Abstract: An object is to provide a modified xanthan gum, a modified gum arabic, and a modified tamarind seed gum produced by crosslinking a naturally occurring polysaccharide such as xanthan gum, gum arabic, or tamarind seed gum, by irradiating them with radiation, and methods for crosslinking xanthan gum, gum arabic, and tamarind seed gum. In one aspect, the invention is a modified xanthan gum produced by crosslinking xanthan gum by irradiating a solution containing 10 to 70% by weight of xanthan gum with 5 to 200 kGy of radiation. In another aspect, the invention is a modified gum arabic produced by crosslinking gum arabic by irradiating a solution containing 10 to 50% by weight of gum arabic with 5 to 200 kGy of radiation. In another aspect, the invention is a modified tamarind seed gum produced by crosslinking tamarind seed gum by irradiating a solution containing 10 to 50% by weight of tamarind seed gum with 5 to 50 kGy of radiation.

Abstract: A noncontact stirring method, a noncontact stirring apparatus, a method and apparatus for reacting nucleic acid hybridization using the apparatus, a method for detecting nucleic acid in a sample, an apparatus for detecting nucleic acid, a method for detecting antibodies in a sample, and an apparatus for detecting antibodies in minute droplets 1 ?mL or less in an electric field are proposed that can be utilized to speed up biodetection processes, hybridization processes in DNA analysis, ELISA antigen fixing processes, blocking processes, antibody-antigen reaction processes and color reaction processes; and pathogen identification, CRP tests, methods of propagating cells or bacilli such as colon bacilli in a liquid culture medium, and chemical analyses.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process which has low facility load, requires a reduced amount of energy, is highly safe, and enables to produce a monosaccharide such as glucose and xylose by decomposing a cellulose-based substance under conditions where a substance used for decomposing the cellulose-based substance (e.g., a solvent, a catalyst) can be separated, collected and re-used readily. Also disclosed is a novel process for producing ethanol from the monosaccharide through ethanol fermentation. Specifically disclosed is a process for producing a monosaccharide, which comprises disaggregating/finely pulverizing a cellulose-based substance, mixing the resulting material with a phosphate solution to disperse the resulting material in the phosphate solution, and decomposing cellulose in the solution at a temperature of 100° C. or lower while irradiating with ultraviolet ray optionally in the presence of titanium dioxide.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing a wood fiber-polymer composite containing a wood fiber component and a polymer resin, comprising inducing chemical bonding reaction between the wood fiber and polymer by application of an ultrasonic wave upon contact of the wood fiber component with the molten polymer resin. The process of the present invention enables production of a composite having superior mechanical, thermal and Theological processing properties, by induction of chemical bonding between the wood fiber and polymer resin even without use of additional additives. Consequently, the present invention provides advantages such as reduction of composite production costs, no need to select and change kinds of additives corresponding to components of the composite and thereby high flexibility of manufacturing process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for functionalizing metal oxides, including tin dioxide. The methods comprise contacting at least one linker precursor comprising a first functional group to a metal oxide and exposing the linker precursor to UV light. The first functional group covalently binds to the metal oxide via a UV light induced reaction. The linker precursor may be an alkene having a vinyl group or an alkyne having an ethynyl group. Other molecules, such as biomolecules and dye molecules, may be bound to the linker precursors. The functionalized metal oxides may be used alone or as coatings on a substrate and find use in a variety of devices, including biosensors and dye sensitized solar cells.

Abstract: A method for digesting biomass carbohydrate polymers is disclosed. The method includes irradiating the polymers in an acid/salt solution in the presence of a microwave energy field, where the acid, salt and microwave energy are sufficient to convert a desired amount of the polymers into useful platform chemicals.

