Abstract: A segmented tube formed of a magnesium-based alloy and wrapped or jacketed with a reinforcement to apply a restraining force on the external surface of the tube for resisting fragmentation of the tube by the compressive force applied to the end of the tube serves as a structural member for receiving a compressive stress applied to an end of the tube and acting along the axis of the tube toward the opposing end of the tube. The magnesium alloy tube is comparatively light, and the segmented and wrapped or jacketed tube has an increased capacity to absorb compressive forces. The tubes are useful as components of automotive vehicles.

Abstract: An energy absorber for aircraft, which includes one or more energy absorber elements and a housing, whereby the energy absorber elements can absorb crash impulses by plastic deformation within the housing. Thus, the load on the primary structure and the respective inboard devices is limited, which can lead to an increased, passive safety of the passengers and a weight reduction.

Abstract: A force level control for an energy absorber is provided for aircraft, and includes an adjustment element and a housing, whereby via the adjustment element, a bending radius of the energy absorber element is continuously adjustable in the housing.

Abstract: An energy absorber element comprises an absorber portion having first and second distal ends and having a first elongate element and a second elongate element facing the first elongate element and connected to the second element solely at the first and second distal ends, a first anchor point secured to the first distal end of the absorber portion, and a second anchor point secured to the second distal end of the absorber portion, wherein each of the first and second elongate elements includes a succession of straight-line segments parallel to one another and at least one circularly-arcuate segment such that at least two successive straight-line segments are connected together by one of the at least one circularly-arcuate segment.

Abstract: A bumper block assembly configured to be coupled to a bumper of a trailer includes a compressible bumper block including a generally horizontal bore extending from an outer surface of the bumper block to an inner surface of the bumper block and an outer cap coupled to the bumper block. The outer cap includes an outer wall engaged with the outer surface of the bumper block and further includes an aperture formed therethrough that is aligned with the bore of the bumper block. A bolt of the bumper block assembly is received through the aperture of the outer cap and the bore of the bumper block in order to couple the bumper block assembly to the bumper of the trailer. A spring of the assembly is positioned around a threaded end portion of the bolt in order to maintain the bolt recessed within the aperture of the outer cap as the outer cap and bumper block are moved between expanded and compressed positions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an energy absorption system. The energy absorption system comprises a movable carriage, a fixed bearing and a deformable material strip. The deformable material strip is at least areally connected to the fixed bearing. Between the movable carriage and the fixed bearing a gap is formed. The energy absorption system further comprises means, which are suited to vary the size of the gap between the movable carriage and the fixed bearing.

Abstract: A pyrotechnic actuator for an active bonnet is provided that includes, but is not limited to a cylinder, a piston which can be displaced in the cylinder under the influence of a propellant gas and a first gas generator for producing the propellant gas. The actuator includes, but is not limited to at least one further gas generator, which can be ignited independently of the first gas generator.

Abstract: An energy absorber comprises an intermediate portion interconnecting a first end and a second end. The intermediate portion and the first and second ends are on the same plane. The intermediate portion includes curved portions configured and arranged to deform and begin to straighten when subjected to a pre-determined load to absorb energy from the pre-determined load. Should a user fall, the energy absorber will deform (begin to straighten) to absorb energy from the fall. Optional pins prevent material from getting caught in the energy absorber, assist in stiffening the energy absorber, and assist in pre-stressing the energy absorber so that it will not open up when subjected to a load less than the pre-determined load. Optional tabs and slots or protrusions and notches prevent material from getting caught in the energy absorber.

Abstract: An impact attenuator for vehicles, including an energy absorbing device for decelerating forces, including a housing, at least two pins arranged in the housing which are arranged in parallel to each other in the housing, as well as a metallic, elongated draw element, which can be positioned within the housing such that it extends between and in contact with the pins, wherein the pins and the draw element are positioned such that a change of direction appears on the draw element when passing by each pin such that at mutual moving of the draw element and the housing in relation to each other, the movement is decelerated due to deformation of the draw element at passage of each pin. The pins and the draw element are positioned such that the draw element obtains a change of direction of at least 90° when passing at least two of the pins.

