Abstract: An apparatus is provided which comprises: a substrate to couple with one or more integrated circuit die(s), an integrated circuit die coupled to the substrate, a metal component coupled to the substrate, wherein the metal component lacks a sealing coating, and a sacrificial metal conductively coupled with the metal component, wherein the sacrificial metal comprises a more anodic metal than the metal component. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: The present invention includes an anodic device for reducing corrosion adapted to reduce corrosion of an object subject to corrosion having a base with a thickness and surface area, and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base each having a thickness and surface area, wherein the device is configured to allow a current to flow between the device and the object subject to corrosion. The present invention also includes methods associated with the use of such devices.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system and method for providing cathodic protection to a vessel include encapsulating a dimensionally stable anode with a wax-repellant cementitious coating. The anode, with the encapsulant, is inserted into a structure to be protected, such as a vessel for handling wet crude. A power supply is connected to the anode and to the vessel, making the vessel a cathode. When power is applied, ions flow from the anode, through the encapsulant and fluids in the vessel, to the vessel structure. The encapsulant prevents paraffin wax from building up on the anode.

Abstract: An anode assembly and method for installing it in a cathodic protection system for an aboveground storage tank is disclosed. The anode assembly basically comprises an elongated electrically conductive anode, a fabric housing and sand backfill. The fabric housing is a hollow member in which the sand is located and through which the anode extends. The anode includes portions extending out of the housing for connection to the cathodic protection system. The anode assembly is arranged to be installed on a flat prepared surface below the bottom of the storage tank, whereupon the anode assembly's weight hold it flat on that surface without the need for staking or other means to hold the assembly flat. The ground with the anode assembly can then be backfilled to the level of the bottom of the storage tank.

Abstract: Galvanic anodes and barrier corrosion control for metal pipelines, tanks, and equipment under thermal insulation includes the use of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys in fresh water at high temperatures to protect steel elements in hot water without sufficient chlorides. Sacrificial aluminum and sacrificial zinc-aluminum powders in a mixed primer provide long-term, effective corrosion control of steel under thermal insulation can be achieved in all water temperature ranges regardless of the presence of sufficient chlorides. At temperatures below 75° C., the zinc particles in the primer act to protect the substrate steel. At temperatures above 75° C., the aluminum particles in the primer, and galvanic aluminum tape protect the substrate steel in chloride free neutral pH water and also reduce the consumption of zinc particles in the primer. When the electrolyte water for CUI is sufficiently contaminated with chlorides, the aluminum particles in the primer and the galvanic aluminum become active.

Abstract: A Segmented Sacrificial Anode Assembly (SSAA) includes anode segments made from an anodic material containing an electrically conductive core with electrically conductive threaded female connectors at each end, Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) isolators, and male threaded connectors. A number of the anode segments are connected by short male threaded connectors. A long male connector reaching through the isolator is used when connecting the SSAAs to a standing structure and an electrical cable is used to connect the SSAAs to a buried structure. An electrical lead is attached to a threaded post using pin brazing or Cadweld® and the threaded post is threaded into a recessed end threaded female connector of the SSAA. The recess is filled with two part epoxy. The anode segments may be selected from long, medium, and short anode segments to scale the SSAA for any given application.

Abstract: A liquid heating system may comprise a metallic container and a refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube, which may be coupled to the metallic container. The refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube may include at least one open end and anodic material may be filled or refilled into the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube through the at least one open end. The anodic material is corroded by the oxidation process at a substantially faster rate compared to the metallic container. The anodic material is refilled into the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube through the at least one open end without removing the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube from the metallic container or disturbing the position of the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube.

Abstract: A method and device for facilitating maintenance of an anode of a marine engine cooling system, the device including a plug for an anode that has a detachable component with a threaded end for mounting to a threaded bore of a cooling system structure, a connector that holds the anode, at least one channel communicating with the cooling system and a sealing mechanism for sealing the channel from the cooling system, the sealing mechanism including a sealing element having an opening through which the anode may pass and being biased to seal against the anode and to close the opening to seal the channel when the anode is not present in the channel. The method permits changing the anode while preventing or minimizing water from exiting the cooling system of the marine engine.

