Abstract: A method to condense or coalesce matter is carried out by providing a suitable, narrow passageway for throughput of matter in a vapor state, and passing the matter in a vapor state through said passageway, under conditions such that the matter is coalesced into a more ordered state. Also, a matter coalescing apparatus has a hollow housing in communication with at least one of--(A) a plurality of suitably narrow hollow passageways and (B) a suitably narrow, elongately hollow, matter-coalescing passageway--for throughput of matter to include as a vapor therein. Consequently, highly efficient yields of coalesced matter, to include liquid coalesced from vapor, even under only mild vacuum or at about ambient atmospheric pressure can be obtained. This is especially so with respect to oils, where yields as high as 95 percent or greater can be provided hereby. The invention can be practiced under such outstanding yield efficiencies without a general need for significant external cooling.

Abstract: An evaporation system for separation of a fluid mixture into its component parts, especially for the reclamation of solvents, has a vacuum pump connected to the evaporator, especially a rotation evaporator, with at least one separator being connected to the suction side of the vacuum pump and at least one secondary condenser being connected at the pressure side of the vacuum pump. A fine regulating valve (8) is installed in the connecting pipe (7) between the rotation evaporator (2) and the separator (9), which is connected in front of the vacuum pump (10), for regulation of the boiling pressure.

Abstract: A rotary evaporator of the present invention has an insertion area of a rotary joint 33 in a straight shape. This area is movably inserted to a motor rotor 27 of a motor by a sleeve 31 or 31' in an axial direction. Bushes 57 are inserted between the rotary joint 33 and the sleeve 31 or 31' for integrating the rotary joint 33 and the sleeve 31 or 31' by a fastening force generated by a fastening cap 61 or 61' engaged with a screw section of the sleeve 31 or 31'. With the above-described structure, when the outer peripheral surface of the rotary joint 33 is abraded by a sealing member 43, the fastening cap 61 is loosened and the rotary joint 33 is slightly moved to the axial direction so that the rotary joint 33 is moved to an appropriate or an optimum position along the axial direction.

Abstract: Improved kugelrohr or apparatus for distilling or separating liquids. It includes a rugged, reliable air oven and drive unit with numerous safety features. One or more external guards eliminate burn hazard and risk of accidental contact. A thermal isolation support isolates the oven from its rest surface. A grounded heating element eliminates shock hazards. The oven is fitted with a grommet or bushing to support a flask connected to one or more additional flasks in a series. The outlet of the last flask in the series is connected to a drive tube via a flexible coupling. The drive tube is connected to a rotary bearing assembly mounted on a drive unit. The oven and the flasks may include impellers for circulating air to enhance heating efficiency.

Abstract: A solvent recovery system for an oil and grease test collects and condenses solvent vapors to recover solvent. A vessel having an inlet for sealingly receiving an outlet of a separatory funnel receives solvent from the separatory funnel. The solvent is filtered through a filter paper placed in a funnel integral with the vessel. The funnel has a lower tubular section protruding from the vessel. A vapor return tube, integral with the vessel, surrounds the tubular section providing an annular space between an inside wall of the vapor return tube and an outside wall of the tubular section. Filtrate flows downward through the funnel tubular section into an evaporation flask, where the solvent is heated and evaporated leaving an oil and grease residue. Solvent vapors flow upward through the annular space within the vapor return tube into the vessel. A condenser, integral with the vessel, receives and condenses the vapors forming a condensate that is collected in a solvent recovery flask.

Abstract: An evaporator flask for a rotary evaporator is formed in two portions: a substantially cylindrical bowl and a lid secured to the bowl by a connecting ring. The lid is connected to a rotary drive mechanism, and a conduit passes through a central aperture in the lid to provide fluid communication between the interior of the flask and a condenser. A mechanical scraper or stirrer is affixed to the end of the conduit within the bowl portion of the flask.