Abstract: An air damper is provided which can exhibit an appropriate braking force in accordance with an input load. There is provided an air damper including: a tubular cylinder 1 in which both end portions are opened; a piston 2 which moves within the cylinder 1; and a cap 3 which closes a one-end opening of the cylinder 1, wherein the cylinder 1 has an annular seal surface 4 formed on a circumferential surface of the one-end opening, wherein the cap is mounted on the one-end opening side of the cylinder 1 so as to be moveable or deformable along an axial direction of the cylinder 1, wherein the cap is brought into contact with or separated from the seal surface 4 in accordance with a pressure change due to a movement of the piston 2 within the cylinder 1, and wherein a first orifice 14 is opened in a base plate 12 of the cap, characterized in that: a second orifice having an inlet area smaller than the first orifice is defined between the cap 3 and the cylinder 1 during an operation of the first orifice 14.

Abstract: A present invention provides a knee bolster for a vehicle including a first bracket with a first support portion, a first load receiving portion, and a first deformation portion, and a second bracket with a second support portion, a second load receiving portion, and a second deformation portion, wherein the second bracket is arranged such that the distance between the second load receiving portion and the knee is shorter than the distance between the first load receiving portion and the knee in the load application direction.

Abstract: An energy absorber (10, 10?, 1010, 1110) includes a monolithic length of ductile material (20,1020,1120) comprising a first end (20a, 1020a, 1120a) and a second end (20b, 1020b, 1120b). The material is formed to include at least a first longitudinally extending section (40, 401, 1040, 1140) that extends continuously between the ends, a first discontinuous section (50a, 50a? 1050a, 1150a) extending longitudinally from the first end toward the second end and at least a second discontinuous section (50b, 50b?, 1050b, 1150b) extending longitudinally from the second end toward the first end. The first longitudinally extending section is deformed over at least a portion thereof out of a plane running through both ends.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an impact device comprises: a metal component comprising greater than or equal to three walls forming a metal component channel; and a plastic component having a honeycomb structure with a plurality of walls defining comb channels therein. The combs channels are oriented perpendicular to at least one of the three walls, and the plastic component is inseparable from the metal component without damage to at least one of the metal component and the plastic component. A wall of the metal component can comprise an aperture, and wherein plastic material from the plastic component is located in the aperture.

Abstract: A nonlethal barrier system includes a first base having a frame, a shaft and a brake. The brake includes a stationary magnet physically coupled to the frame such that the shaft passes through the stationary magnet. Further, the brake includes an adjustable magnet that creates a magnetic field with the stationary magnet, where the strength of the magnetic field is alterable by rotating the adjustable magnet. A slab physically coupled to the shaft is disposed in the magnetic field. A net is furled around the shaft of the first base such that when an external force is applied to the net, the shaft of the first base rotates and unfurls at least a portion of the net. The slab applies a resistance, based on the strength of the magnetic field, to the shaft of the first base to control the rate at which the net unfurls from the shaft.

Abstract: A crash attenuator for decelerating an impacting vehicle includes a first end that can be releasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that is longitudinally spaced from the first end. The second end includes an impact member that is movable in the longitudinal direction from a pre-impact position to an impact position. At least a pair of spaced deformable attenuator members extend in a longitudinal direction and have a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal ends are staggered downstream from the impact member in the pre-impact position. At least a portion of the deformable attenuator members are bent in a non-outboard direction as the impact member is moved from the pre-impact position to the impact position.

Abstract: [PROBLEMS] An impact absorption body for a vehicle can have desired impact absorption performance, exhibits excellent impact absorption performance particularly immediately after an impact is applied to the body, and can maintain high impact absorption performance. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] The impact absorption body (1) for a vehicle is installed within a vehicle forming member and absorbs impact energy in a collision. The impact absorption body (1) has a first wall (4) placed on the side that receives an impact, a second wall (5) facing the first wall (4) with a hollow section (2) between them, and one or more impact absorption ribs (9) constructed from deep groove sections (15) and shallow groove sections (16). The deep groove sections (15) are formed by depressing the first wall (4) and second wall (5) into groove shapes and integrally joining the top surfaces, which function as fusion bonding surfaces, of the depressions.