Abstract: A sacrificial anode system and associated surface pipe system maintenance method designed to protect surface pipes and associated parts. According to a first aspect of the present invention, the sacrificial anode system is installable at an interface between a first pipe and a second pipe and comprises an insertion sleeve shaped to fit along an inner surface of the first pipe, a flange attached to the insertion sleeve and shaped to rest against an end surface of the first pipe, a sacrificial anode to be positioned within the first pipe, and a stem linking the sacrificial anode to the insertion sleeve. According to a second aspect of the present invention, a method for maintaining a surface pipe system is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing electrochemical corrosion protection to a process vessel, the apparatus comprises at least one anode in communication with the process vessel; a DC current supply being electrically coupled to the process vessel and to the at least one anode; and a potential control unit in communication with the DC current supply. The potential control unit is electrically coupled to the process vessel and to a reference electrode in communication with the process vessel. The current supplied by the DC current supply for passivating the process vessel is adjustable by the potential control unit. The process vessel may comprise at least one of duplex stainless steel and superaustenitic stainless steel.

Abstract: A heat exchange system including a heat exchanger having a housing and a cooling core disposed within in the housing. The cooling core is adapted to receive a flow of a liquid cooling media. The heat exchanger includes at least one iron anode projecting into a flow path of the liquid cooling media. The heat exchange system also includes an electronic control module operatively connected to the iron anode. The electronic control module is adapted to control the selective delivery of electrical current or grounding to the iron anode in response to predetermined conditions indicating the presence of sulfide constituents in the cooling medium.

Abstract: A portable device includes a substrate, a number of electronic components, and a battery having an anode and a cathode for energizing at least some of the components. The application further relates to a method of protection a portable device against corrosion and to the use of a portable device. An object of the present application is to protect selected metallic parts of a bodyworn electronic device against corrosion in a flexible and controlled manner. The problem is solved in that the portable device includes a sacrificial anode in the form of a component adapted to be surface mounted on the substrate. This has the advantage that corrosion can be contained at a specific location. The device may e.g. be used for portable listening devices, e.g. hearing aids or headsets or earphones including a part adapted for being worn at or in an ear of a user.

Abstract: An electrolysis device includes: a container including a first circulation port functioning as one of an inlet and an outlet for water, and a second circulation port functioning as the other of the inlet and the outlet for water; a plurality of electrode pairs disposed in the container; and a power supply configured to apply a voltage to each of the electrode pairs. Each of the electrode pairs includes a pair of electrode plates. A plurality of the electrode plates are arrayed spaced apart from one another in the thickness direction of the electrode plate. In the electrolysis device, a water channel is formed by the plurality of electrode plates such that water flowing from the inlet into the container reaches the outlet after passing between the pair of electrode plates in each of the electrode pairs.

Abstract: An electrolysis device is configured such that water flowing into a container from an inlet flows from an upstream side to a downstream side in the container and flows out from an outlet. A first electrode pair is arranged on the upstream side than a second electrode pair. In the electrolysis device, in order to suppress a decrease in current density due to electrolyte concentration in the water in the second electrode pair arranged on the downstream side than the first electrode pair, the current density in the second electrode pair is adjusted.

Abstract: The invention consists of a bunker to visually hide and structurally protect a cathodic protection rectifier located in an open field or urban areas where there is high incidence of vandalism. The bunker consists of a mobile element which contains a rectifier and an underground cavity structure. Besides hiding and protecting the rectifier from vandalism, the only part of this apparatus that is normally visible is a circular plaque at ground level, with a waterproof seal. Occasionally the rectifier is removed for maintenance and diagnostic purposes. In order to extract the mobile element it is necessary, but not enough, to have a magnetic or electromagnetic anchor with a great load capacity. The mobile element may only be extracted when the bolt lock located at the base of the cylinder is wirelessly activated. The cavity structure has radial plates calculated to dissipate the heat produced through the operation of the rectifier. All electric connections are hidden and embedded in concrete.

