor and transmission means in order to actuate such flaps in a predetermined sequence. The transmission means comprising gears as well as entrainment elements or members cooperating therewith at predetermined regions, the entrainment elements being operatively drivingly connected with the flaps so as to be non-rotatable relative to their associated flaps in a predetermined position of each entrainment element.

Abstract: An air conditioning system for conditioning air in a plurality of enclosed areas in a building. Conditioned air at a relatively cold temperature level is supplied to a terminal for discharge into an area. The quantity of relatively cold temperature air discharged into the area is regulated in accordance with the temperature level therein. A control signal is generated, the magnitude thereof being indicative of the quantity of conditioned air discharged into the area. The magnitude of the control signal is monitored. Warm air supply means is activated when the magnitude of the control signal indicates that the quantity of the relatively cold temperature air being discharged into the area has decreased below a predetermined level.

Abstract: The invention pertains to air-conditioning apparatus capable of selectively heating, cooling or circulating air by the use of separate heating and cooling heat exchangers and a neutral zone selectively located within the airflow path through the apparatus. The heating and cooling heat exchangers are in the form of circular segments mounted upon support structure rotatable about an axis and separated by a neutral zone, and pivoting of the support structure about the axis selectively locates one of the heat exchangers or the neutral zone within the apparatus air inlet.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for increasing heat transfer from an object at a temperature above ambient by directing a localized corona discharge toward the heated object.

Abstract: An air conditioning system for conditioning air in a plurality of enclosed areas in a building. Conditioned air at a temperature level which may be varied is supplied to first terminal means for discharge into an area. Conditioned air at a relatively constant temperature level is delivered to second terminal means for discharge into the area. The quantity of constant temperature air discharged into the area is regulated in accordance with the temperature level therein. When the temperature of the variable temperature air supply is at a relatively warm level, the quantity thereof discharged into the area is regulated in accordance with the quantity of constant temperature air discharged into the area. As the quantity of constant temperature air discharged into the room is increased, the quantity of warm air discharged into the room is decreased; and as the quantity of constant temperature air discharged into the room is decreased, the quantity of warm air discharged into the room is increased.

Abstract: A glassware forming system includes a forming mould and cooling means for removing heat from the forming mould. The cooling means comprises a cooling chamber which is spaced from an external surface of the forming mould by a cavity which contain fluidizable material. Means is provided for circulating a cooling fluid, such as water, through the cooling chamber. The cooling means further includes means for forming a fluidized bed from the fluidizable material within the cavity whereby heat may be transferred from the mould to the cooling fluid when a fluidized bed is formed in the cavity. The rate of transfer of heat from the external surface of the forming mould may be varied by controlling the rate of supply of gas to the cavity and thereby varying the degree of fluidization of the fluidized bed, by varying the rate of flow of cooling fluid through the cooling chamber, or by varying the temperature of the cooling fluid which is passed into the cooling chamber.

Abstract: A heat sink arrangement for a circuit board in a sewing machine which supports the circuit board for ready disassembly therefrom, and makes use of the sewing machine frame as an additional heat sink. The circuit board is riveted to an aluminum heat sink member which carrys the power transistors in a manner to provide good thermal conductivity thereto but electrically isolated therefrom by mica laminae. An aluminum bracket firmly affixed to the sewing machine frame for good thermal conductivity has a large area planar surface thereof contiguous a similar large area planar surface of the heat sink member. A clamp member which extends through a slot in the bracket has a pair of upstanding arms with reentrant angles which touch the surface of the heat sink member opposite the large planar surface. The surface of the bracket opposite the large planar surface is formed with a cylindrical surface at an angle to coact with a cone pointed screw carried by the clamp member.

Abstract: A heat transfer system including a thermally insulated tank defining a chamber therein which contains eutetic salt material for retaining high volumes of heat, the chamber inside of the tank is airtight with respect to the atmosphere, a conduit such as a pipe passes through the walls of the tank at two locations to provide a winding within the chamber such that as heated fluid is passed through the conduit, heat is retained by the eutetic salt material within the chamber, a portion of the walls of the tank having protruding sections which extend inward into the eutetic salt solution, the system including a heat sink adapted to be placed in thermal communication with the walls of the protrusions to withdraw heat selectively from the eutetic salt solution, a pump and sump system for recirculating the heated fluid from the conduit through a solar panel for heating and a blower and plenum area for passing air over the heat sink to provide a source of heated air.

Abstract: An evacuated dual pane window structure is provided for reducing heat loss through the window structure. The window structure comprises a pair of closely spaced panes of glass having a spacing of less than 0.25 inch with a spacer means positioned between and uniformly spaced in the area between the panes, and sealing means such as an O-ring positioned around the perimeter and between the panes of glass. A vacuum pump may be provided for evacuating the area between the panes of glass for reducing thermal losses through the window structure. Reflective coatings may be provided on the inside surfaces of the glass. A plurality of windows of the above structure may be connected by manifold piping to a single vacuum pump which is actuated by a thermostat when a preset temperature differential exists between the outside and the inside of the building where the windows are used.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for automatically controlling the surface temperature of a body by removing heat from the body with a first heat exchange liquid circulating between a heat exchanger in contact with the body and a second heat exchanger in which heat is transferred from the first heat exchange liquid to a second, more volatile, heat exchange liquid in boiling equilibrium with its vapor. The temperature of the second heat exchange liquid, and consequently the amount of heat removed from the body being cooled, is controlled by regulating the pressure in the second heat exchanger in inverse proportion to the temperature of the body being cooled. This abstract is not to be construed in any way to define or limit the invention set forth below.

Abstract: A heat exchanger containing two heat-exchange fluids flowing in countercurrent irrespective of the direction of heat exchange selected.In the specific case of a compressor heat pump, the exchangers 2 and 3 are provided with calibrated non-return valves 1A, 1B, 4A, 4B and 1C, 1D, 4C, 4D respectively to reverse the direction of flow of the fluid flowing in the heat pump for winter or summer operation. These valves automatically assume the required position when the four-way valve 5 of the compressor is actuated.Application to compressor heat pumps.