Abstract: The instant invention includes a mounting capsule for a steering column assembly of a vehicle. The mounting capsule has a first capsule portion and a second capsule portion coupled together during normal operation. The first capsule portion includes a first arm and a second arm each having a first taper and a second taper. The second capsule portion includes a first groove and a second groove tapered in a complimentary configuration to the first and second arm for receiving the first and second arm. Frictional forces between the first and second capsule portions aid in coupling the first and second capsule portions and effectively reduce lateral and vertical movement in a steering column assembly during operation. Upon an impact event exerting a predetermined impact force the first and second capsule portions disengage allowing the steering column assembly to collapse.

Abstract: An extension valve for an impact dispersal system that includes an extendable member. The extension valve includes an actuating port that operates a first piston connected to a second piston. The second piston has a seat that isolates an inlet and an outlet. When a fluid with a specified pressure is applied to said actuating port, the first piston overcomes a preset bias and causes said second piston to move to an unseated position, which allows fluid communication between the inlet and outlet ports. With a pressurized tank connected to the inlet port, actuation of the extension valve causes a pressurized fluid to flow through the extension valve, through a check valve, and into a fluid chamber in a cylinder, thereby causing a cylinder piston to extend into an impact ready position.

Abstract: A energy dissipating metal plate joins a pair of target members and exhibits energy dissipating performance corresponding to a relative displacement between the target members. The energy dissipating metal plate includes: a first joint part to be joined to one of the target members; a second joint part to be joined to other of the target members; and vibration dissipating parts which are provided on a transmission path of tensile force and compression force between the first joint part and the second joint part, and which have slits. Each of the first joint part and the second joint part is formed in a strip shape substantially parallel to a direction of the relative displacement.

Abstract: Operating a vehicle includes receiving, by a central controller, positional data related to the vehicle and environmental data related to a current route of the vehicle. The central controller calculates a desired energy allocation based on the positional data and the environmental data, and transmits the desired energy allocation to the vehicle for use in controlling engine function.

Abstract: In a gravestone structure including a foundation stone (2) and a headstone (3), four tip-resistant pads (4) and as many pressure plates (5) as the pads (4) are interposed between the foundation stone (2) and the headstone (3). Each of the tip-resistant pads (4) includes a sheet elastic body (6) and a point support member (7) embedded in an eccentric position in the sheet elastic body (6). The sheet elastic body (6) is formed of a transparent, flexible and elastic gel material that absorbs vibrations of the headstone (3). The point support member (7) is formed of a metal or resin harder than the gel elastic material and undergoes plastic deformation under the load of the headstone (3). In order to render the gravestone structure (1) seismically isolated, four tip-resistant pads (4) are arranged on the top surface of the foundation stone (2) with the point support members (7) oriented inward of the foundation stone (2).

Abstract: In an embodiment, an energy absorbing device comprises: a metal component comprising greater than or equal to three walls forming a metal component channel; and a plastic component having a honeycomb structure with a plurality of walls defining comb channels therein. The plastic component is located in the metal component channel forming a crash can. The plastic component is inseparable from the metal component without damage to the metal component and/or the plastic component. In one embodiment, a method of making an energy absorbing device can comprise: co-molding the metal component and the plastic component to form a crash can. The energy absorbing device can be used on a vehicle, adjacent to a vehicle component.

Abstract: A padded injury reducing non slip pool decking has an expanded polypropylene substrate as a core with its surfaces and a coating upon the surfaces adhered following skiving upon the surfaces. The present invention seeks to reduce slip injuries around a pool by providing a padded surface. The padded surface attenuates impact forces that occur when a person falls, or a body part of a person, hits the deck. The present invention provides a cushioning action that has increased energy absorption properties over the existing surfaces around swimming pools. The core utilizes expanded polypropylene melted from its pellet stage into generally slab form with a polyurethane coating. The coating has a precise mixture of three components and various additives. The components include methylenebis and isothianzolin and the additives include traction, tints, among other things.

Abstract: An energy absorber for aircraft includes one or more energy absorber elements and a housing, whereby the energy absorber elements can absorb crash impulses by plastic deformation within the housing.

Abstract: A shock absorbing device adapted for mounting at a substantially vertical surface is disclosed. The aforesaid device comprises (a) vertically spaced-apart two pulleys being mechanically securable to the vertical surface; (b) an elongate member; the elongate member provided with two terminals; the member adapted for reciprocative motion along the elongate member; the member adapted for mechanically securing a subject to be protected; (c) a wire connected to the terminals of the member and tensioned through the pulleys. The device further comprises an energy absorber.

