Abstract: A condensing chamber and a heating chamber are arranged in an enclosure. Liquid is fed into the condensing chamber where it is pre-heated. The pre-heated liquid flows to the heating chamber where it is boiled to produce vapor. Gas sparging in the condensing chamber enhances heat transfer and absorbs additional vapor generated by pre-heating. The condenser is a helical or other horizontal tube heat exchanger.

Abstract: An evaporation sleeve is placed within a solar distillation loop apparatus to increase the amount of water evaporated by the apparatus. The evaporation sleeve is rotationally attached within the above ground portion of the solar distillation loop so the sleeve lifts impure water into the air flow within the system. The evaporation sleeve significantly increases the water surface area available to the air flow within a solar distillation loop.

Abstract: Process for working up a bottom stream wherein high boilers and ionic liquid from an extractive rectification in which the ionic liquid is used as entrainer. The process includes feeding the bottom stream to an evaporation stage which is operated at a pressure of less than 500 mbar or to a stripper which is operated through use of inert gas or steam, and the major part of the high boiler present is separated off in vapor form from the ionic liquid.

Abstract: The invention provides for the removal of impurities from treatment fluid including a base liquid and a variety of impurities contained in the base liquid by conveying the treatment fluid to at least one preheating separating device, including a preheating heat exchanger and a separator unit, before the admixture of a carrier gas to the treatment fluid. The treatment fluid is preheated by the preheating heat exchanger to a temperature below the boiling temperature of a base liquid so that the liquid impurities with lower boiling temperatures than the base liquid are evaporated and expelled thermally, whereby the evaporated and expelled impurities are separated in the separator unit of the preheating separator device. The treatment fluid is then evaporated and separated from impurities having a higher boiling point than the base liquid.

Abstract: A process for dewatering hydrocyanic acid by distillation, which includes distilling crude hydrocyanic acid containing from 50 to 99.9% by weight of HCN, from 0.1 to 40% by weight of water, from 0 to 15% by weight of carbon oxides and optionally from 0.01 to 1% by weight of an involatile stabilizer, at a pressure of from 1 bar to 2.5 bar, a bottom temperature of from 100° C. to 130° C. and a top temperature of from 25° C. to 54° C., in the absence of a volatile stabilizer, in a distillation column to obtain a top draw stream containing purified, anhydrous hydrocyanic acid and carbon oxides and a bottom draw stream including water and, optionally, the involatile stabilizer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating close-boiling, homo- and heteroazeotropic mixtures by using ionic liquids. Due to the selectivity and unusual combination of properties of the ionic liquids the process is superior to conventional extractive rectification from the point of view of costs and energy.

Abstract: A method, system, and apparatuses for simultaneous heat and mass transfer utilizing a carrier-gas at various absolute pressures are described. A method may include: thermally coupling at least two continuous contacting apparatuses together; varying the pressure between the at least two continuous contacting apparatuses; allowing heat removed from the first continuous contacting apparatus to be the heat delivered to the second continuous contacting apparatus. A system may include: at least two continuous contacting apparatuses thermally coupled together and operating at different absolute pressures. A continuous contacting apparatus may include: an evaporation chamber and a dew-formation chamber both operating at an absolute pressure in a vacuum range. A continuous contacting vapor recompression apparatus may include: an evaporation chamber operating at a first absolute pressure; and a dew-formation chamber operating at a second absolute pressure higher than the first absolute pressure.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for producing an aqueous solution of free hydroxylamine (HA) by simultaneous countercurrent treatment of a HA salt with ammonia or ammonia water, then separating the HA by distillation and reconcentrating the aqueous HA solution in a countercurrent with a stripping medium. The stripping medium used according to the invention is a mixture of steam and a non-condensable inert gas and the process temperature at a defined pressure is controlled by the quantity of non-condensable inert gas at the column inlet. The preferred non-condensable inert gas is nitrogen. This results in increased safety and a reduction in losses of the method for producing aqueous solutions of free HA.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for distilling and processing chemicals. The apparatus is particularly suited for processing and distilling difficult to distill compounds, and is capable of producing diesel fuel and other products from used oil at a quality level similar to that of products produced from virgin crude oil.