Abstract: A microwave distillation apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a microwave heating chamber having a plurality of walls. A vessel is located within the chamber for containing a liquid to be distilled. The vessel has a mouth for receiving the liquid. A connecting tube extends though an opening formed in one of the plurality of chamber walls. The connecting tube has a first end thereof for sealably engaging the mouth of the vessel, and a second end thereof extending outwardly from the chamber. A biasing assembly is located outside of the chamber, and engages the connecting tube with a biasing force to maintain the seal between the connecting tube and the mouth of the vessel. A distillate capture assembly is connected to the connecting tube for receiving vapors emitted from the liquid when heated, and for condensing the vapors into a liquid distillate for capture and storage.

Abstract: A method of processing a test sample to concentrate an analyte in the sample from a solvent in the sample includes: a) boiling the test sample containing the analyte and solvent in a boiling chamber to a temperature greater than or equal to the solvent boiling temperature and less than the analyte boiling temperature to form a rising sample vapor mixture; b) passing the sample vapor mixture from the boiling chamber to an elongated primary separation tube, the separation tube having internal sidewalls and a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis being angled between vertical and horizontal and thus having an upper region and a lower region; c) collecting the physically transported liquid analyte on the internal sidewalls of the separation tube; and d) flowing the collected analyte along the angled internal sidewalls of the separation tube to and pass the separation tube lower region.

Abstract: A distillation device with a rotating evaporator flask disposed within a heated bath. The heated bath is movable down and away from the evaporator flask to provide space for an evaporator flask support below the evaporator flask. The evaporator flask support holds the evaporator flask while it is connected or disconnected from the rotary drive. In addition, a U-shaped case accommodates the collecting flask and/or evaporator flask. The case supports the flask in an upright manner and facilitates positioning and transporting of the flask.

Abstract: A height adjustable stand for laboratory equipment, in particular for rotary evaporators, possesses a holder arrangement (6). The holder arrangement is able to be displaced vertically on a stand post (5). By way of a motor driven lifting arrangement (9, 11), the holder device (6) can be vertically raised or lowered. A coupling (12) is provided between the holder arrangement (6) and the lifting arrangement (9, 11) for the powered connection and its release.

Abstract: A water purification method and apparatus is described which distills a contaminated water supply having contaminants dissolved therein with electrically powered spaced apart immersion electrodes. When connected to a source of alternating electrical current, the electrode members cooperate to distill water by heating while concurrently removing the contaminants as solid precipitates in the contaminated remaining water.

Abstract: An evaporator flask for a rotary evaporator is formed in two portions: a bowl and a lid secured to the bowl by a connecting ring. The lid is connected to a rotary drive means, and a conduit passes through the lid to provide fluid communication between the interior of the flask and a condenser. A mechanical scraper or stirrer is affixed to the end of the conduit within the bowl portion of the flask.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method and a novel apparatus for the concentration, separation, and purification of contaminated chemical compounds, wherein the chemical compound is less volatile than the contaminant. The distillation is performed using constant, predetermined distillation parameters.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method and a novel apparatus for the concentration, separation, and purification of contaminated chemical compounds, wherein the chemical compound is less volatile than the contaminant. The distillation is performed using constant, predetermined distillation parameters.

Abstract: A device is mountable to the opening of a receptacle in which fumes are generated. The device includes a condensation chamber into which the fumes rise and are condensed. The condensed liquid flows back into the receptacle. A tube passing through the condensation chamber and is connectable to a source of suction which causes purging air to be circulated through the receptacle by drawing purging air into the receptacle through the condensation chamber and discharging the air through the tube.

Abstract: A mini-distillation and reflux system, kit and method in which a heating and glassware arrangement includes a heat source in contact with a heater block having apertures in its top surface for housing boiling tubes upright during a distillation or reflux operation. The boiling tubes contain sample and are for attachment of various configurations of glassware assemblies made up of individual, interchangeably connectable glassware pieces so assembled to perform different types of distillations and refluxes. The glassware pieces are of a scaled down size so that numerous distillations and refluxes can be performed simultaneously at a single heat source within a compact space to consume less laboratory space.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the distillation of liquids which is particularly suited for the removal of soluble impurities and insoluble and non-volatile particles of 10 microns to 0.2 micron or less in size. A substantially elongated distillation chamber having walls equipped with axially disposed concentric boiling rings spaced from the walls near the bottom, and a packing stop, packing redirector rings for condensed vapor, and a reflux condenser in the upper part of the distillation chamber provide, during distillation, a smooth convective upward flow of distilling liquid and vapor proximate the walls and boiling rings and a smooth convective downward flow of distilling liquid and vapor substantially centrally of the distillation chamber.

