Abstract: A clutch disc having an organic facing for a light load and a cerametallic facing for a heavy load which are arranged adjacently in a circumferential direction of a driven plate. The organic facing is mounted on a reinforcing plate. A cushion is provided behind the organic facing for mounting such organic facing on the driven plate. A reinforcing plate is provided between the cerametallic facing and the driven plate and the cerametallic facing is fixed to such reinforcing plate with an adhesive.

Abstract: A multiple disc brake assembly having a plurality of interleaved rotor discs and stator discs which are cooperative with a stationary torque tube which has a carbon composite brake pad mounted on its reaction plate in such a manner to prohibit stress concentration due to relative thermal expansion between the non-similar materials of the torque tube and brake pad at the torque reaction points while providing a reaction mechanism to circumferential forces generated by brake friction.

Abstract: A synchronizer ring for use in an automotive speed variator. The ring not only has high strength and toughness but also exhibits high wear resistance, as well as good synchronizing characteristics with respect to a mating member as expressed in terms of friction coefficient. The Cu alloy of which this ring is made has one of the following compositions: (1) 17-40% Zn (all percents are on a weight basis), 2-11% Al and 50-3,000 ppm of oxygen, as well as 0.1-3.5% of at least one element selected from among Ti, Zr and V, 0.003-0.3% Mg and with at least one optional element selected from among Fe, Ni, Co, P, Ca, Mn, Sn, Si and Pb, the balance being Cu and incidental impurities; or (2) 17-40% Zn, 2-11% Al, 0.5-6% Mn, 0.1-2% Si, 0.1-3% of at least one of Fe, Ni and Co, 0.003-0.3% of Mg, and 30-1,000 ppm of oxygen, with at least one optional element selected from among P, Ca, Cr, Pb and Sn, and with the balance being Cu and incidental impurities.

Abstract: A driven clutch disk assembly adapted for use in a friction clutch includes a system for controlling clutch engagement friction, whereby an increasing surface contact friction area is presented in order to limit clutching capacity over an initial clutch engagment period. The result is a substantial reduction of the chatter which tends to occur in clutch systems which utilize metallic friction elements. In a preferred form, the clutch disk assembly incorporates a pair of circumferentially extending cantilevered spring beams, both positioned intermediately of a pair of backing plates, each spring beam loaded against one of the pair. An associated friction element secured to the backing plate will thereby have a crowned surface for initial clutch engagement. The surface will collapse during engagement to ultimately present a full flattened friction surface area. The invention thereby tends to obviate the chatter problem.

Abstract: A cap clip for a slot in a brake disc wherein a pair of circumferentially spaced cap clips are mounted on the peripheral edges of each circumferential slot. Each cap clip has an arcuate extension that seats into an arcuate recess in the bottom corner of each slot. Each cap clip also has side portions that functionally engage the annular sides of the brake disc and also may have a top portion and a front portion that seat on the periphery of the brake disc and the side wall of the slot respectively. The pair of cap clips in each slot are not interconnected but are separately retained in their positions in the slots. Such brake disc also may have one retainer located on the periphery of the brake disc between adjacent slots and retained thereon by connection to the clips to reduce oxidation of the brake disc.

Abstract: A friction disc assembly includes a plurality of one piece or unitary friction elements each containing a pair of opposed planar friction surfaces. Each element is adapted for being supported within an opening of a clutch driven disc, wherein a pair of backing plates virtually supports each disc by trapping same within pairs of aligned openings. In a preferred form, the backing plates comprise an interference fit with the axially aligned boundaries of associated friction surfaces, and rivets which hold the backing plates rigidly to the driven disc are spaced from and hence out of contact with the friction elements. In a preferred form, each friction element includes a radially extending tongue which has a thickness equal to the thickness of the driven disc.