Abstract: In a electric corrosion preventing structure of a marine vessel propelling machine, a cylinder is integrally formed in a cylinder block, an electric connection portion is provided in a portion in which a rod guide is fixed to the cylinder, an electric connection portion is provided in a portion in which a piston is fixed to a rod in an inner portion of the cylinder, and the piston fixed to the rod strikes against the rod guide in an electrically connected state, at a maximum extension when the rod protrudes out of the cylinder.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a system includes a gasifier that includes a shell made of a first material exposed to a gasification region inside the gasifier and a patterned anode layer coupled to the shell inside the gasifier. The patterned anode layer is made of a second material, and the patterned anode layer is configured to protect the shell from corrosion by condensing hot gas in the gasification region.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: An electrochemical antifouling system for preventing fouling organisms from adhering to seawater-wetted structures includes a direct current circuit for creating an electrolytic environment in seawater, the direct current circuit having an adjustable direct current source, a lattice electrode having a single metallic component so as to provide a dimensionally stable lattice structure, the lattice electrode electrically insulated from a surface of a seawater-wetted structure, at least one corrosion-resistant counter electrode having polarity opposite to the lattice electrode and disposed at a distance therefrom, and a switching device configured to alternatively switch the lattice electrode to (a) a continuous operating mode, and (b) a temporary depletion mode, wherein the lattice electrode is disposed in a distance range from the surface of the seawater-wetted structure so that the surface lies within an area of influence of an increase in pH value of the seawater caused by electrolysis.

Abstract: An improved sacrificial galvanic anode assembly for cathodic protection of a steel reinforced concrete structure. A galvanic cathodic protection device uses an embedded sacrificial anode of metallic foam for increased reactive surface area covered with a flexible penetrating coating to provide a continuous electrolyte to keep it active. The formulated coating paste is inert to cement embedment material and is pre-applied on the anode body prior to encapsulation. An integrated conductive contact band extends from the coated anode to attachment to a reinforcement bar for establishing electrical conductively therewith within the concrete structure transferring galvanic corrosion to the anode.

Abstract: The installation and use of embedded sacrificial anodes to protect reinforced concrete may be improved. In one example a cavity [2] is formed in the concrete [3] and a puttylike backfill [4] is placed in the cavity and a compact discrete anode comprising a sacrificial metal element [1] is inserted into the backfill and a space is provided into which the backfill may move when subjected to a pressure arising from the formation of voluminous sacrificial meal corrosion products and a high current is passed from the anode to the steel in the concrete to arrest steel corrosion and activate the anode in the backfill. The space may be provided by venting the backfill to space outside the cavity through an opening [5] or by including a void space within the backfill [6] or a void space within the cavity [7].

Abstract: An apparatus for protection of metallic materials from corrosion comprising an electrical power source (5) and a conductor (7) coupled to the power source. An anode (11) is electrically coupled to the conductor. The anode is configured to be secured proximal to the metallic materials to be protected from corrosion and has an exterior surface (13) formed predominantly of electrically conductive polymer and an interior filled with particulate carbonaceous material. The anode comprises a hollow cylinder (13) formed of electrically conductive polymer, the cylinder having an interior. A metallic tube (15) is secured to and in electrical communication with the interior of the cylinder. An anode conductor (17) is electrically coupled to the metallic tube and extends from the interior of the cylinder to the exterior of the cylinder for connection to the conductor coupled to the power source.

Abstract: A method for corrosion protection in a marine construction including a plurality of metal elements and at least one reference electrode at least partly immerged in water, the metal elements including an anode and a metal part, the anode being provided for corrosion protection of the metal part includes measuring an electric potential of the metal part with the reference electrode as a ground reference. At least one of the metal elements and at least one of the at least one reference electrode are connected to a DC electrical power outlet so as to allow an electrical regeneration current through an electrical circuit including the at least one of the metal elements, the at least one of the at least one reference electrode and the electrolyte so that the reference electrode is anodized.

Abstract: Apparatus for connection to a metallic structure, the apparatus comprises a transformer rectifier unit operable to output a DC current for cathodic protection of a metallic structure, and a modulator unit connected to receive a DC output from the transformer rectifier unit. The modulator unit is arranged for connection to a metallic structure, and is operable to produce a modulated current which is applied to such a metallic structure when the apparatus is in use, such that the metallic structure is detectable by a wireless locating device. The modulator unit is operable to be controlled remotely.

