Abstract: An improved rapid thermal conversion process for efficiently converting wood, other biomass materials, and other carbonaceous feedstock (including hydrocarbons) into high yields of valuable liquid product, e.g., bio-oil, on a large scale production, is disclosed. In the process, biomass material, e.g., wood, is fed to a conversion system where the biomass material is mixed with an upward stream of hot heat carriers, e.g., sand, that thermally convert the biomass into a hot vapor stream. The hot vapor stream is rapidly quenched with quench media in one or more condensing chambers located downstream of the conversion system. The rapid quenching condenses the vapor stream into liquid product, which is collected from the condensing chambers as a valuable liquid product.

Abstract: An ethylene cracking furnace comprising a high pressure steam drum (1), a convection section (2), a radiant section (3), multiple groups of radiant coils (4) arranged vertically in the firebox of radiant section, burners (5) and transfer line exchangers (6), each radiant coil comprising a first-pass tube (7), a second-pass tube (8) and a connection member (9); feedstocks being introduced into an inlet end of the first-pass tube and outflow from an outlet end of the second-pass tube, said first-pass tube (7) and said second-pass tube (8) are non-split coils, and the centerlines of the respective radiant tubes (7, 8) are within a common plane; said connection member (9) is a tridimensional structural member comprising an inlet bending tube (10), a return bending tube (11) and an outlet bending tube (12); said inlet bending tubes (10) and said outlet bending tubes (12) are arranged at two sides of the plane containing the centerlines of said first-pass tubes (7) and said second-pass tubes (8), respectively; the

Abstract: A heat-resistant door device for closing a horizontal coke oven chamber is made of a refractory material, using a material containing silica or a material containing silica and aluminum oxides, in particular. The material has a low temperature expansion coefficient and it is thermally well insulating so that the door is not deformed and/or distorted during the coal carbonization process. The door device is built of a coke oven wall mainly located above the door and embracing the door as well as of a mobile door located underneath. Thereby less cold ambient air enters into the coke oven chamber and radiation losses are minimized. The door may be comprised of an ellipsoidal bulge by which the coke can be better pushed into the coking chamber. The oven wall embracing the oven door can also be made of a refractory material containing silica or of a material containing silica and aluminum oxides.

Abstract: This invention relates to a tubular cracking furnace, especially an ethylene cracking furnace, which comprises a convection section and a or dual radiant section(s), at least one heat transfer intensifying member arranged in at least one pass each radiant tube in said radiant section, said at least one heat transfer intensifying member comprises a first heat transfer intensifying member, which is arranged at a location between 10D and 25D upstream of the extreme point of said at least one pass radiant tube metal temperature, wherein D is the inner diameter of the radiant tube having heat transfer intensifying members. The present invention could achieve the best enhanced heat transfer result with given number of heat transfer intensifying member, by optimizing the locations of heat transfer intensifying members in the radiant tube.

Abstract: Provided is a pyrolytic energy recovery system for pyrolyzing wastes to obtain oil, the system including: a recovery furnace; a heat plate for dividing an inner space of the recovery furnace; a heating chamber disposed under the heat plate; a pyrolysis chamber disposed over the heat plate; a heating pipe line installed inside the front and rear surfaces of the recovery furnace; a rotary means constituted by a plurality of rotaries installed in the pyrolysis chamber to evenly distribute recyclable materials introduced through the recyclable material inlet port; a residual discharge means having primary residual conveyance screws longitudinally installed along the valley of the heat plate, a residual hopper installed at a separate space in the heating chamber such that the residual conveyed to a center part of the heat plate through the primary conveyance screws is lowered to be gathered, and a secondary residual conveyance screw installed from the residual hopper to the exterior of the recovery furnace and dis

Abstract: A system and method of converting tires or other solid carbon based material is disclosed, wherein the system and method includes providing a chamber, feeding tires or other solid carbon based material or both into the chamber, rotating the chamber and heating and reducing the material in the chamber, collecting solid residue from the chamber, collecting vapor from the chamber, and converting vapor collected from the chamber to a liquid. The chamber has an interior surface and can include one or more ribs on the interior surface for rotating and tumbling the material in the chamber while heating the material.

Abstract: A thermochemical reactor includes a contact surface and a pressing device for pressing raw material to be pyrolyzed against the rotationally symmetrical contact surface which is rotatable relative to the raw material. A generating line of the contact surface is oriented at an angle to a radius that is perpendicular to the axis of the relative rotation.