Abstract: A composite brake drum particularly adapted for motor vehicle applications. The brake drum includes a reinforcement assembly embedded within the cylindrical portion of the drum. The reinforcement assembly is preferably made from steel wire stock and includes a plurality of circular closed rings spaced axially within the brake drum cylindrical portion. axially extending locator wires are mechanically fastened to the reinforcing rings and serve to locate the rings. Loops can be formed on the locator wires for positioning the reinforcement assembly within a casting mold cavity to enable the device to be essentially self-locating within the mold. The composite brake drum is fabricated by pouring iron into the mold and then finish machining operations are performed.

Abstract: The clutch disc for a friction disc clutch comprises friction linings attached to a lining carrier by connection elements. The connection elements are provided with a synthetic plastics conical head, seated in a conical opening of the friction lining. A shank, on the side of the lining carrier turned away from the friction lining, has been deformed into a closing head. The portion of the shank forming the closing head can consist of synthetic plastics, too, or can be formed by a metal hollow rivet anchored in the head. The synthetic plastics head wears out along with, and increases, the wearable volume of the friction lining.

Abstract: A friction element to be secured to a hub member in a friction clutch, comprises a back plate (21) provided with a friction facing (23) on at least one side thereof, the friction facing (23) being of trefoil shape with a first lobe (24) extending radially inwardly and second and third lobes (25, 26) extending radially outwardly and in opposite circumferential directions from the first lobe. The shape of the friction facing provides a desirable distribution of material while using a minimum quantity thereof.

Abstract: A friction clutch in which carbon input disks are coupled to a flywheel by radial slots in their peripheries. Carbon input disks are coupled to a drive shaft by means of inner, radial slots and a metallic hub which contains slot-matching fingers. The input and output disks as well as the hub are axially free standing when the clutch is disengaged. The design distributes load more uniformly over the carbon plates than previous devices and allows greater service life of the clutch.

Abstract: A blocker-clutch assembly (10) includes an openly porous, pyrolytic carbon composite friction material (74) configured for optimum performance and, therefore, prevention or substantial prevention of nonsynchronous engagement of positive clutch members (12,14) due to premature unblocking of blocker tooth ramps (48-54). The composite friction material is formed to be resilient in direction normal to its friction surface (76b), is cut into segments (76), is bonded to a frustonconical surface (62) in a manner preserving the resiliency and with the segments circumferentially spaced apart, and is configured to control engagement force thereon in a range of 150-300 pounds per square inch (10-20 Kg/cm.sup.2).

Abstract: An attachment for power driven torque tools for measuring and limiting the torque developed thereby, which comprises a drive shaft and a driven shaft, each supporting a transverse plate at the inner end thereof, and a flexible mass operatively interposed between said plates for transmitting force from said drive shaft to said driven shaft, while said tool fastener is freely operational and for developing a measurable flexion therewith in when said driven shaft encounters resistance from the fastener associated therewith. The flexion is detected by a variable resistor which transmits a value to a control circuit for comparison against a preset value and activation of a power shut off when said transmitted value attains a preset relationship to said preset value.

Abstract: A heat puck has a trapezoidal shape with a steel base plate and a thick layer of a high heat capacity material such as copper. The heat puck is attached to either or both the pressure plate and flywheel of an otherwise conventional automotive clutch assembly. Preferably a circular array of heat pucks are mounted on a respective plate or flywheel. The puck is mounted with a large diameter shoulder member that extends through an aperture in the puck and is received in an aligned receptacle in the surface of the plate or flywheel. A screw or rivet fastener extends through the shoulder member, puck and plate or flywheel to retain the assembly. The shoulder member provides the necessary torque resistance to the assembly, protection the fastener from stress failure.

Abstract: A brake, clutch, or continuous slip device (12) having a pyrolytic carbon composite friction material (108) directly cooled by water or an ethylene glycol/water solution. Coolant of cooling device (12) may be tapped from a radiator (24) for a prime mover (14). The brake, clutch, or continuous slip device includes a plurality of interdigitated friction discs (74, 76) defining confronting friction surfaces (74b, 76B). One or both confronting friction surfaces have the pyrolytic carbon composite friction material bonded thereon. The material preferably has a bulk density of 0.7 to 1.2 grams/cc.