Abstract: There is described an apparatus for distilling liquids in a vacuum, having a receptacle for a liquid that can be connected to a vacuum pump, a heating arrangement for heating the receptacle causing the liquid to evaporate, a condenser for condensing the vapour, and a collecting vessel for the condensate. To be able to handle the apparatus quickly and more simply and to make it overall more economical and make it possible to carry out continuous distillation, the heating arrangement includes a vacuum-tight receiving chamber (1) for the receptacle (2) and a microwave generator (13, 13.

Abstract: A microdistillation method for the quantitative steam distillation of cyanide, phenolic compounds, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, sulfites and other volatile analyte compounds from samples of environmental waters and sludge for their subsequent analysis involves volatilizing the water in the sample tube of a microdistillation column. The pressure which develops due to the water vapor forces all volatile compounds from the water sample, including the water itself, through a hydrophobic membrane and into the collector tube of the microdistillation column. The volatile compounds and the water vapor condense in the cooler collector tube and are quantitatively trapped and retained over the membrane. Relatively small samples may be distilled.

Abstract: The concentrate holding lower portion of a sample and concentrate holding vessel has a jacket for shielding such concentrate holding portion from heat sufficient to volatilize appreciable solvent therefrom when the vessel is subjected to sufficient heat for effecting evaporative concentration of solution in such vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus for evaporative concentration of a liquid sample comprises a housing including an upper chamber and a lower chamber, a concentrator flask, a reflex tube and a vortex tube. The concentrator flask includes an upper solution vessel section and a lower cold finger section, and the flask is arranged within the housing with the solution vessel section positioned in the upper chamber and the cold finger section positioned in the lower chamber. The reflex tube is arranged at the upper end of the concentrator flask. The vortex tube has a cold air outlet connected with an inlet to the lower chamber of the housing and a hot air outlet connected with an inlet to the upper chamber of the housing. The apparatus is employed to concentrate a liquid sample contained in the concentrator flask with the temperatures of the cold and hot air from the vortex tube being sufficient to induce the evaporative separation of samples.

Abstract: An automated computer controlled synthesizing apparatus which includes a raw material, reagent and solvent supply unit, a reaction unit, a purification unit provided with HPLC and CPC, and a freeze-drying unit for freeze-drying a purified product supplied from the purification unit. The raw material, reagent and solvent supply unit includes a plurality of reservoirs for containing raw material, reagents and solvents; volumetric tubes and gas-liquid boundary sensors for the quantification of the raw materials, reagents and solvents from the reservoirs; flow-lines for supplying the raw material, reagent and solvent from the reservoirs towards subsequent steps; and solenoid valve assemblies disposed on the respective flow-lines for selectively closing and opening such respective flow-lines.

Abstract: Method for the production of ultrapure sulfuric acid including distillation of sulfuric acid material for the removal of soluble impurities and insoluble and non-volatile particles of 10 microns to 0.2 micron or less in size. Reprocessing is also provided. Distillation takes place in a distillation chamber having walls which are provided with means within the chamber to provide smooth convective upward flow of distilling liquid and vapor proximate the walls and means for smooth convective downward flow substantially centrally of the distillation chamber. Redirection means and packing together with reflux means insure the washing of rising vapor and direct the condensing vapor substantially centrally of the distillation chamber. Ultrapure sulfuric acid is also provided having 5 or less particles per cubic centimeter of a size of 0.5 micron and larger and less than 10 ppb of any specific trace impurity such as cations.