Abstract: An electric field modifier for boosting a current output of a sacrificial anode to enhance its protective effect and direct the current output to improve current distribution in galvanic protection of steel in a concrete element exposed to air is disclosed. A cavity is formed in a concrete element and a combination comprising a sacrificial anode, an electric field modifier and an ionically conductive filler are embedded therein. The sacrificial anode is connected to the steel. The modifier comprises an element with an anode side, supporting an oxidation reaction, in electrical contact with a cathode side, supporting a reduction reaction. The cathode of the modifier faces the sacrificial anode and is separated therefrom by a filler which contains an electrolyte that connects the sacrificial anode to the cathode of the modifier. The anode of the modifier faces away from the sacrificial anode. Preferably, the reduction reaction, on the cathode of the modifier, comprises reduction of oxygen from the air.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a system includes a turbine engine component that includes a first material having a surface exposed to a fluid flow path and a sacrificial anode layer disposed on the surface. The sacrificial anode layer includes a second material that is electrochemically more active than the first material and the second material is configured to preferentially corrode to protect the first material from corrosion.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring cathodic protection of a protected object that includes a probe with five segments in series. The cathodic protection is provided by a system with a power supply that impresses current onto the protected object. An anode is included with the system that is also connected to the power supply. The third and fifth segments are in electrical communication through a frangible connection; that over time galvanically corrodes to electrically isolate the third and fifth segments. The second segment, which is a permanent isolator, is set between the first and third segments. The third segment is selectively connected with the protected object. When the third segment is selectively disconnected from the protected object, measuring the potential difference between the third segment and the first segment yields a value for object polarization that is void of IR error.

Abstract: An electrolysis prevention device, for preventing corrosion caused by electrolysis, includes a sacrificial anode made of an active metal and an anode holder supporting the sacrificial anode. The holder is adapted to fit around the inlet connection of an engine heat exchange component, such as a radiator or heater core, in such a way as to allow for a hose to be attached overtop the device. The device may be included in an originally-manufactured engine heat exchange component or may be installed later.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and composite fuel tank for manufacturing a structure is provided. A first composite layer and a second composite layer are placed on a mold. The second composite layer and the first composite layer are cured. The first composite layer and the second composite layer form the structure. The second composite layer is configured to dissipate an electric charge on a surface of the structure.

Abstract: Techniques generally describe articles of enclosing manufacture and methods related to containers including a magnesium sacrificial anode for corrosion protection. Example articles of enclosing manufacture may include a liner or a rod that is configured as a sacrificial anode to protect a metallic side or end wall of the enclosing manufacture from corrosion. Other embodiments may be disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: In a structure for mounting a sacrificial electrode in a cooling water passageway provided in a cylinder block of a water-cooled engine for an outboard engine unit, the cooling water passageway is defined by a groove portion provided in the cylinder block and a lid member closing an opening of the groove portion, a gasket member is provided between the groove portion and the lid member, and a screw fixedly fastens the sacrificial electrode to a bottom wall of the cooling water passageway. The gasket member has an extension portion opposed to a surface of the head of the screw located remote from the bottom wall of the cooling water passageway.

Abstract: In a electric corrosion preventing structure of a marine vessel propelling machine, a cylinder is integrally formed in a cylinder block, an electric connection portion is provided in a portion in which a rod guide is fixed to the cylinder, an electric connection portion is provided in a portion in which a piston is fixed to a rod in an inner portion of the cylinder, and the piston fixed to the rod strikes against the rod guide in an electrically connected state, at a maximum extension when the rod protrudes out of the cylinder.

Abstract: A method and system for protecting underground gas carrier pipes housed within an outer casing pipe in which a gas carrier pipe section disposed within an outer casing pipe section and having opposed ends is electrically isolated from a remaining gas carrier pipe section proximate each of the ends. An annular space between the gas carrier pipe section and the outer casing pipe section is filled with an electrolyte. At least one anode electrode is inserted into the annular space distal from each of the gas carrier pipe section and the outer casing pipe section and connected with a positive voltage lead of a cathodic protection rectifier. A negative voltage lead of the cathodic protection rectifier is connected to the gas carrier pipe section.