Abstract: A clutch and brake friction assembly for a heavy duty vehicle is provided which includes a metal shoe having an exterior backing surface. The surface is provided with a multitude of burr-like protuberances arranged in a predetermined pattern throughout the surface. Molded to the backing surface and mechanically interlocking with the burr-like protuberances thereof is a lamina of friction material.

Abstract: Friction materials intended to be used as brake shoes, brake pads, and other brake components, comprising a composite in which one or more friction modifiers is embedded in a high strength cement matrix.The matrix material exhibits a flexural strength of at least 1,500 psi, a compressive strength of at least about 15,000 psi and a flexural modulus of about 1.times.10.sup.6 psi.

Abstract: A cap clip for a slot in a brake disc wherein a pair of circumferentially spaced cap clips are mounted on the peripheral edges of each circumferential slot. Each cap clip has an arcuate extension that seats into an arcuate recess in the bottom corner of each slot. Each cap clip also has side portions that functionally engage the annular sides of the brake disc and also may have a top portion and a front portion that seat on the periphery of the brake disc and the side wall of the slot respectively. The pair of cap clips in each slot are not interconnected but are separately retained in their positions in the slots. Such brake disc also may have one retainer located on the periphery of the brake disc between adjacent slots and retained therein by connection to the clips to reduce oxidation of the brake disc.

Abstract: A composition railway brake shoe including a composition body having friction material dispersed therein and a binder formed essentially from rubber and a thermosetting phenolic resin attachable to a metallic back plate. A backing strip is interposed between the back plate and the body and comprises a rubber binder having dispersed therein a high strength and temperature resistant aramid fiber. The back strip and body are molded in the presence of heat to the back plate.

Abstract: Non-asbestos brake pads made of reinforcing, temperature resistant, web-forming fibers such as aromatic polyamide pulp, optionally including other fibers and friction and wear modifiers is described. The brake pads have an actual density not greater than 88% and not less than a 60% theoretical density. The pads are made by the slurry process in which the pad-forming constituents are fed as a slurry into a mold, dewattered and compressed, dried to a preform then heated and pressed to consolidate the preform to substantially the finished density without completely curing the binder. The consolidated pad is then baked to fully cure the binder.

Abstract: A friction ring for clutches and brakes consists of an annular metal element having at least one cylindrical or conical friction surface comprising a spray-sintered friction lining. The friction linings are directly sintered onto the annular element itself, the intially planar friction surfaces being formed, after applying the spray-sintered friction linings, into cylindrical or conical shape by a non-cutting shaping process such as stamping, deepdrawing or the like. The method of producing the friction ring comprises producing an annular metal element, applying a spray-sintered friction lining on to one or both sides thereof and shaping the annular element together with the sintered linings applied thereto into a cylindrical or conical form. The shaping is performed by means of a shaping tool comprising a die and an associated plunger working on the annular element.

Abstract: A friction component for a clutch or brake including a facing of friction material and at least one metal section of plate-like form embedded in a rear surface of that facing and having an integral rivet or other fastener projecting outwardly from the facing rear surface. The metal section extends across a relatively small part of the facing rear surface and if there is a plurality of such sections they may be interconnected through integral bands. In the case of an annular friction component the metal sections are spaced circumferentially around the friction facing and if connecting bands are used they are preferably adjacent the inner periphery of the facing.

Abstract: A vehicle component such as a transmission blocker ring (81) having an improved friction material (56) is provided. Friction material (56) comprises a composite of from about 25% to about 75% by weight of a flurocarbon polymer and from about 75% to about 25% by weight of substantially uniformly dispersed ceramic fiber and which is provided with controlled crystallinity by reason of having been cooled at a rate of less than about 20.degree. C. per minute after having been sintered at a predetermined sintering or annealing temperature and time for the friction material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing clutch driven plates wherein a castellated core plate is sandwiched between two clutch facing annuli in which the thermosetting binder is substantially uncured. The assembly is clamped together and heated to cure the binder and bond the annuli to the core plate.The friction material of the facing annuli is pushed under the clamping pressure into the spaces between the castellations of the core plate and in the preferred clutch driven plates made by this method the inner surfaces of the facing annuli come into contact but do not bond together substantially.

