Abstract: A reciprocating motor, comprising: a piston/cylinder assembly, having an input/output port; an electrolytic cell for generating a combustible mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, the cell being connected to the input/output port of the piston/cylinder assembly; and, means for igniting the combustible mixture in the cylinder, the piston being first driven outwardly by the force of the exploding gas mixture, and immediately afterward, being pulled back by a vacuum formed when the exploded gas mixture recombines into a trace amount of water, whereby a single charge of the combustible gas mixture achieves a double power stroke. The input/output port is preferably funnel shaped, the larger end being directed into the cylinder, and the smaller end being directed into the electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell utilizes sets of bipolar electrodes in the form of laminated panels having a wrap-around overlapping border. A free wheeling piston can be utilized to drive a pump.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrochemically synthesizing anhydrous HNO.sub.3 from an aqueous solution of HNO.sub.3 includes oxidizing a solution of N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /aqueous HNO.sub.3 at an anode, while maintaining a controlled potential between the N.sub.2 O.sub.4 /aqueous HNO.sub.3 solution and the anode. A potential of about 1.80V vs. SCE is preferred. Anhydrous or aqueous HNO.sub.3 may be disposed at the cathode within the electrochemical cell. Aqueous HNO.sub.3 having a water content of up to about 12% by weight is utilized to synthesize anhydrous HNO.sub.3.

Abstract: In a bipolar electrode electrolysis apparatus, particularly for the electrolysis of saline solutions, an enclosure is formed of electrically insulating material and has monopolar terminal electrodes for connection to current leads. The enclosure has therein a plurality of compartments having open sides through one wall of the enclosure. A plurality of bipolar electrodes are mountable in each compartment. The bipolar electrodes are mounted by supporting structure in each respective compartment so that the bipolar electrodes may be removed from and inserted into a respective compartment through the open side thereof.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell for producing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen bipolar electrodes adapted for operating electrically in series have a through shaped configuration and are arranged so that their depressions are on one and like side. Interposed between the electrodes are gaskets of electrical insulating material forming the cell tank. Each gasket is placed around the edges of the electrode depression so that a portion thereof axially of the electrolytic cell is in touch with the adjacent electrode. The electrolytic cell is held as a unit with studs extending through openings in peripheral portions of the electrodes that project laterally of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode material, and a method for its manufacture, for use in electrochemical reactions comprising bulk titanium oxide having the general formula TiO.sub.x where x is from 1.55 to 1.95 and also electrochemical cells including an electrode formed from such a material.

Abstract: A novel electrolysis unit (10) for forming sodium chlorate from sodium chloride utilizes a reaction tank (12) and a bank (18) of electrolysis cells wherein the cells (20) are rigidly joined together using a bipolar cell divider plate (42) between adjacent cells. The cells (20) contain interleaved anode (34) and cathode (32) plates which define upwardly-extending electrolysis channels (36). The bank of cells (18) is connected to the reaction tank (18) to receive a plurality of individual flows of electrolyte to the cells (24) and to forward a plurality of individual flows of electrolyzed material (26) to the tank (12). The cell divider plate (42) comprises anodic (64) and cathodic (62) metal layers intimately and integrally connected, by explosive bonding to an electrically-conducting metal layer (66), usually copper.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of magnesium at low temperatures and electrical potential using a composite anode consisting of a mixture of an oxygen containing compound of magnesium and a reducing agent with internal conductors extending through the composite mixture to provide low resistance current paths through the highly resistive mixture to the active anode surface. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be prebaked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in particulate form contained within a porous membrane. A bipolar arrangement may also be employed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell assembly comprises stacked bipolar substantially square parallel planar electrodes. The corners and edges of the electrodes with bordering insulative spacers in juxtaposition with the chamber walls define four electrolyte circulation manifolds. Electrolyte channelling means permit the introduction of electrolyte into one or two of the manifolds and the withdrawal of electrolyte from at least one other manifold. The electrodes are separated from one another by the insulative spacers which are also channelling means disposed to provide electrolyte channels across the interfaces of adjacent electrodes.