Abstract: A corrosion inhibiting system is provided with the ability to allow both primary and secondary portions of the circuit to be used in the alternative without having the primary and secondary systems interfere with each other by operating at the same time. By incorporating a continuity controller, such as a switch or a diode to selectively disconnect the sacrificial anode from the circuit, the primary and secondary systems can both be provided on a marine vessel, but used independently from each other. In that way, the primary and secondary corrosion inhibiting systems are prevented from interfering with each other during normal operation.

Abstract: Provided is a water heater, which allows efficient deposition of a scale component dissolved in water so as to reduce adhesion of the scale to a heat-transfer channel. The water heater includes: scale deposition means including a tank, an anode and a cathode provided in the tank so as to be opposed to each other, and a first power supply for applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode, the scale deposition means depositing a scale component dissolved in water retained in the tank; a heat-transfer channel provided at downstream of the scale deposition means, for guiding the water; and a heat source for heating the water by heat exchange in the heat-transfer channel, in which the scale deposition means includes oxygen-gas supplying/dissolving means for supplying an oxygen gas to a water feed pipe for feeding the water to the tank and dissolving the oxygen gas in the water.

Abstract: Techniques are generally described herein for protecting food or beverage containers (e.g., cans) using impressed current protection. In various embodiments, containers may be received into at least one conductive bed, each bed having a complementary anode. The containers may then be electrically coupled to a first terminal (e.g., negative) of a power supply, and the anode may be electrically coupled to a second terminal (e.g., positive) of the power supply. Resultantly, protective current may be provided to the containers by the anode. Other embodiments may be disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: In combination, a storage tank having a metal bottom, compacted electrolytic backfill below the tank bottom and a cathodic protection anode within the backfill below the tank bottom. The anode is in the form of a generally continuous ribbon that is shaped to follow a serpentine path corresponding generally in shape to the tank bottom. A feeding cable network is connected directly to the anode.

Abstract: The installation and use of embedded sacrificial anodes to protect reinforced concrete may be improved. In one example a cavity [2] is formed in the concrete [3] and a puttylike backfill [4] is placed in the cavity and a compact discrete anode comprising a sacrificial metal element [1] is inserted into the backfill and a space is provided into which the backfill may move when subjected to a pressure arising from the formation of voluminous sacrificial metal corrosion products and a high current is passed from the anode to the steel in the concrete to arrest steel corrosion and activate the anode in the backfill. The space may be provided by venting the backfill to space outside the cavity through an opening [5] or by including a void space within the backfill [6] or a void space within the cavity [7].

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for use in an electrolyte includes a protected structure to be at least partially immersed in the electrolyte, at least one sacrificial anode to be at least partially immersed in the electrolyte and electrically connected to the protected structure, and a substantially impermeable barrier disposed between the at least one sacrificial anode and the electrolyte.

Abstract: A corrosion control system for an above-ground storage tank having a steel bottom plate comprises a sacrificial anode disposed under and spaced apart from the steel bottom plate in a backfill material, and wherein the backfill material has a pH high enough to cause a substantial passivation of the surface of the steel plate facing the sacrificial anode while substantially preventing the passivation of the sacrificial anode. In the preferred embodiment the backfill material has a pH of 10 or greater and the sacrificial anode is in the form of a plate or mesh composed of aluminum or an alloy thereof. Alternatively the sacrificial anode may be composed of zinc or an alloy thereof. The backfill material further includes soda ash, trisodium phosphate or other high alkaline chemicals to raise the pH. The backfill material also preferably includes a moisture retention material such as zeolite to maintain a minimum of moisture content of 10 percent or greater.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for using an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system that supplies an electrical current such that a metallic structure (10) has a negative voltage of between 0.5 and 1.5 Volt relative to earth to power one or more electrical appliances (5), the method comprising: —providing one or more electrical appliances (5) which each have a pair of electrical contacts (1,2); —connecting one electrical contact (1) of each electrical appliance to the structure; and —connecting the other electrical contact (2) of each electrical appliance to earth, thereby providing electrical power to each of the electrical appliances. It is preferred that the electrical appliances (5) are equipped with one or more DC-DC power converters (6) which are configured to enhance an electrical input voltage of between 0.5 and 1.5 Volt to an electrical output voltage of between 3 and 5 Volt.