Abstract: Micro-distillation apparatus is provided for analyzing acidic anions in which the acidic anion sample is placed in a lower elongated member in water containing an acidifying material, upon heating the acidic anion leaves the lower member as a gas, passing through a permeable membrane into an upper elongated member containing a material which converts the acidic anion to a salt and the salt is recovered for analysis. The micro-distillation apparatus is sized so that a number of samples can be heated in a small heating member, such as a hot block heater.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to laboratory glassware apparatus and particularly to laboratory apparatus and kits thereof. Disclosed apparatus is used to extract and/or concentrate specific substances for analytical purposes from sample liquids by passing a predetermined solvent through the sample. The invention includes a modular sample container body for holding a sample to be processed. The container body has a variety of disconnect joints for receiving a variety of disconnectable attachments that are used in the extraction and/or concentration process of the specific substance. The invention also includes a universal modular container body having a variety of disconnect joints that may be used with solvents having a density lesser or greater than the density of the sample liquid being processed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reprocessing waste piranha containing contaminated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 from, for example, a semiconductor processing operation is described. The apparatus and method include a first distillation flask which is maintained under a substantial vacuum. The first distillation flask includes a first column packed with a column packing material and an input pipe for refluxing to retard loss of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 in the first distillation. The second distillation flask boils off substantially pure H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and provides for a continuous automatic purge of the contaminants from the second distillation flask thus improving the purity of the H.sub.2 SO.sub.4. The substantially pure H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 flows through a column which is coupled to a condenser which condenses substantially pure H.sub.2 SO.sub.4.

Abstract: A microdistillation column for the quantitative steam distillation of cyanide, phenolic compounds, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, sulfites and other volatile analyte compounds from samples of environmental waters and sludge for their subsequent analysis involves volatilizing the water in the sample tube of the microdistillation column. The pressure which develops due to the water vapor forces all volatile compounds from the water sample, including the water itself, through a hydrophobic membrane and into the collector tube of the microdistillation column. The volatile compounds and the water vapor condense in the cooler collector tube and are quantitatively trapped and retained over the membrane. Relatively small samples may be distilled in the column.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for solvent extraction of fat from a sample. The ple is held in a thimble located in a sample vessel. The sample vessel holds solvent in which the sample is initially immersed. The solvent is vaporized by a heating unit and condenses on a cooling coil above the sample vessel. The condensed solvent is caught in a funnel equipped with a drain line leading to an external solvent collection vessel. A timer controlled valve opens and closes the drain line.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reprocessing waste piranha containing contaminated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 from, for example, a semiconductor processing operation is described. The apparatus and method include a first distillation flask which are maintained under a substantial vacuum. The first distillation flask includes a first column with a column packing means and a reflux means to retard loss of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 in the first distillation. The second distillation flask boils off substantially pure H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 through a column which is coupled to a condenser which condenses substantially pure H.sub.2 SO.sub.4.

Abstract: A rotary evaporator for laboratory scale solvent evaporative procedures is described. A magnetically driven fluorocarbon coated rotor, being open at its base and closed at its top, operating within a container for solvents, creates a thin film for rapid solvent evaporation without the usual requirement for rotating the entire solvent assembly. Rotary seals are eliminated, increased control over bubbling and foaming at higher vacuum is obtained, and continuous solvent addition is simplified.

Abstract: Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) which initially contains in excess of 0.5% hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is purified by distilling the impure PCNB at a temperature between 100.degree.-250.degree. C. and a pressure below or at atmospheric pressure to obtain a PCNB product having a HCB content lower than 0.5%, and preferably lower than 0.1%.

Abstract: A method of and system for recovering a solvent from a mixture of solvent and hydrocarbons, the system comprising at least two evaporation flasks successively fed with a charge consisting of said mixture to be separated, at least one steam generator performing the condensation of the solvent, a circuit for conveying the evaporated solvent and connecting the flasks to the generator and a circuit of an intermediate fluid in gaseous phase including a compressor for raising the condensation temperature of this fluid, the latter circuit connecting the generator to heat exchangers arranged upstream of each flask.

Abstract: A laboratory apparatus for continuously producing high purity distilled water includes a distillation flask, a carboy and condenser unit. A double walled microwave oven with a spacing between the walls, large enough to accommodate piping and valving means for controlling the flow of water to the distillation flask. The microwave oven supplies the heat to the system.