Abstract: Blister formation in extrusion molded, non-asbestos friction elements such as clutch facings containing substantially non-porous fibers is substantially eliminated by the inclusion in the extrusible plastic mix of which the friction elements are made of a small amount of diatomite having a particle size including agglomerates such that at least 10 percent by weight thereof is maintained on a 325 mesh screen.

Abstract: A clutch disc equipped with an organic facing for light load and a cerametallic facing for heavy load which are arranged adjacently in a circumferential direction of a driven plate, characterized by that thickness of the cerametallic facing is made larger than that of the orgainc facing and at the same time a cushion is formed at a part on which the organic facing of said driven plate is lined.

Abstract: An electromagnetic clutch is disclosed comprising a rotor and an armature plate with improved frictional surfaces. The armature plate is disposed to face the rotor with a predetermined axial gap. The rotor or the armature plate is provided with a contact surface which contains spiral concaves and projections with a predetermined pitch. This surface has a layer of metal plating with a hardness lower than that of the magnetic materials which make up the rotor and armature plate.

Abstract: The friction face of the rotor of an electromagnetic clutch is formed by a ring of molded friction material and by magnetic insets molded within the friction material and defining the magnetic pole pieces of the rotor. The inserts are formed with multiple shoulders which face in various directions and which interlock intimately with the friction material to prevent the inserts from shifting in any direction relative to the friction material. In addition, the inserts themselves are anchored directly to the rotor by screws in order to prevent the inserts from pulling away from the rotor and to promote uniform wearing of the inserts and the friction material.

Abstract: A frictionally engaging device, such as a disc brake, includes a first and a second friction element which engage one another as the device is operated to reduce the extent of and/or eliminate relative movement between these elements. The first element consists of an organically bonded friction material suffering relatively more pronounced wear, and the second element is made of a metallic material, especially iron, which suffers lesser wear in operation. The extent of wear of the first element is reduced by applying a coating of a particulate material, especially such deposited by high kinetic energy impacting of the particles, on the frictional surface of the second element which cooperates with the first element. The coating advantageously contains metals, such as cobalt, chromium and/or nickel, and/or metal carbides, especially those of tungsten and chromium.

Abstract: An electromagnetic clutch comprising a rotor and an armature plate with improved frictional surfaces. The armature plate is disposed to face the rotor with a predetermined axial gap. The rotor and the armature plate are provided with contact surfaces, each of which contains spiral concaves and projections with a predetermined pitch. At least one of the surfaces of the rotor or armature plate has a layer of metal plating with a hardness lower than that of the magnetic materials which make up the rotor and armature plate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a locking differential (10) including an oil lubricated clutch assembly (18) having a plurality of interleaved friction discs (48, 50, 60, and 62) formed of steel and squeezed together to retard relative rotation of differential side gears (32 and 34). Adjacent friction discs have mutually facing friction surfaces. One of each mutually facing friction surface is defined by the metal forming the disc and the other surface is defined by a pyrolytic carbon composite friction material (78). In one form, the friction material includes a meshed cloth substrate formed of carbon fibers, which may be woven into a single layer of cloth, and a coating of carbon deposited on the fibers by chemical vapor deposition to a level forming a friction material having a relatively open mesh which is readily penetrated by an adhesive to improve bonding of the friction material to the discs.

Abstract: A friction element with a riveted friction lining, especially for highly stressed drum brakes, in which the mating surface (5) of the friction lining (2) to the lining carrier (1) and/or the opposing surface (6) of the lining carrier (1) to the friction layer (2) is provided with a multiplicity of particles (7) which are harder than the material of the opposing surface (6) of the lining carrier (1).