Abstract: An energy-absorbing front end structure for a motor vehicle includes a pair of frame rails, struts (crushable members) made movable relative to the frame rails along a longitudinal axis, a bumper beam supported by the struts, and a spring resisting rearward movement of each strut relative to the frame rail. An inertia-activated locking device inhibits rearward movement of the strut when the vehicle undergoes a longitudinal deceleration above a threshold level so that the strut may absorb crash energy in a high-speed collision. If the vehicle is involved in a lower energy collision, such as with a pedestrian, the deceleration experienced by the vehicle is below the threshold level and the strut remains in an unlocked condition in which it is able to move rearward against the spring to lessen the crash energy transmitted to the pedestrian.

Abstract: An energy-absorbing front end structure for a motor vehicle includes a pair of frame rails, struts (crushable members) made movable relative to the frame rails along a longitudinal axis, a bumper beam supported by the struts, and a spring resisting rearward movement of each strut relative to the frame rail. An inertia-activated locking device inhibits rearward movement of the strut when the vehicle undergoes a longitudinal deceleration above a threshold level so that the strut may absorb crash energy in a high-speed collision. If the vehicle is involved in a lower energy collision, such as with a pedestrian, the deceleration experienced by the vehicle is below the threshold level and the strut remains in an unlocked condition in which it is able to move rearward against the spring to lessen the crash energy transmitted to the pedestrian.

Abstract: A crash box for a vehicle is made from a sheet blank (10) which is bent in a U to form the front plate (11), a top side (12) and a bottom side (13), and the top side and bottom side are bent to form overlapping flaps (16-19) which are joined together at the overlapping, and to form rear fastening plates (14,15).

Abstract: A bumper for use at a loading dock has two ranges of front-to-back movement: one range for sealing the gap that might otherwise exist between the rear edge of a truck and the front face of the bumper and a second range for absorbing the impact of the truck backing into the dock. In some cases, a spring provides a relatively light sealing force between the bumper and the truck, and a compressible core provides a much greater impact-absorbing force that helps stop the rearward movement of the truck. In some embodiments, the bumper pivots by gravity when operating in the sealing range.

Abstract: An energy absorption apparatus for protecting occupants of different body weights from the effects of excessive G-force by absorbing energy imparted on a vehicle during an explosion occurring below the vehicle. The apparatus has a first mounting member attached to the vehicle, a second mounting member attached to the occupant's seat, and an absorption mechanism attached between the first and second mounting members. The absorption mechanism utilizes an attenuation strip provided on one of the mounting members, and anvils provided on the other of the mounting members such that when the vehicle is subjected to excessive G-force, the attenuation strip is bent and pulled through the anvils thereby producing a frictional attenuation force which controls movement of the seat relative to the vehicle. An absorption adjustment mechanism is provided. Methods of protecting a vehicle occupant from the effects of excessive G-force are also provided.

Abstract: An automotive impact absorbing member integrally formed of synthetic resin material having lengthwise shape that extends with a constant hollow cross section. The impact absorbing member includes: plate-shaped rib portions each extending in a direction perpendicular to an impact load input direction; and load transmitting portions connecting with rib portions at either widthwise end thereof for transmitting a widthwise direction component force of the impact load to the rib portions. At least one of the plate-shaped rib portions has a thin portion of minimum thickness dimension situated in a widthwise center section thereof, and has a pair of gradual change portions situated to either side of the thin portion in a width direction and which increase gradually in thickness dimension outwardly in the width direction.