Abstract: An integrated combustion chamber and fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor. In one embodiment, the combustion chamber is cylindrical and the pyrolysis reactor is provided annularly about the combustion chamber with an annular wall that provides a common surface for heat transfer. A lift tube in fluid communication with the pyrolysis reactor is provided within the combustion chamber for circulating biomass and an inert fluidizable media upwardly through the lift tube; this advantageously increases heat transfer and leads to more rapid pyrolysis. The media and biomass exit the lift tube into either a freeboard area of the pyrolysis reactor or into a low density region of the fluidized bed. A condensable gaseous product is produced during pyrolysis that has economic value. The apparatus and process are especially well suited to the pyrolysis of low density agricultural biomass. The apparatus is compact and particularly well suited to mobile operation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a tubular cracking furnace, especially an ethylene cracking furnace, which comprises a convection section and a or dual radiant section(s), at least one heat transfer intensifying member arranged in at least one pass each radiant tube in said radiant section, said at least one heat transfer intensifying member comprises a first heat transfer intensifying member, which is arranged at a location between 10D and 25D upstream of the extreme point of said at least one pass radiant tube metal temperature, wherein D is the inner diameter of the radiant tube having heat transfer intensifying members. The present invention could achieve the best enhanced heat transfer result with given number of heat transfer intensifying member, by optimizing the locations of heat transfer intensifying members in the radiant tube.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating materials, the apparatus including a main body which includes an elongated retort section having a primary treatment chamber therein, a feed inlet at an upstream end of the retort section and a discharge outlet at a downstream end of the retort section. The main body further includes a filtering section with a filtering chamber therein which is in communication with the primary treatment chamber, the filtering chamber being disposed laterally with respect to a longitudinal axis of the retort section which extends between the ends of the retort section and is spaced from the upstream end.

Abstract: A coke drum bottom de-heading system having an internal shroud enclosure and a shroud end cap opened by a flange to a coke bottom de-heading valve capable of accepting the end of a gate valve upon actuation. Acting in coordination with the shroud enclosure to prevent the escape of steam is a gate seal assembly having a gate seal slidably engaged against the sliding gate to prevent the passage of steam thereby.

Abstract: A coke drum bottom de-heading system having an internal shroud enclosure and a shroud end cap opened by a flange to a coke bottom de-heading valve capable of accepting the end of a gate valve upon actuation. Acting in coordination with the shroud enclosure to prevent the escape of steam is a gate seal assembly having a gate seal slidably engaged against the sliding gate to prevent the passage of steam thereby.

Abstract: A retort heating apparatus for processing a feed material includes a heating chamber bounded at least in part by a side wall. A plurality of baffles are at least partially disposed within the heating chamber. Each baffle includes an elongated body having a top surface, at least a portion of the top surface being arched. The plurality of baffles are vertically and horizontally spaced apart so that substantially all of the feed material that vertically passes through the heating chamber is horizontally displaced as the feed material passes by the baffles. Systems are also provided for heating the feed material within the heating chamber.

Abstract: A coke oven has a coke-oven chamber adapted to hold a mass of coke, defining above the mass of coke a gas-collecting chamber, and having a door opening. A door closes the door opening. A peripheral gas channel extends around the opening between the door and coke-oven chamber and has at least one outer and at least one inner door seal defining an annular space. The inner door seal is formed in both the coke-oven chamber and the gas-collecting chamber with a plurality of throughgoing holes forming fluid-communicating connections between the coke-oven chamber, the gas-collecting chamber, and the annular space at different heights of the coke-oven chamber and of the gas-collecting chamber. Thus regions of the coke-oven chamber with different gas pressures communicate with each other and with the annular space via the connections on the inner door seal to equalize pressure between the regions and the gas-collecting chamber.

Abstract: A coke drum bottom de-heading system having an internal shroud enclosure and a shroud end cap opened by a flange to a coke bottom de-heading valve capable of accepting the end of a gate valve upon actuation. Acting in coordination with the shroud enclosure to prevent the escape of steam is a gate seal assembly having a gate seal slidably engaged against the sliding gate to prevent the passage of steam thereby.

Abstract: An insulated transition spool apparatus for mounting unheading devices to pressure vessels, such as coker vessels, and enabling repetitive operation thereof is disclosed. The apparatus comprises an outer housing, an inner housing that encloses an insulating space between the inner and outer housing, a side feed entry aperture in each housing and a spool adapter flange to facilitate attachment of the spool to the vessel.

