Abstract: A retort involves a stack of retort units arranged to process coal or other raw material by heating the coal in a heating compartment and directing vapors emitted from the raw material into a vapor compartment surrounding the heating compartment. The heating compartment may include a plurality of louver units with embedded heating components. Each louver unit includes heating fins (a heat transfer medium) that delivers heat to the coal. Each louver unit also includes an insulation layer adjacent a vapor opening where vapors emitted from the coal pass into the vapor compartment. The vapors are directed to a distillation column where carbon based vapors, volatiles, fuel vapors and the like may be liquefied for transport to a refinery or directly refined into fuels. Further, a clean coal char (toxins and carbon vaporized) is delivered to a power generation plant to provide cleaner emissions relative to unprocessed coal.

Abstract: A conversion-to-oil apparatus capable of efficiently treating plastic, includes a melting unit for heating and melting plastic fed thereto and a decomposing unit for further heating and vaporization-decomposing the molten plastic melted by the melting unit, wherein the decomposing unit is inclined upwardly, having a lead screw mounted therein, and is provided at its upper end portion with a catalyst cylinder extending upwardly and a residue takeout unit extending downwardly, and the decomposing unit has a prevention element for preventing molten plastic gas from flowing down to the residue takeout unit.

Abstract: A system for refining hydrocarbon containing materials in a continuous coking mode may provide a pyrolyzer (1) which may be inclined to effect a liquid seal between a liquid conduction environment (6) and a gaseous conduction environment (7). A heat source (9) may heat the material past the coking point and the system may include a screw or auger (10) which can continuously remove the coke while simultaneously outputting refined products.

Abstract: A system for refining hydrocarbon containing materials in a continuous coking mode may provide a pyrolyzer (1) which may be inclined to effect a liquid seal between a liquid conduction environment (6) and a gaseous conduction environment (7). A heat source (9) may heat the material past the coking point and the system may include a screw or auger (10) which can continuously remove the coke while simultaneously outputting refined products.

Abstract: An apparatus for the multi-stage refining of organic bulk materials according to the fluidized bed principle comprising a plurality of horizontally aligned cells (23) including an upper drying chamber (1), a middle degasification chamber (2) and a lower refining chamber (3) separated from each other by an individual gas permeable floor (19) or a gas impermeable floor (20). Adjacent cells are connected to each other by common discharge/charge chutes having vertical separation walls extending therein.

Abstract: A method of heating multi-fractional materials is disclosed wherein additional streams of heat carrier gas of a comparatively high temperature are introduced in a stream of heat carrier which has a maximum-temperature heating zone and a comparatively low-temperature heating zone provided in the process flow. The additional streams are supplied only to the comparatively low-temperature heating zone in the main stream of heat carrier, thereby raising the temperature of the heat carrier stream. Multi-fractional materials are heated as they enter the comparatively low-temperature heating zone in the heat carrier stream and before they have entered the maximum-temperature zone.The apparatus for implementing the method of heating consists of a plurality of heaters connected in a series relationship and having inlet tubes for supply of heat carrier and the materials to be heated, a means adapted for separating heated materials from waste heat carrier, and discharge tubes for the above products.

Abstract: An inclined chamber of a coke oven is defined by a heating side wall, a coke removal side, a horizontal chamber ceiling and a chamber floor inclined downwardly from the heating side wall to the coke removal side. Briquettes are charged into the chamber, through charging holes in the heating side wall arranged vertically one above the other and through charging holes in the chamber ceiling arranged one behind the other, in separate inclined fill layers. The charging operation is through separate charging holes, in a sequence from the lowermost charging hole in the heating side wall to the uppermost charging hole therein, and then from the chamber ceiling charging hole closest to the heating side wall to the chamber ceiling charging hole furthest therefrom. The vertical and horizontal spacing between adjacent charging holes is dimensioned to avoid breakage of the briquettes.

Abstract: Oil shale is pyrolyzed by introducing an oil shale feed to a retorting zone fluidized bed to yield, as products of retorting, retorted oil shale containing residual carbonaceous material and volatilized hydrocarbons. The retorted oil shale particles are passed to the top of a combustion zone fluidized bed into which a gaseous source of oxygen is introduced for fluidizing the combustion zone fluidized bed and oxidizing residual carbonaceous material contained in the retorted oil shale particles to yield combustion gases for fluidizing the retorting zone fluidized bed and for maintaining the retorting zone fluidized bed at a temperature sufficient to retort oil shale.

Abstract: A system for regenerating waste acid, comprises (1) a concentrator for concentrating the waste liquor, (2) a reactor for reacting the concentrated liquor at a temperature below 1000.degree. F. in the presence of oxygen and hydrocarbon combustion gases and on a recycled moving bed of particles without vibration of the reactor bottom, (3) a separator for separating the iron oxide dust from the other gases from the reactor, (4) the same concentrator cools these gases, (5) an absorber for absorbing the hydrogen chloride cooled gas in an aqueous solution from the following scrubber, (6) a scrubber for scrubbing the unabsorbed gases in water to absorb the hydrogen chloride gas remaining in the gases from the absorber, and (7) a condenser for condensing any liquids and any residual HCl remaining in the exhaust gases before exhausting them as non-polluting gases into the atmosphere and passing the condensate back into the waste acid concentrator.

Abstract: A furnace for manufacturing a high-calorific gas and coke from coal, provided with two walls 1 perforated in their upper portion, which form a rectangular chamber 2 filled with a coal charge. These walls are provided with channels 3 with inlet pipes 4 for supplying hot combustion gases and the furnace is furnished in its upper zone with inlet pipes 6 for delivering coal to the furnace and ramming pistons 7 having imparted free reciprocating motions. At the side of the furnace in its upper zone are inlet pipes 8 for supplying a hot circulating gas to the direct heating chamber where a coal charge is directly heated. Inside of the gas chamber 10 of the furnace there is an outlet pipe 9 for withdrawing cold circulating gas to a blower 14, which then becomes successively heated to the required temperature in a heat exchanger 13.