Abstract: This invention relates to the design of a process by intermittent dielectric heating combined with a recycling system. This process consists in subjecting reagents to electromagnetic waves selected in the frequencies ranging between 300 GHz and 3 MHz intermittently using a recycling system. This process enables the treatment of oils that are hardly absorbent as well as great investment savings. This process enables operation on different scales, whether in laboratories, on a semi-industrial or industrial scale, without forfeiting the advantages of continuous dielectric heating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides and its preparation method. Chitosan oligosaccharides were obtained under microwave irradiation assisted the electrolyte. The method of preparing chitosan oligosaccharides was described as follows: acid solvent containing electrolyte was added to chitosan. The reaction was performed at 480˜800 W for 3˜12 min. After irradiation ceased, the reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature. Then the solution was adjusted to neutrality with 1˜10 M NaOH or KOH and obtained the pale yellow floc. The processes of precipitation, filtering, desiccation and crushing are settled sequentially. Finally, chitosan oligosaccharides were obtained. Method of the present invention makes chitosan degrade to water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharides and it makes some inert substance become active. The method of the present invention can cut down energy consumption, decrease pollution and save time and raw materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the depolymerization of glycosaminoglycanes characterized by the use of UVC radiation. The invention also relates to the intermediate depolymerized heparin obtained by the process. The intermediate depolymerized heparin can be dissolved in a buffer solution and fractionated by gel permeation for obtaining the desired molecular weight.

Abstract: This invention relates to an amino acid based on a naturally occurring non-polar, non-aromatic ?-amino acid, wherein said amino acid differs from the naturally occurring counterpart in that the side chain contains a diazirine ring. Furthermore provided are methods of synthesizing a (poly)peptide with one or more amino acids of the invention incorporated, methods for cross-linking interacting molecules, methods of synthesizing the amino acids of the invention, and a kit comprising the amino acids of the invention.

Abstract: Chemical compositions may be selectively or preferentially excited by the application of scores comprising a series of energy inputs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to whey protein micelles, particularly to whey protein micelle concentrates or powders thereof and to a method for producing them. The present invention also pertains to the use of these micelles concentrates or powders thereof in nutrition and/or cosmetics and/or pharmaceutics.

Abstract: A method for producing collagen-based scaffolds with improved characteristics, which broadens the usage of collagen in tissue engineering and the products so produced are described. The method comprises reconstitution of three-dimensional collagen matrices from collagen monomer solution and crosslinking the matrix with a light source in the presence of a photosensitizing reagent. The crosslinked products can be in any shape and form and used in the dry or wet state, for applications including but not limited to tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery.

Abstract: A method to prepare new or unexpected polymorphs of materials which have not been observed, or to obtain a known polymorph under different conditions than those in which it is usually made, by using a laser to cause nucleation and crystal growth to occur in a supersaturated solution in such a way as to obtain a crystal structure which would not normally appear without the use of the laser.

Abstract: A process for producing a self-cross-linking alkyl cellulose derivative, which includes irradiating, with radioactive rays, a mixture of a starting alkyl cellulose derivative (the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is 1 through 3, the alkyl group may be substituted by a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group, and the carboxyl group may form a salt) (100 parts by weight) and water (5-2,000 parts by weight), and thus obtained self-cross-linking alkyl cellulose derivative has an improved biodegradability and excellent water-absorbability.

Abstract: A method to select and prepare polymorphs of materials by switching the polarization state of light employing non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for the light-controlled synthesis of biopolymers on surfaces. In this process, patterns of individual sequences (20) are produced by the imaging of an arrangement (1) of electrically individually controllable light diodes (2) onto the surfaces.

Abstract: A method is provided for preparing a multifunctional additive involving irradiating raw cotton plant material with an electron beam source, continually blending the raw cotton plant material during the irradiating and micronizing the irradiated cotton plant material. The invention is improved wherein the irradiating and blending of the raw cotton plant material is performed while the raw cotton plant material is in rope form. Irradiated rope is suitably tensioned before micronizing to compensate for degradability of the rope incurred during irradiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a simple, efficient, and accelerated method for enzyme-catalyzed in vitro modification and synthesis of nucleic acid using uninterrupted and brief microwave irradiation at a frequency ranging between 2300 to 2500 MHz, with the power output ranging between 600 to 900 watts, and for a period ranging from 5 to 120 seconds; and further, an apparatus for using said method.