Abstract: A method and system for treating feedwater includes evaporating a portion of the feedwater in a first evaporation chamber so as to separate water vapor from the remaining feedwater. Droplets of the remaining feedwater are dispersed into a stream of hot air produced in a second evaporation chamber. The droplets evaporate and solids in the feedwater precipitate. The precipitated solids are collected in the lower section of the second evaporation chamber. Water vapor discharged from both evaporation chambers can be treated in a cyclone separator to remove residual solids therefrom. The cleansed water vapor output from the cyclone separator can be condensed to recover clean water. Dry solids can be discharged from the second evaporation chamber and the cyclone separator for recovery.

Abstract: A process for rectificatively separating fluids including (meth)acrylic monomers in a rectification column by directly cooling the vapor including (meth)acrylic monomers rising to the top of the rectification column to form top condensate including (meth)acrylic monomers, the condensation space at the top of the column being separated from the region of the rectification column containing the separating internals only by at least one chimney tray from which the top condensate formed is removed from the rectification column, which includes effecting the direct cooling of the vapor in the condensation space in at least two spray zones which are spatially successive and are flowed through by vapor by spraying supercooled top condensate including added polymerization inhibitor, and the temperature of the sprayed supercooled top condensate becoming lower from spray zone to spray zone in the flown direction of the vapor.

Abstract: Improved methods for carrier-gas humidification/dehumidification [HDH] or dewvaporization enable production of clean water, derived in part from models generated and tested with produced water from the oil and gas industries, which likewise address industrial waste water remediation and generally facilitate the time and cost efficient disposal of waste waters from a plurality of industries ranging from food, wine, and beverage production to novel enhanced efficiencies within the oil and gas industries themselves. High efficiency carrier gas HDH thermal distillation functions without membranes, at ambient or near ambient pressures with no required pre- or post-treatment, and economies of scale to leverage a plastics-based processing platform. Industrial waste water including that generated by the food, wine, and beverage industries, among others, is likewise ameliorated according to the instant teachings.

Abstract: An evaporation system uses the weight of condensed liquid as an energy source. An inlet feed is introduced into an enclosure through an inlet. The inlet feed is vaporized in an evaporation region of the enclosure, and condensed to a liquid in a condensation region of the enclosure. The condensed liquid collects in a liquid region of the enclosure. The liquid region has an outlet. A blower between the evaporation region and the condensation region maintains the condensation region at a higher pressure than the evaporation region. The level of the liquid in the liquid region defines the volume and pressure of the evaporation and condensation regions, such that as the liquid is drained from the outlet, at least in part by the weight of the liquid, the pressure in the evaporation region decreases. The flow through the inlet and the outlet is regulated to maintain the pressure in the evaporation region at a pressure that tends to vaporize the inlet feed.

Abstract: A method for recovering a liquid medium, comprising gas to be compulsorily contacted with the liquid medium to gasify the liquid medium, and condensing the gasified medium, and a device for recovering a liquid medium. Further, the present invention is directed to a device for recovering a liquid medium, wherein the device comprises: a gasifying means for bringing gas into contact with a mixed liquid comprising a liquid medium and a nonvolatile substance to gasify the liquid medium; a condensing-separating means for cooling the gas and the gasified medium fed from the gasifying means to separate the condensed medium from the separated gas; and a gas feeding means for feeding the separated gas as the gas to the gasifying means.

Abstract: A process for rectificatively separating liquids containing (meth)acrylic monomers in a rectification column is provided, in which a stream is withdrawn from the rectification column and recycled into the rectification column as a molecular oxygen-enriched liquid phase.

Abstract: Basic (meth)acrylates IV are prepared by transesterification of alkyl (meth)acrylates I in the presence of a catalyst and working-up of the reaction mixture by distillation, by a process in which a gas or gas mixture which is inert under the reaction conditions is passed through the reaction zone and/or heat exchanger.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating by distillation a portion or the entirety of an azeptine derivative (III), which is selected from the group consisting of aminohexylidene imine, tetrahydroazepine, hexylhexahydroazepine and of aminohexylhexahydroazepine, out of a mixture (II) containing an azepine derivative (III) and an amine (I). The inventive method is characterized in that the distillation is carried out with a maximum bottom temperature of 150° C.