Abstract: An assembly including a member made of a first material, which is axially driven into a circular aperture of a part made of a second material, having no plastic domain, using an intermediate part made of a third material and mounted between the member and the part is disclosed. The intermediate part is a continuous cylinder including a hole for receiving the member so that the intermediate part absorbs radially and in a uniform manner, at least part of the axial driving force of the member. The part includes pierced holes forming elastic deformation units distributed around the circular aperture thereof for absorbing any of the radial force not absorbed by the intermediate part, so as to secure the assembly in a non-destructive manner for the part.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an impact absorbing member capable of reinforcing a desired reinforcement object portion. The impact absorbing member includes a long impact absorbing body which absorbs energy at the time of a collision by being deformed itself and a mounting member which is disposed at a reinforcement object portion of the impact absorbing body so that it is deformed along deformation of the reinforcement object portion at the time of the collision and mounted to a mounting object member. When the reinforcement object portion is deformed at the time of the collision, the mounting member is deformed along deformation of the reinforcement object portion. Due to that deformation, the mounting member can reinforce the reinforcement object portion.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided a force-resisting device for transmitting forces and dissipating and absorbing energy across a discontinuous structural element of a structure. The device includes at least one active element, the active element having defined force versus deflection properties and able to transmit force and dissipate and absorb energy, one end of the active element configured to be connected to a structure, and at least one frame element disposed about a discontinuous structural element, wherein the frame is configured to be connected to a second end of the active element, wherein the active element and the frame element configured to resist forces applied to the structure by transmitting forces across the discontinuous structural element.

Abstract: The device (1) for absorbing kinetic energy of a moving body comprises a plastically deformable helical spring having a stack of convolutions (9a), the inner surfaces of which delimit a passage. At least a part of the convolutions (9a) can be pulled successively through the passage. Due to the resulting deformation of the convolutions (9b), energy can be absorbed.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, computer program product, and/or system are described that determine an event, actuate a cushioning element in response to the determining the event, the cushioning element including one or more tension-bearing members, and dissipate at least some of an energy associated with a collision based on deforming at least one of the tension-bearing members during the collision, the deforming including substantially inelastically stretching the at least one of the tension-bearing members. Other example embodiments are also provided relating to actuatable cushioning elements.

Abstract: An energy-absorbing device in the form of a safety device against shock loads for a track-borne vehicle includes an energy-absorbing member and a mating member. The mating member co-operates with the energy-absorbing member in such a way that, if a critical shock force applied to the energy-absorbing device is exceeded, the mating member and the energy-absorbing member move relative to one another, towards one another, while at the same time absorbing at least some of the shock energy which is applied to the energy-absorbing device. To enable the overall energy which can be dissipated by the energy-absorbing device to be increased in a way which is easy to implement, provision is made for the energy-absorbing member to have at least one energy-absorbing region made of fibrous composite material which, in the course of the movement of the mating member relative to the energy-absorbing member, is at least partly reduced to fibers non-ductilely.

Abstract: A dynamic energy management restraint anchor device interfaces with a child seat in a vehicle, engaging common child seat attachment clip features. A device restraint anchor is operable to dynamically extract and permit distortion of load bearing deformable member(s) in order to manage the displacement of, and load transferred through, an anchor connected to a child seat. The device may be further operable to limit or prevent restraint anchor displacement and the distortion of said deformable member(s) under quasi-static load conditions in order to meet motor vehicle static load/displacement anchorage performance requirements applicable to certain anchors. Anchor retraction capability and various interlocking configurations for securing the position of an anchor, before or after having extracted, may be incorporated relative to the energy management device interfacing with both a vehicle and a child seat. An indicator may further be provided to identify the functional state of the restraint device.

Abstract: A crash attenuator for decelerating an impacting vehicle includes a first end that can be releasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that is longitudinally spaced from the first end. The second end includes an impact member that is movable in the longitudinal direction from a pre-impact position to an impact position. At least a pair of deformable attenuator members are spaced laterally and extend longitudinally between the first and second ends. At least a portion of the attenuators are bent in a non-outboard direction when the impact member moves from the pre-impact position to the impact position.

Abstract: A marine pipelaying vessel with a pipeline stinger connected to said vessel, preferably pivotable, and forming a downwardly directed support for pipeline to be laid. The vessel further includes a stinger suspension assembly between the stinger and the vessel from which the stinger is suspended at least during operation, preferably the stinger suspension assembly allowing to lower and raise said stinger. The stinger suspension assembly includes a sacrificial stinger impact absorber which is adapted to absorb impact energy resulting from a violent stinger motion, e.g. induced by a freak wave. Preferably, the impact absorber forms an elongatable structure, e.g. a telescopic structure, which is elongated under impact energy absorption.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, computer program product, and/or system are described that determine an event, actuate a cushioning element in response to the determining the event, the cushioning element including one or more tension-bearing members, and dissipate at least some of an energy associated with a collision based on deforming at least one of the tension-bearing members during the collision, the deforming including substantially inelastically stretching the at least one of the tension-bearing members. Other example embodiments are also provided relating to actuatable cushioning elements.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for minimizing accelerations during impacts such as those encountered in motor vehicle accidents, helicopter and airplane crashes, explosions, and the like. The preferred embodiment takes the form of a helical spring-like member (100), designed to experience plastic deformation over a desired deformation length, under a given impact load threshold. The spring-like member is preferably installed in a mechanical linkage that is flattened under impact, straining the spring-like member in a predictable fashion. The operating characteristics of this system [namely the stress-strain curve, and thus the deformation length, impact load threshold, and acceptable load range for the system to be protected] can be easily controlled by varying the device dimensions and installation configuration.