Abstract: Additives useful for reducing the coefficient of friction in lubricants, greases, or cosmetic formulations, and useful as a substitute for talc and as an anti-misting material are obtained by subjecting a raw plant material, such as cotton, to a dosage of radiation from an electron beam source. The irradiated plant material is subsequently fragmented, or micronized, to product the friction-reducing additive with a reduced diameter capable of reducing the coefficient of friction, used for anti-misting or as a substitute for talc in a variety of applications.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a novel means by which specific chosen reactions can be accelerated through the use of a new type of artificial enzyme. The invention allows specific reactions to occur at an accelerated rate, even in the presence of other non-chosen molecules, which may be very similar in structure to the chosen reactant. The reactions may be stoichiometric or catalytic.

Abstract: Additives usefull for reducing the coefficient of friction in lubricants, greases, or cosmetic formulations, and useful as a substitute for talc and as an anti-misting material are obtained by subjecting a raw plant material, such as cotton, to a dosage of radiation from an electron beam source. The irradiated plant material is subsequently fragmented, or micronized, to product the friction-reducing additive with a reduced diameter capable of reducing the coefficient of friction, used for anti-misting or as a substitute for talc in a variety of applications.

Abstract: A method for identifying nucleic acid ligands to target molecules using the SELEX procedure. Nucleic acid candidate sequences contain photoreactive groups. After exposure of the nucleic acid sequences to the target molecule, nucleic acid-target molecule complexes are formed between nucleic acids having increased affinity to the target molecule and the target molecule. The complexes are irradiated such that photocrosslinks form between the photoreactive groups of the bound nucleic acids and the target molecule. The photocrosslinked complexes are separated from unbound nucleic acids, and the nucleic acids amplified to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids.

Abstract: A method to prepare new or unexpected polymorphs of materials which have not been observed, or to obtain a known polymorph under different conditions than those in which it is usually made, by using a laser to cause nucleation and crystal growth to occur in a supersaturated solution in such a way as to obtain a crystal structure which would not normally appear without the use of the laser.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the specific photolytic deprotection of nucleoside derivatives that are immobilized on a substrate, especially for use in the production of DNA chips. Said method is characterized in that a gel or viscous liquid layer is applied on the nucleoside derivatives that are immobilized on a substrate. Said gel or viscous liquid contains one or more polymer compounds and at least one representative from the group comprising water, water/C1-C4 alcohol mixtures and polar aprotic solvents. For initiating the deprotection, the nucleoside derivates are irradiated. This method favors a rapid, clean and complete removal of the photolabile protective groups from the nucleoside derivatives, which results in the required purity of the synthesized nucleotide or oligonucleotide sequences.

Abstract: Radiation-activated catalysts (RACs), autocatalytic reactions, and protective groups are employed to achieve a highly sensitive, high resolution, radiation directed combinatorial synthesis of pattern arrays of diverse polymers. When irradiated, RACs produce catalysts that can react with enhancers, such as those involved in autocatalytic reactions. The autocatalytic reactions produce at least one product that removes protecting groups from synthesis intermediates. This invention has a wide variety of applications and is particularly useful for the solid phase combinatorial synthesis of polymers.

Abstract: A paste of starch derivative is crosslinked by irradiation with y-rays or electron beams in a dose of 0.1-200 kGy. Two different levels of crosslinking are performed; the first is mild crosslinking by irradiation at a low dose of 0.1-1.0 kGy to such an extent that the viscosity of the overall system increases upon immersion in water, and the second is intensive crosslinking by irradiation at a higher dose than 1.0 kGy to produce a gel that is completely insoluble in water.