Abstract: A process for the high yield production of high purity glacial methacrylic acid (“HPMAA”) with minimization of decomposition of hydroxy isobutyric acid (HIBA). The HPMAA is substantially pure, specifically 99% pure or greater with a water content of 0.05% or less. This improved process involves the steps of providing a crude MAA stream which was formed by hydrolyzing acetone cyanohydrin and, therefore, includes HIBA which is an intermediate product of the hydrolysis reaction, and purifying that crude methacrylic acid stream in a series of successive distillation steps.

Abstract: Inhibitor blends that include both nitrosophenols and nitrosoanilines, optionally in combination with air or oxygen, reduce the premature polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. unsaturated monomers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for removing DME from a stream containing C4 olefins. The process includes providing a first stream comprising C4 olefins, C5+ hydrocarbons, DME, and methanol. The first stream is separated into a second stream comprising the C4 olefins and the DME and a third stream comprising the C5+ hydrocarbons and the methanol. The second stream is directed to a DME absorption unit, wherein the second stream contacts water under conditions effective to separate the C4 olefins from the DME. Also disclosed is a process including contacting the first stream with water in a methanol removal unit under conditions effective to separate remove the methanol therefrom; distilling the methanol-depleted stream to remove C5+ hydrocarbon components, and contacting the stream with water in a DME removal unit under conditions effective to form an overhead stream comprising the C4 olefins and a bottoms stream comprising the DME.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of purifying a (meth) acrylic monomer selected among (meth) acrylic acids and their esters, by distillation in the presence of at least a polymerisation inhibitor requiring input of oxygen and/or an inhibitor having better efficacy in the presence of oxygen for stabilizing the liquid phase. The invention is characterized in that the distillation is performed in the presence of a NO2 gas, with an oxygen/organic vapor (p/p) ratio ranging between 0.02 and 3%, and with a NO2 condensed organic vapor (p/p) ratio ranging between 0.01 and 50 ppm.

Abstract: The present application is directed to a continuous contacting apparatus for separating a liquid component from a liquid mixture.

Abstract: A process for the distillation of vinylaromatic monomers in the presence of 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) and oxygen, wherein no aromatic nitro or amino compound is present in any effective amount. The process is particularly suitable for destabilizing and purifying styrene which has been stabilized with 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) for transportation.

Abstract: A process and apparatus to enable the continuous isolation of an organometallic compound, such as trimethylindium form a liquid feedstock. The liquid feedstock is delivered to a distillation column (2) having two heating zones (6, 8) to effect dissociation of the feedstock thereby liberating the organometallic compound which is collected as a vapour form the top (4) of the column.

Abstract: A membrane distillation method includes the steps of preparing a membrane distillation module that includes a hydrophobic porous membrane which is permeable to gas or vapor and impermeable to the solution, and injecting a body of the solution into the membrane distillation module and forming nano-grade gas bubbles of inert gas in the solution in the membrane distillation module in such a manner that the solution is emulsified with the nano-grade gas bubbles and that the thus formed nano-grade gas bubbles are allowed to pass through the membrane from one side to the other side of the membrane.

Abstract: Distillation apparatus comprises a condensing chamber and a heating chamber arranged on an enclosure. Liquid feed into the condensing chamber is pre-heated and flows to the heating chamber where it is boiled to produce vapor. Gas sparging in the condensing chamber enhances heat transfer and absorbs additional vapor generated by pre-heating. The condenser is a helical or other horizontal tube heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of extracting haw pits by dry distillation and the device used therein. The process includes the following steps: removing the impurities of haw pits and drying them; immersing haw pits in water and then dripping and charging the dried pit into the furnace for dry distillation; gradually raising the temperature and dry distilling the haw pits at two temperature ranges of 105-195° C. and 305-380° C. respectively and collecting the distillate; mixing together the distillate, allowing them to separate into layers by specific gravity difference and separating out the final brownish red transparent liquor by siphon. The method of the present invention can provide high yield of extraction and the present device is simple in structure. Further, the present invention is easy to be employed on the industrial scale.