Abstract: Aircraft arresting beds at ends of runways may be subject to damaging effects of jet blast phenomena. Arresting units for that and other applications and which are resistant to such effects are described, with related methods.

Abstract: A variable valve for impact dispersal of a force, such as a force caused by an impact or explosion. The apparatus includes a valve with a spring biased piston that engages an outlet bore as the piston moves in response to the pressure of a fluid at an inlet port. The valve is in fluid communication with a cylinder that receives an impulse force. The fluid flow from the cylinder is controlled by the variable valve, which disperses the force accordingly at a controlled rate. In one embodiment, a pressurized reservoir is connected to an extension valve and a check valve that allows the cylinder to be filled with fluid from the reservoir when the extension valve is actuated. Applications for such a system include connection to aircraft seats and to aircraft landing gear.

Abstract: Aircraft arresting beds at ends of runways may be subject to damaging effects of jet blast phenomena. Arresting units for that and other applications and which are resistant to such effects are described, with related methods.

Abstract: The invention provides an impact absorber module for a motor vehicle, the module comprising: a top transverse element for bearing against an impact beam of the vehicle; a bottom transverse element and two uprights connecting the top and bottom transverse elements together so as to form substantially a frame referred to as an absorber frame, the bottom transverse element or one of the two uprights being designed to bear against a bottom structural part of the vehicle; and a wall forming an air guide and extending from the top transverse element towards a radiator of the vehicle.

Abstract: The invention provides a telescopic member that includes a cylinder in which a rod carrying a piston is mounted to slide telescopically, the telescopic member including internal abutment mechanisms that are overridable over a predetermined force when the rod comes into abutment inside the cylinder in the shortening direction. The internal abutment mechanisms include an abutment piece extending in an open bore within the rod and projecting therefrom, the abutment piece being held to the rod via a pin.

Abstract: An injected part (26) designed to form by being folded, an energy absorbing device and a spacer, the energy absorbing device having a number of hollow elements (12) projecting from a first plate portion (10), and a number of hollow elements (16) projecting from a second plate portion (14), associated in pairs. The spacer includes a number of spacing elements (20) projecting from a third plate portion (18), one of the plate portions (10, 14, 18) is articulated on the other two, and the articulations (28, 30) are such that, after each of the plates has rotated by 180°, a first hollow element (12), a second hollow element (16) and a spacer element (20) are aligned. The energy absorbing device is designed to motor vehicle doors.

Abstract: An energy absorber comprises an intermediate portion interconnecting a first end and a second end. The intermediate portion and the first and second ends are on the same plane. The intermediate portion includes curved portions configured and arranged to deform and begin to straighten when subjected to a pre-determined load to absorb energy from the pre-determined load. Should a user fall, the energy absorber will deform (begin to straighten) to absorb energy from the fall. Optional pins prevent material from getting caught in the energy absorber, assist in stiffening the energy absorber, and assist in pre-stressing the energy absorber so that it will not open up when subjected to a load less than the pre-determined load. Optional tabs and slots or protrusions and notches prevent material from getting caught in the energy absorber.

Abstract: A main body of an impact energy absorber is formed by integrally molding a deformable portion and a plurality of deformation controlling portions which are adapted to control the direction of plastic deformation of the deformable portion. The deformation controlling portions have such a configuration and shape that, when a compression load equal to or greater than a predetermined value is input to the main body in a tube axis direction, the deformable portion undergoes plastic deformation in at least one of a radially outward direction and a radially inward direction of the main body concurrently with the compressive plastic deformation in the tube axis direction.