Abstract: This invention relates to the design of a process by intermittent dielectric heating combined with a recycling system. This process consists in subjecting reagents to electromagnetic waves selected in the frequencies ranging between 300 GHz and 3 MHz intermittently using a recycling system. This process enables the treatment of oils that are hardly absorbent as well as great investment savings. This process enables operation on different scales, whether in laboratories, on a semi-industrial or industrial scale, without forfeiting the advantages of continuous dielectric heating.

Abstract: Process for the production of hydrogen by the thermochemical route from water, based on the chlorine/cerium cycle, in which, according to a first reaction scheme, the following reactions are carried out: H2O+Cl2=2HCl+½O2;??(A) 8HCl+2CeO2=2CeCl3+Cl2+4H2O;??(B) 2CeCl3+4H2O=2CeO2+6HCl+H2;??(C) or in which, according to a second reaction scheme, the following reactions are carried out: H2O+Cl2=2HCl+½O2;??(A) 8HCl+2CeO2=2CeCl3+Cl2+4H2O;??(B) 2CeCl3+2H2O=2CeOCl+4HCl;??(B?) 2CeOCl+2H2O=2CeO2+2HCl+H2;??(C?) and in which the reaction (B) for the chlorination of cerium oxide is carried out in the liquid phase, the cerium chloride passing into solution.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a perfluorinated vinyl ether having a sulfonyl fluoride end-group according to the formula FSO2—(CF2)n—O—CF═CF2, where n is 2-5, comprising the steps of: a) fluorination of: to produce FSO2—(CF2)(n−1)—COF; b) reaction of FSO2—(CF2)(n−1)—COF with hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) to produce FSO2—(CF2)(n)—O—CF(CF3)—COF; c) reaction of FSO2—(CF2)(n)—O—CF(CF3)—COF with a salt of a metal cation M+P, where p is the valence of M, to produce (FSO2—(CF2)(n)—O—CF(CF3)—COO−)pM+P; and d) thermal cracking of FSO2—(CF2)(n)—O—CF(CF3)—COO−)pM+P to produce FSO2—(CF2)(n)—O—CF═CF2.

Abstract: A reagent comprising a compound of formula (I): Rf—M(X)(Z)n—Y—R, wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical advantageously having at most 10 carbon atoms and being selected from alkyls and aryls; Rf is a radical of formula II: R1—(C&Xgr;2)m—CF2—, where R1 is a fluorine or chlorine atom or a carbon radical, m is 0 or a integer from 0-12, and each &Xgr;, which may be the same or different, is a chlorine or preferably fluorine atom, with the proviso that when m is 0, R1 is electroattractive, preferably a fluorine atom; n is 0 or 1; M is a non-metal selected from carbon and chalcogens with an atomic number than oxygen; and each of X, Y and Z, which are the same or different, is a chalcogen; as well as a generator, for consecutive or simultaneous addition. The reagent is useful for organic synthesis.

Abstract: Provided is a process for grafting a substituted difluoromethyl group onto a compound bearing at least one electrophilic substituent, comprising (i) contacting the compound bearing at least one electrophilic substituent with a nucleophilic reagent which comprises (a) a fluorocarboxylic acid having the formula Ea—CF2—COOH, wherein Ea is an electron-withdrawing atom or group, the fluorocarboxylic acid being at least partially salified with an organic or inorganic cation and (b) a polar aprotic solvent, and (ii) exposing the resulting medium of reaction to the action of microwave energy.