Abstract: A method for distilling a raw material liquid containing (meth)acrylic acid substantially free from azeotropic solvents, collected with a collection agent from a mixed gas obtained by gas phase catalytic oxidation reactions which includes feeding to a distillation column the raw material liquid which temperature is substantially equal to that of the entrance place in the column.

Abstract: Basic (meth)acrylates IV are prepared by transesterification of alkyl (meth)acrylates I in the presence of a catalyst and working-up of the reaction mixture by distillation, by a process in which a gas or gas mixture which is inert under the reaction conditions is passed through the reaction zone and/or heat exchanger.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and a device for forming by evaporation a volatile substance comprising at least a predetermined number of elementary constituents, wherein are provided means (205) for circulating in parallel fluxes of a gas controlled or regulated in flow rate through receptacles containing each at least an elementary constituent to be evaporated, and means (208) for the mixing gas streams loaded with evaporated contituents derived from said receptacles, so as to obtain an output gas stream containing predetermined or controlled concentrations of said evaporated constituents.

Abstract: The invention provides for the removal of impurities from treatment fluid comprising a base liquid and a variety impurities contained in the base liquid by conveying the treatment fluid to at least one preheating separating device, including a preheating heat exchanger and a separator unit, before the admixture of a carrier gas to the treatment fluid. The treatment fluid is preheated by the preheating heat exchanger to a temperature below the boiling temperature of a base liquid so that the liquid impurities with lower boiling temperatures than the base liquid are evaporated and expelled thermally, whereby the evaporated and expelled impurities are separated in the separator unit of the preheating separator device. The treatment fluid is then evaporated and separated from impurities having a lower boiling point than the base liquid.

Abstract: A solar still apparatus is described for the multi-effect distillation of a fluid such as water. A transparent condenser air duct overlies an evaporator air duct having a light-absorbing floor, both sharing a transparent plastic film wall. Air, blown by a fan, flows through the lower duct, where it progressively warms and evaporates a feedstock fluid. At the hot end of the lower duct, the air enters the upper duct where it flows in a reverse direction, progressively cooling and condensing its vapor, a portion of the heat of condensation being transferred through the shared wall to the lower duct. Thermal gradients established within the still facilitate the evaporation and condensation of the fluid with minimal heat loss to the environment and maximal recuperation of the heat of condensation for fluid evaporation. A working fluid may be used to extract useful power from the still's thermal gradients.

Abstract: (Meth)acrylic acid is worked up in the presence of at least one stabilizer by a process in which a stabilizer-containing mixture originating from the working-up and substantially freed from (meth)acrylic acid is passed into a distillation apparatus and a stabilizer-containing low boiler stream obtained from said apparatus is recycled to the working-up.

Abstract: A method for removing dissolved solids, particularly salts, from water. An apparatus for performing the inventive method is disclosed. The aqueous solution to be treated, for example sea water, is atomized using special non-pneumatic nozzles, and sprayed into an evaporation chamber through which air, heated by waste heat, is blown. The micro-droplets undergo rapid evaporation in the chamber, resulting in the separation of the salt solids from the vapor phase of the water. The mixture of suspended solids and water vapor is filtered to remove and collect the salts, and the water vapor is condensed to collect the salt-free water.

Abstract: A process for working up mixtures containing (meth)acrylic acid and/or (meth)acrylic ester in a column for distilling, rectifying and/or fractionally condensing in the presence of at least one polymerization inhibitor and an oxygen-containing gas, wherein the partial oxygen pressure p(O2) in the gas phase of the entire column is from 2 to 5 hPa.