Abstract: A synchronizing ring is composed of a composite material comprising a metallic layer consisting of aluminum alloy and having a thickness of 0.1 to 1.0 mm forming a friction cone and a steel backing layer having a thickness of 0.5 to 3.5 mm and cladded to the metallic layer. The invention also includes a process of manufacturing a synchronizing ring by metal forming.

Abstract: A vehicular clutch apparatus including a clutch unit disposed between an engine output shaft and a transmission, the clutch unit having driving clutch plates and driven clutch plates interleaved with the driving plates and a piston movable upon receipt of hydraulic pressure from a pressure source to press such plates into engagement, wherein in the hydraulic flow path leading from the hydraulic pressure source to the piston there is disposed a directional control valve which is interlocked with a clutch lever for cutting off the communication between the piston and pressure source and release the hydraulic pressure fed to the piston to the atmosphere. A valve is further disposed in the flow path to automatically release the hydraulic pressure in the path to the atmosphere in response to gear shift operation, thereby disengaging the clutch unit.

Abstract: A hydraulic clutch includes drive friction discs rotatably mounted around an output shaft, driven friction discs mounted around the output shaft against rotation relative thereto, a clutch pressure member mounted around the output shaft for movement therealong relative to a chamber plate fixedly mounted on the output shaft, the pressure member cooperating with the chamber plate to form a hydraulic pressure chamber. The drive and driven discs are movable along an axis of the output shaft. The pressure member has outlet port means communicating with the hydraulic pressure chamber. A clutch lifter member is mounted around the output shaft for movement therealong and is normally urged by urging means against the clutch pressure member to close the outlet port means.

Abstract: A non-asbestos clutch facing has an actual density such that the facing is permeable to air. The clutch facing is preferably a moulded facing containing short reinforcing fibres and having an actual density not greater than 90% of theoretical.The facing may be made by a technique in which a pre-form is prepared, moulded to the desired density and then cured under a pressure such as not to cause substantial further density change.

Abstract: The invention provides a friction member having high heat resistance and wearing resistance useful as a brake shoe or brake block in traffic vehicles and industrial machines. The friction member is prepared by consolidating a fibrous base material, e.g. asbestos, with a resinous binder which is a phenolic resin modified with an organopolysiloxane which characteristically comprises, in a molecule, at least one tetrafunctional siloxane unit of the formula SiO.sub.2 and/or at least one trifunctional siloxane unit of the formula R.sup.1 SiO.sub.1.5, in which R.sup.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Low density friction products composed of non-asbestos reinforcing fibers embedded in a matrix of binder material, optionally including friction and wear modifiers, are described in which the actual density of the product is less than 72% of the theoretical density. Clutch facings of this density exhibit improved wear characteristics, lower inertia and increased burst strength.

Abstract: A friction material and carrier plate assembly which may be used in the construction of a driven plate of a friction clutch has a flat, metal, disc-shaped, carrier plate integral with spokes co-planar with the carrier plate and radiating from the outer periphery of the plate. The spokes are adhesively bonded and/or riveted to the bases of recesses in one of the radial friction faces of a one-piece annulus of friction material, that face being proud of the spokes. The assembly is centered on an axis relative to which the annulus and spokes can flex axially.

Abstract: An electromechanical friction clutch and brake unit is disclosed for actuating and stopping a rotating element for example, an actuating shaft of the needle of a sewing machine. The clutch and brake unit has inside it a plurality of friction elements which are mutually engageable in substantial contact, with the interposition of oil of suitable viscosity, and the friction elements are made at least partly of on oil-impregnated, sintered, metallic material, so as to form reservoirs capable of supplying the oil by means of capillarity.

Abstract: A high torque transfer electromagnetic clutch having a rotor which is rotated by an external driving power source through a belt, an armature plate attached to a drive shaft and an electromagnetic means for selectively attracting the armature plate into engagement with the rotor for transmitting the rotation of the driving power source to the drive shaft via respective frictional surfaces. In one embodiment of the invention, one frictional surface is machined to a rough surface with a plurality of uniformly formed peaks, each peak having an acute shape. The surface is then covered with a film layer of plating. The other frictional surface is finished by polishing. When the frictional surfaces engage, particles from the film layer are shaved off and accumulated in minute depression in the other frictional surface.