Abstract: The method of protecting a surface in a gasifier which is normally an exposed surface in the gasifier. The method includes forming a refractory attachment with a securement surface that confronts the protectable surface in the gasifier and mechanically securing the refractory attachment onto the protectable surface in the gasifier without the refractory attachment penetrating the protectable surface. Such mechanical securing is achieved by providing a latch which if formed of complementary shapes of the securement surface and the protectable surface.

Abstract: The protective refractory shield for a gasifier includes a refractory attachment that is mechanically secured to a protectable surface of the gasifier. The refractory attachment includes a plurality of attachment members of predetermined angular sector. The refractory attachment is provided to cover a downwardly facing horizontal surface of the gasifier or to be positioned upon a vertical surface thereof. Latching means for the attachment include a projecting formation that projects from the protectable surface that engages a complementary shaped recess in the attachment to mechanically secure the attachment to the protectable surface. The latching means do not form recesses in the protectable surface nor does the refractory attachments form recesses in the protectable surface. Thus the integrity of the protectable surface is maintained while it is protected.

Abstract: The heating flues in an oven are equipped with refractory components to control the feed and mixture of combustion air and gas into each heating flue. In one embodiment, the refractory component forms a plurality of passageways through which air and gas flow into mixture. Initially, the gas is mixed with small amounts of air to obtain substoichiometric combustion in the refractory component. Additional combustion air is supplied to the resulting partially combusted gases and unburned gas to complete the combustion of air and gas in the heating flue. This arrangement serves to optimize the flame control and the heat discharge over the height of the heating flue. In a second embodiment, the refractory component forms a plurality of passageways through which combustion air is supplied to the gas along the passageway outlets which are located at preselected positions along the length of the heating flue.

Abstract: An improved rotating retort seal having integral bearings for aligning the retort seals relative the sealing surface on the rotating vessel portion of the retort. The sealing function and bearing or seal alignment function are separated to extend seal life and improve sealing. Radial alignment bearings and axial alignment bearings are provided for continually positioning the seal assembly housing during sealing surface nutation. The sealing elements, which are fixed relative to the alignment bearings, is thereby continually aligned and realigned in response to sealing surface nutations during retort rotation. The alignment bearings are extended radially outward from the seals on the sealing surface to prevent damage of the bearings by materials processed in the retort. A lubrication passageway is placed between the alignment bearings and seals to provide for common lubrication of both alignment bearings and seals.

Abstract: An earthquake-proof foundation for a lateral burner-type coke oven battery, comprising, a foundation baseplate connected to the ground, a mounting plate positioned above the baseplate for supporting the coke oven battery and a plurality of sliding devices interposed and connected between the mounting plate and the foundation baseplate to permit lateral and transverse displacement of the mounting plate with respect to the baseplate. The mounting plate includes a plurality of openings and ferroconcrete pegs are bonded to the foundation baseplate and extend upwardly into the mounting plate opening. Elastic elements are connected between the ferroconcrete pegs and the edges of their associated openings to resist transverse and lateral displacement of the mounting plate with respect to the foundation baseplate.

Abstract: The yield of good-quality bodies consisting of vitreous carbon is increased to substantially 100% when the pyrolysis is performed in a reaction vessel in which a collecting container or a collecting disc for the condensable volatile decomposition products which is open at its upper side is arranged above the polymeric substances to be pyrolized. The collecting disc divides the interior of the reaction vessel into two parts, a passage for gases remaining between the upper part and the lower part. During the pyrolysis, a spatial temperature distribution is adjusted in the reaction vessel which results in a pulsating evaporation and condensation of the decomposition products, so that the decomposition products are completely removed.

Abstract: A coke oven, comprises a housing having an interior vertically elongated coke oven chamber with a plurality of vertically extending binding walls subdividing the oven chamber into a plurality of heating flues. A nozzle in each of the binder walls between the heating flues discharges a rich gas into each flue. In addition, the binder walls contain respective first and second vertical air ducts arranged in alternate binder walls between the flues with alternate ones of the air ducts having discharges at one or more levels above the others of each binder duct wall and connecting into the flues on each side of the associated binding wall. An air duct supply is connected separately to the alternate ones in each of the other air supply ducts.

Abstract: In a slot-type coke oven battery, the sole flues side walls are constructed of two or more courses of clay liners. The sole flues also include a bottom liner means and are topped with rider tile. The intersections of the successive courses of liners are maintained in position by refractory cross-ties. Ports in the rider tile feature internal venturi shapes which enhance the flow of gases therethrough.