Abstract: The invention concerns appliances, one of which uses solar energy as sole source of power. It comprises an accumulation solar water heater (222) and quasi-reversible liquid/vapour heat exchanging alveolar elements, provided with hydrophilic coatings. Elements of types E and C, respectively assigned to water evaporation (224a, b, c) and to vapour condensation (226a-b) are interposed, with narrow free spaces, in a heat-insulated treatment chamber (223), arranged above the boiler (222). Hot water coming from the heater (222) flows in closed circuit, by thermosiphon, from the top downwards of elements E and from the bottom upwards of elements C. A slightly cooling member (242) is interposed between the bottom collectors (240-244) of elements E and C. Hot water spills over slowly from the top of the hydrophilic coatings of elements E and the vapour produced is condensed opposite, on the walls of elements C.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for stabilising acrylic monomers in a distillation column, comprising the following steps: adding at least a stabilising agent for acrylic monomers having a total concentration in the liquid phase ranging between 1 ppm and 5000 ppm; injecting oxygen in the distillation column with a O2/organic vapour mol ratio ranging between 0.01% and 1%; adding a metal sequestering agent having a concentration in the liquid phase ranging between 0.1 and 1000 ppm.

Abstract: A method for starting up a distilling column destined to handle an easily polymerizing compound-containing solution characterized by supplying at the start of the operation of the distilling column a polymerization inhibitor to the bottom liquid of the distilling column having a temperature of not higher than 80° C. Further, by supplying a reflux liquid through the top of the distilling column or the middle stage of the column prior to the start of the temperature elevation of the distilling column, thereby preventing the polymerization of the easily polymerizing compound more effectively.

Abstract: A process is provided herein for the high yield production of high purity glacial methacrylic acid (“HPMAA”) that is substantially pure, specifically 99% pure or greater with a water content of 0.05% or less.

Abstract: A purifying apparatus characterized by being equipped with a vapor dispersing device possessing in a vapor inlet part owned by the apparatus on the lateral inside thereof an opening part facing downward from the horizontal direction and a horizontal projected cross section area in the range of 10-40% of the cross section area of said apparatus. In consequence of the incorporation of the vapor dispersing device according to this invention, the drift of the gas is repressed, the efficiency of separation is improved, and the possible polymerization of a compound under treatment in the lower part of the column is prevented.

Abstract: A method is provided for preventing an easily polymerizable substance from being polymerized in a thin-film type evaporating device by supplying a solution of the substance to the evaporating heating surface of the device by the centrifugal force of a stirring rotary shaft, characterized by mixing a distilled vapor of the substance with a molecular oxygen-containing gas and supplying the extracted liquid or a solution having lower viscosity than the extracted liquid to a feed raw material inlet thereby adjusting the quantity of a wetting liquid per unit length of the surface in the range of 0.02-2 m3/mHr. In the evaporation of the substance by the use of the device, a method for preventing the substance from polymerization is provided.

Abstract: A method for stopping a purifying column handling an easily polymerizing compound-containing solution is disclosed, which method is characterized by lowering the inner oxygen concentration of the column below the limit of oxygen concentration by supplying an inert gas to the column while the concentration of the gas of easily polymerizing compound is in the range of 100% to the lower limit of the flammable range in volume % of the purifying column or by further supplying a reflux liquid thereby cooling the interior of the column at a rate in the range of 0.01-10° C./min. This invention enjoys exceptionally high economic value in respect that it is capable of preventing the easily polymerizing compound from the occurrence of polymerization in the purifying column, precluding the interior of the purifying column from being clogged by adhesion of a polymer, and moreover avoiding the possibility of explosion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of extracting haw pits by dry distillation and the device used therein. The process includes the following steps: removing the impurities of haw pits and drying them; immersing haw pits in water and then dripping and charging the dried pit into the furnace for dry distillation; gradually raising the temperature and dry distilling the haw pits at two temperature ranges of 105-195° C. and 305-380° C. respectively and collecting the distillate; mixing together the distillate, allowing them to separate into layers by specific gravity difference and separating out the final brownish red transparent liquor by siphon. The method of the present invention can provide high yield of extraction and the present device is simple in structure. Further, the present invention is easy to be employed on the industrial scale.