Abstract: In lubricated friction couplings, at least two surfaces are connected by frictional engagement. These surfaces in engagement with one another are termed friction partners. One friction partner consists of a ceramic material and the other friction partner consists of a metallic material or a ceramic material having a chemical composition other than that of the first friction partner. The metallic material is a material of the iron group, preferably sintered metal. The ceramic material is oxide ceramic, especially aluminium oxide or zirconium oxide or silicon nitride. The pairing of metal, especially sintered steel, against oxide ceramic increases the service life of the coupling while at the same time reducing the coupling travel.The ceramic material can be connected to a carrier member, for example in the form of segments sintered into the carrier member.

Abstract: A clutch disk having a plate and a spline hub and a organic and ceramic-metallic facing fixed to the opposite faces of the plate in back-to-back positions on the opposite faces and fixed to the plate with rivets passing through the plate and facings, the opposite ends of the rivets being recessed in the facings, the organic facing having a plurality of equally spaced notches extending radially inwardly from and circumferentially along the periphery of the disk, the peripheral edge of the notches being open for the circumferential length of the notches, the ceramic-metallic friction facing filling the notches.

Abstract: A synchronizer ring in a vehicle speed change gear, including a ring body having a clutch surface and a resin formed layer disposed on the clutch surface of the ring body and having both circumferential and axial directions in which are disposed both circumferential and axial grooves that cross each other.

Abstract: A friction facing material comprising a fluorocarbon resin binder containing elemental carbon is disclosed for use in torque-transmitting applications in the presence of a transmission fluid or oil. The friction facing material is characterized by a stable dynamic coefficient of friction. A method of making the friction facing material and incorporating it into torque-transmitting apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A clutch disk for a clutch used in an automobile having facings on both sides thereof. The facing is made of sintered steel with a porous structure. A rust preventive is impregnated in the facing. The rust preventive is dicyclohexylammonium nitrite.

Abstract: A disc assembly comprises a plurality of substantially radially spaced spokes joined together by intermediate walls of flexible material. The disc assembly can be used to transmit forces in a force transmission system such as a multiple disc clutch. Such a system comprises a member for applying an input force, a member for receiving an output force, and the inventive annular disc assembly, the disc assembly having force transmission and force application regions at its inner and outer edges and at an intermediate region, the noted members being in engagement with at least some of the force transmission and force application regions.

Abstract: Novel heat resistant heterogeneous thermosetting compositions of matter are described wherein one functionally useful thermosetting reinforced plastic friction material comprises a homogeneous continuous phase and another dissimilar functionally useful thermosetting reinforced plastic friction material comprises a second homogeneous phase dispersed heterogeneously as granules in random manner throughout the first phase, whereby a functional advantage is obtained over a simple homogeneous mixture of the two materials, throughout the life of the friction element.

Abstract: A rotary friction device having at least a plate supporting a friction element for frictional engagement between relatively rotatable members. When in frictional engagement the plate is placed in tension to tend to stretch the expanse of the same to prevent the application of compressive forces thereon or flexure thereof so as to avoid the production of chattering and related problems by the same.

Abstract: Porous wear facings formed of a nodular plated metallic coating are useful as friction elements in wet clutches and the like. The wear and friction characteristics of the wear elements may be further modified for particular applications by coating with phenolic resins, optionally including wear particles.

Abstract: A method for using alkanolamine-carboxylic acid salts as a coating for friction materials which during use contact, at least part of the time, rustable metals. The method comprises contacting the friction material with an aqueous solution comprising at least about 0.05 weight alkanolamine-carboxylic acid salts being the reaction product of:(i) alkanolamine; and(ii) C.sub.4 -C.sub.20 carboxylic acid;and thereafter evaporating water from the aqueous coating on the friction material so as to leave the friction material with a coating comprising alkanolamine-carboxylic acid salts. Friction materials coated by above method are also claimed.