Abstract: Techniques are generally described herein for protecting food or beverage containers (e.g., cans) using impressed current protection. In various embodiments, containers may be received into at least one conductive bed, each bed having a complementary anode. The containers may then be electrically coupled to a first terminal (e.g., negative) of a power supply, and the anode may be electrically coupled to a second terminal (e.g., positive) of the power supply. Resultantly, protective current may be provided to the containers by the anode.

Abstract: A liquid heating system may comprise a metallic container and a refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube, which may be coupled to the metallic container. The refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube may include at least one open end and anodic material may be filled or refilled into the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube through the at least one open end. The anodic material is corroded by the oxidation process at a substantially faster rate compared to the metallic container. The anodic material is refilled into the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube through the at least one open end without removing the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube from the metallic container or disturbing the position of the refillable non-corrosive hollow porous tube.

Abstract: A method for corrosion protection in a marine construction including a plurality of metal elements and at least one reference electrode at least partly immerged in water, the metal elements including an anode and a metal part, the anode being provided for corrosion protection of the metal part includes measuring an electric potential of the metal part with the reference electrode as a ground reference. At least one of the metal elements and at least one of the at least one reference electrode are connected to a DC electrical power outlet so as to allow an electrical regeneration current through an electrical circuit including the at least one of the metal elements, the at least one of the at least one reference electrode and the electrolyte so that the reference electrode is anodized.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: A single anode system used in multiple electrochemical treatments to control steel corrosion in concrete comprises a sacrificial metal that is capable of supporting high impressed anode current densities with an impressed current anode connection detail and a porous embedding material containing an electrolyte. Initially current is driven from the sacrificial metal [1] to the steel [10] using a power source [5] converting oxygen and water [14] into hydroxyl ions [15] on the steel and drawing chloride ions [16] into the porous material [2] around the anode such that corroding sites are moved from the steel to the anode restoring steel passivity and activating the anode. Cathodic prevention is then applied. This is preferably sacrificial cathodic prevention that is applied by disconnecting the power source and connecting the activated sacrificial anode directly to the steel.

Abstract: Mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) coated precious-metal tape is installed directly on concrete surfaces using an electrically conductive adhesive, thereby obviating the need for slots, holes, cementitious grout or additional concrete. The electrically conductive adhesive is preferably formed by disposing mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) coated precious-metal particles in an adhesive layer. The tape anodes may be installed on the concrete surfaces including a shallow concrete cover or congested reinforcing steel without developing an electrical short circuit between the anode and the reinforcing steel. Overall the invention provides for quick and low cost installation on many concrete structures. Interconnections between the tape anodes and bare metal distribution elements may be made with conductive adhesive or spot welding.

Abstract: An electrically conductive surface of a submerged object comprises a polymer matrix, such as a resin, with a plurality of electrically conductive nanoparticles suspended within the polymer. The nanoparticles are preferably smaller than 100 nanometers in their minimum dimension. In addition, large electrically conductive particles can be suspended in the polymer. The larger particles are typically greater than 300 nanometers in minimum dimension. The larger particles can comprise carbon powder or fibers. The electrically conductive nanoparticles, which can be nanotubes or ferrules, for example, and the larger particles, which can be carbon powder or fibers, are suspended homogeneously within the polymer matrix for best results and most uniform electrical conduction through the thickness of the composite layer.

Abstract: The present invention includes systems, methods and apparatus for continuously, independently and in some cases remotely monitoring the operation of a current interrupter used to test a cathodic protection system, or the cathodic protection system itself, for verification of proper operation. Embodiments of the invention include electronic devices that may be temporarily attached to a current interrupter that is being used to test a cathodic protection system, or directly to the cathodic protection system itself. Embodiments of the invention monitor the activity of an interrupter by sampling the output (voltage and time) to identify the cycle(s) of the interrupter. The invention provides truly independent verification since it does not need to know in advance the sequence or cycle times of the current interrupter being monitored. The information obtained by the invention is output so that it may be provided to a user, displayed, downloaded or stored for future reference.