Abstract: A process is described for the production of a dialkyl maleate by reaction of maleic anhydride with an alkyl alcohol in a monoesterification zone to form the corresponding monoalkyl maleate, followed by reaction of resulting monoalkyl maleate with further alkyl alcohol to form the corresponding dialkyl maleate, which includes the steps of supplying a first liquid feed comprising said monoalkyl maleate to a secondary esterification zone containing a charge of a solid esterification catalyst, supplying a second feed stream comprising said alkyl alcohol to said secondary esterification zone, maintaining said secondary esterification zone at an elevated temperature sufficient to form or to maintain therein a vaporous stream containing said alkyl alcohol, intimately contacting said first liquid feed in said secondary esterification zone in the presence of said catalyst with said vaporous feed stream, recovering from said secondary esterification zone a vaporous effluent stream containing, in addition to alkyl alco

Abstract: A rotary evaporator for laboratory scale solvent evaporative procedures is described. A magnetically driven fluorocarbon coated rotor, operating within a container for solvents, creates a thin film for rapid solvent evaporation without the usual requirement for rotating the entire solvent container assembly. Rotary seals are eliminated, increased control over bubbling and foaming at higher vacuum is obtained, and continuous solvent addition is simplified.

Abstract: Rotation driving apparatus usable with a rotary evaporator for holding a sample vessel in a water bath. The driving apparatus includes a stator supported by an elevating member mounted alongside the water bath, and a rotor mounted on the inside of the stator. A hollow support shaft is mounted within the rotor, and the sample vessel is detachably connected to one end of the support shaft. A concentrator can be connected to the other end of the support shaft, for fluid communication with the sample vessel through the hollow support shaft. The support shaft is affixed to the rotor, so that the sample vessel and concentrator are rotated as the rotor turns. A slitted disk is supported by the rotor, and a photosensor produces signals in response to relative movement of the slits. These signals are used for controlling the rotation of the driving apparatus.

Abstract: Spinning band fractionating column apparatus is disclosed having a spinning band formed with a magnet embedded in its bottom end in the manner of a magnetic stirring vane for rotation by a rotating external magnetic field at the bottom of the apparatus. Reflux is controlled by an angled drip edge on a rotatable condenser column that passes a portion of dripped condensate to a collecting spout with the portion varying as rotation of the condenser column brings the drip from said edge closer or further from center opposition with the spout.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of controlling a rotating vacuum evaporation system is disclosed. The rotating flask, containing the medium to be evaporated, is buoyantly supported in a liquid bath and the relative elevation between the flask and the liquid level in the bath is measured. The relative elevation is utilized as the control signal to control the addition of fluid medium to the flask, and to shut off the system when desired.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the preliminary determination of the efficiency of the trays of distillation and/or absorption columns in order to establish the actual tray number of the columns, as well as for those columns the tray number of which was determined thereby. Each column section of different geometry or load is loaded with a set of trays (12) with air water system consisting at least of two trays having identical geometry (13,13a) and one air distributor (14). On the basis of the recognition that each set of trays (12) may be regarded as a cascade consisting of mixers which include series-connected mixers formed from the trays (13,13a), the liquid content of which is mixed by ascending vapor, or gas, in this case by air.

Abstract: An electrostatic filtration apparatus is used to significantly reduce contaminants in N.sub.2 O.sub.4 vapor and liquid at ambient temperatures. The apparatus uses an electret vapor filter having therein a stack of layers of electret material through which the N.sub.2 O.sub.4 must pass. A flow blocking filter is added to the electret liquid filter to insure a sufficient time for removal of contaminants by said electret material. The filter is constructed of chemically inert materials to prevent additional contaminants.

Abstract: An improved distillation apparatus is disclosed containing expansion means and vapor draw means surrounded by heating means to provide vapor/liquid phase separation entirely within the heating bath. The apparatus is especially useful for determining phenol content in refinery waste streams.

Abstract: An improved distillation apparatus is disclosed containing expansion means and vapor draw means surrounded by heating means to provide vapor/liquid phase separation entirely within the heating bath. The apparatus is especially useful for determining phenol content in refinery waste streams.

Abstract: A Snyder-type distilling column having improved floating ball vapor valves. When used in a standard Snyder-type column, the valve comprises a spherical upper portion and a downwardly extending guide stem. When used in a microcolumn, the upper portion is mushroom shaped with a downwardly extending guide stem. The lower surface of either upper portion forms the valve face and includes multiple indentations therein. When a ball valve is closed, the indentations form by-pass passages to permit draining of condensed liquids therethrough thereby preventing flooding of the column. The indentations also permit the passage of vapors through the ball valve indentations thereby preventing sticking which can occur with a tight fitting ball valve and cause rotation of the ball valve during use which also assists in preventing sticking.