Abstract: A process for re-purifying highly enriched [H2180] for the reclamation and re-purification of highly enriched [H2180] after it has been used in the synthesis of [18F] by means of cyclotron particle bombardment, used in the synthesis of radiopharmacuticals such as [18F-FDG] or other radioactive labeled compounds for use in Positron Emission Tomography, commonly referred to as a P.E.T. Scan in the medical community, and render the re-purification product as clinical grade and suitable for re-introduction into that self-same [18F] production process for which it was previously used. The inventive device includes an evaporation flask, a condensation flask, a distillation adapter with a vacuum takeoff, a heating/magnetic stirring plate, a Teflon magnetic stir bar, a vacuum source, an inert gas source, a labyrinth filter and two glass secondarys.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for handling an easily polymerizable compound such as (meth)acrylic acid which includes a tubular member that is furnished to a side wall of the apparatus and opened to the inside of the apparatus, specifically, for example, an apparatus and a method which effectively inhibit the polymerization of (meth)acrylic acid in a distillation column for (meth)acrylic acid wherein the distillation column has such as an inlet or outlet of gas or liquid, a manhole, or a tube into which an instrument is inserted. The tubular member (e.g. an inlet or outlet, a manhole, a tube into which an instrument is inserted) is set so as to have a downward gradient (&agr;) in the range of 3° to 70° toward the inside of the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for desalination of salt water (and purification of polluted water) are disclosed. Salt water is pumped to a desalination installation and down to the base of a desalination fractionation column, where it is mixed with hydrate-forming gas to form positive buoyant hydrate. The hydrate rises and dissociates (melts) into the gas and pure water. In preferred embodiments, residual salt water which is heated by heat given off during formation of the hydrate is removed from the system to create a bias towards overall cooling as the hydrate dissociates endothermically at shallower depths. In preferred embodiments, the input water is passed through regions of dissociation in heat-exchanging relationship therewith so as to be cooled sufficiently for hydrate to form at pressure-depth.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preventing (meth)acrylic acid from polymerizing during the course of distillation. The method provides for refining (meth)acrylic acid by a procedure including the steps of feeding a mixed gas obtained by catalytic gas phase oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein with a molecular oxygen-containing gas or a mixed gas obtained by catalytic gas phase oxidation of at least one compound of isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol, or methacrolein with a molecular oxygen-containing gas, to a (meth)acrylic acid collection column, collecting a (meth)acrylic acid-containing solution from the mixed gas, and feeding the (meth)acrylic acid-containing solution to a distillation column while maintaining the total concentration of aldehydes of 2-4 carbon atoms and acetone in the solution at a level of not more than 2000 ppm based on the amount of (meth)acrylic acid.

Abstract: A process for separating water from methanol in an aqueous methanol initial mixture, including subjecting said mixture to azeotropic distillation in the presence of sufficient added methyl acrylate to form an azeotrope with most of the methanol in said initial mixture such that a substantial proportion of methanol in the initial mixture is removed as an azeotrope of methanol and methyl acrylate in the overhead vapors resulting from said distillation and a major proportion of water in said initial mixture is removed in the liquid residue of said distillation.

Abstract: A solar cell floats over a body of saline water. A submerged fresh water collection system underlies the cell. A partial vacuum is created in the solar cell for drawing water vapor from the cell to the collection system. Water vapor is condensed in a condenser disposed between the cell and the collection system. Heat generated by the condensation of water vapor is utilized to heat the salt water, which rises upwardly to replace the salt water vaporized in the cell.

Abstract: The air B supplied from the air-sending device 23, constructing the recycling device 1 of the material to be processed, is kept in contact with the coolant A absorbed into or attached to the belt 4 for being dipped into liquid, wherein the air B inspired by the discharging device 49 is kept in contact with the coolant A dripping down or passing the plate 42 on which liquid flows down so that water from the coolant A will be evaporated when drying natural, thus increasing the density of ethylene glycol. The coolant A condensed to a given density is dripped down from the belt 4 for being dipped into liquid and the plate 42 on which liquid flows down so that, upon being reserved in the liquid recovering container 3 or the liquid reserving container 43, the coolant A, which is already recycled, is recovered from the container 3, 43.