Abstract: An earthquake-proof foundation structure for a horizontal type coke oven battery which comprises: a pile plate rigidly connected substantially in a horizontal position to the tops of a plurality of foundation piles; a base plate for mounting thereon a horizontal type coke oven battery, said base plate being placed substantially in a horizontal position on said pile plate; two sliding layers, each arranged between said pile plate and said base plate and between said base plate and said coke oven battery, each of said two sliding layers being formed by tightly laying a plurality of steel sheets coated with graphite grease over the entire surface thereof into two or three laminations; the lower surface of said coke oven battery or the upper surface of said base plate being provided with a longitudinal ridge and a plurality of transverse ridges, while the upper surface of said base plate or the lower surface of said coke oven battery being provided with a longitudinal groove and a plurality of transverse grooves

Abstract: After replacement of the walls of one chamber of a coking battery this one chamber is heated up by withdrawing relatively hot air from another still-hot chamber of the coking battery and injecting it into the cold chamber. This is done by means of a conduit extending between the two chambers and provided with an internal nozzle that conducts the hot gas from the hot chamber to the cool chamber by jet-pump action. This hot gas is mixed with relatively cool air so as slowly to heat the cool chamber up.

Abstract: An inclined chamber of a coke oven is defined by a heating side wall, a coke removal side, a horizontal chamber ceiling and a chamber floor inclined downwardly from the heating side wall to the coke removal side. Briquettes are charged into the chamber, through charging holes in the heating side wall arranged vertically one above the other and through charging holes in the chamber ceiling arranged one behind the other, in separate inclined fill layers. The charging operation is through separate charging holes, in a sequence from the lowermost charging hole in the heating side wall to the uppermost charging hole therein, and then from the chamber ceiling charging hole closest to the heating side wall to the chamber ceiling charging hole furthest therefrom. The vertical and horizontal spacing between adjacent charging holes is dimensioned to avoid breakage of the briquettes.

Abstract: Studs projecting downwardly from the decking carrying a battery of underjet coke ovens, all received in recesses in support walls which extend only in a parallel direction to the heating walls for the over chambers. Dampers are provided between the studs and the vertical surfaces of the recesses in the support walls for absorbing forces such as those developed during earthquakes which act parallel to the heating walls of the coking chambers. Strip members project downwardly from the decking along the sides of the support walls. Dampers are interposed between the strip members and support walls to absorb forces acting in a direction normal to the longitudinal heating walls of the coking chambers. The decking includes individual decking portions with adjoining boundary surfaces having interlocking projections.

Abstract: A coke oven regenerator checker brick which incorporates, with the principle of maximization of heat transfer, the ability to minimize pressure differential within such a regenerator, while providing facility of inexpensive manufacturing techniques. A coke oven checker of standard overall dimension incorporates wave-like corrugations, for maximum surface area exposure, and sufficient web thickness to enable manufacture by the conventional re-press method which is the most economical commercially available method for manufacturing refractory coke oven checker brick.

Abstract: An inclined chamber has vertical heating flues on each side thereof. The floors of the heating flues are vertically staggered in an inclined manner. Pairs of heating flues are joined at the tops thereof by guide openings which are vertically staggered in an inclined manner. Central and upper air inlet openings extend into the heating flues and are vertically staggered in an inclined manner.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to reinforced support walls arranged to extend transversely of the length of a battery of coke ovens in a cellar for supporting battery decking of underjet coke ovens. Ducts extend in the cellar for supplying gaseous combustion media to the heating flues of the heating walls and control members are arranged in the cellar to control the flow of the combustion media in the individual ducts. A foundation slab includes reinforcement members bonded to reinforcement members within the support walls. Expansion joints, including slip plates, are arranged between the support walls and the battery decking. The decking may include a projection extending downwardly along the center line of the battery for bonding engagement with the support walls.

Abstract: An intermediate coke oven head comprises spaced apart substantially parallel steel-concrete side walls with cross walls connected between the side walls and dividing the space therebetween into a plurality of individual compartments. An aeration and ventilation system is connected to the compartments and includes one air inlet from the exterior of the walls extending into each compartment adjacent the lower ends thereof and at least one air outlet connected into the top of the compartments.

Abstract: Novel shapes of refractory jamb bricks are disclosed which are readily removable and replaceable without tearing down and rebuilding the novel jamb structure of a heating wall of a coke oven battery.