Abstract: A distilling unit for distilling a sample wherein the distillate is passed in a closed system into a receiver, comprises a heatable distilling vessel, a spray or splash protection means, a condenser and a distillate discharge pipe which dips into liquid in the receiver. In order to ensure that, when the distilling operation is interrupted after a predetermined period of time, the liquid is not sucked back into the apparatus by the vacuum which is formed, the distillate discharge pipe has a non-return valve which vents the apparatus when there is the slightest reduced pressure. In this way, the conventional support plate no longer has to be lowered by expensive lifting means, as hitherto.

Abstract: A splash guard device for passing a gas or vaporized liquid out of a vessel while preventing any of the liquid from leaving said vessel.

Abstract: An in-line distillation system for separating volatile components entrained in a liquid includes a distillation device for separating the volatile components from the liquid. A distribution device is connected in fluid communication with the outlet of the distillation and has a first conduit portion for flowing the separated volatile component from the outlet of the distillation device, and a second conduit portion for flowing the liquid from the outlet of the distillation device. A trap device resists the flow of the separated volatile component from entering the second conduit and thus forces the flow of volatile component into the first conduit. The trap device includes a reservoir container device for receiving liquid from the second container. An outlet at the upper portion of the container device spaced by a substantial distance above the exit end of said second conduit permits the flow of liquid therefrom.

Abstract: There is disclosed a water distiller, primarily for producing water for human consumption which includes a boiler with an electric heater, a fractional distillation tower extending about two or more feet above the boiler, a gas trap at the top of the tower, and a steam conduit exiting from the tower below the gas trap and leading into a condensation tube with a water-cooled jacket. The boiler and tower are of uniform cross-section to facilitate cleaning by running a swab through this tube. An unprocessed water inlet is located in the bottom of the water jacket, and at the top of the water jacket is an exit orifice for preheated input water. A conduit for preheated input water leads to the bottom-most part of the boiler of the distiller. An overflow conduit is provided which is directly opposite the preheated water inlet; the highest point of the overflow conduit serves to automatically regulate the depth and volume of water in the boiler.

Abstract: The apparatus of the present invention includes a quartz flask for containing 71% nitric acid and the organic matrix to be destroyed, a Soxhlet extractor disposed above the flask, and a Friedrich coldfinger reflux condenser disposed above the extractor. A Meeker or Fisher burner is employed to provide heat to the flask and distill the acid, and the vapors are condensed within the condenser and transmitted to the extractor. An adjustable volume displacement cylinder is disposed within the extractor so as to control siphoning of the acid condensate from the extractor back into the flask. The distillation-condensation-siphoning procedure of the present invention is automatically operative once the displacement cylinder is adjusted. The organic matrix is completely destroyed so as to produce a clear, colorless acid solution within which the trace inorganic salts are disposed. The acid solution may be subsequently qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in accordance with known techniques.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure the asphaltene content of petroleum products where a precipitation evaporator for the sample is surmounted by a condensing unit. Immediately below the precipitation evaporator is a filtering unit with a rinsing vapor inlet line for conveying washing liquid from a balloon-flask evaporator. The precipitation evaporator is also equipped with an adjustable flap for preventing fluid from passing to the filtering unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for the continuous production of high-purity water includes a distillation flask, a carboy and a condenser unit, all of borosilicate glass. A respective filter, preferably in the form of a polytetrafluoroethylene sheet, is provided between the ambient atmosphere and the interiors of the flask, the carboy and the condenser unit to remove airborne bacteria and dust particles. An inlet valve is provided for feeding water to be purified into the flask, all water-contacting parts of this valve being of polytetrafluoroethylene. The open parts are interconnected with flexible, polytetrafluoroethylene tubing. A two-way, stopcock allows high-purity water to be removed from the carboy. The flask is provided with a glass overflow trap. In one variant, the water is fed into the flask via members between the trap and the flask.