Abstract: In a process for refining Al or Mg a stream of relatively impure molten metal is passed along one face of a grille separator having interstices of the order of 0.1-1 cm in width. The interstices are filled with a molten salt electrolyte adapted to transport ions of the selected metal (Al or Mg) to a body of refined metal on the opposite side of the separator. The relatively impure metal is made in the anode and the refined metal is the cathode. Refined metal is progressively withdrawn from the cathode. The grille separator may be arranged substantially vertical or substantially horizontal, usually with slight inclination. Passages are preferably provided in the separator to allow escape of gas generated at a metal/electrolyte interface.

Abstract: Bipolar electrodes of graphite or glassy carbon are provided on the cathode side with metal nets of a material reducing the hydrogen overvoltage, such as nickel, copper, titanium, steel or brass and between the metal nets and the next anode a spacer made of an insulating material is inserted.

Abstract: An improved cell is disclosed for producing metal by electrolytic reduction of a metal halide in a molten bath comprising the metal halide dissolved in at least one molten halide of higher electrodecomposition potential than the metal halide. The cell includes an inner refractory lining and a plurality of electrodes which are located adjacent to and in abutment with the lining. The electrodes are disposed generally horizontally and arranged in at least one vertical stack. The electrodes in each stack are located beneath the upper level of the bath, and are arranged in a superimposed, spaced relationship defining inter-electrode spaces between each pair of adjacent electrodes. The cell also includes a vertical gas-lift passage associated with each stack of electrodes, which is in fluid communication with each inter-electrode space in the stack.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell for the production of chlorine and hydrogen from hydrochloric acid, the cell comprising a plurality of spaced bipolar electrodes each provided with vertical grooves for the passage of gas, and a plurality of diaphragms each subdividing the space between adjacent electrodes, the improvement which comprises providing the grooves with a depth of about 18 to 35 mm at least in the upper part of the electrodes. Advantageously the grooves have a width of about 2 to 3 mm and the spacing between adjacent grooves of each electrode is about 4 to 6 mm, the depth of the grooves at their bottoms is about 12 to 15 mm and increases in upward direction to about 20 to 30 mm, and the distance between the electrodes and the diaphragms is from about 0.05 to 1 mm. The voltage drop and energy consumption are less than with different groove configurations and the chlorine content of the hydrogen gas is reduced.

Abstract: Discloses a permionic membrane bipolar electrolyzer for the electroylsis of aqueous alkali metal chlorides. The electrolyzer is characterized by having a minimum anode to cathode gap, e.g., the anode and cathode both in contact with the permionic membrane, and by having means to prevent the diffusion of nascent hydrogen between adjacent electrolytic cells.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell for magnesium chloride which essentially comprises:at least one pairs of anode and cathode arranged with a respective principal face thereof in a substantial verticality,at least one bipolar intermediate electrode placed in a row between the anode and cathode,an electrolytic chamber to contain such electrodes, anda metal collecting chamber which is attached to the electrolytic chamber but separated therefrom by a partition, characterized in that said intermediate electrodes essentially consists of a substantially flat graphite portion to provide an anodic face and an iron portion to provide a cathodic face, both materials being spaced from each other and jointed together with rods of iron, which are tightly secured to the graphite, to ensure an intimate electrical connection therebetween, and that a cavity thus formed between the two materials is arranged to fitly communicate at one end with a through hole in the partition to allow passage of electrolyte bath carrying magnesium m

Abstract: Metals and metalloids are produced by cathodically dissolving compounds thereof in electrolytic cells. These cells have one or more heterogenous bipolar electrodes in series, with a terminal electrode as cathode and another terminal electrode as a soluble or inert anode. A common electrolyte is in contact with all electrodes.The compounds of the metals or metalloids are introduced into the cells and are brought into contact with the cathodic sides of the heterogenous electrodes. A cathodic half reaction takes place on the heterogenous bipolar electrode which permits the reduction and dissolution of the metal and metalloid compounds into the common electrolyte. The terminal negative electrodes are the site of the electrolytic deposition of the metals.The cells may also include an electrowinning system of anodes and cathodes, connected by way of the common electrolyte, for depositing the dissolved metals.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm electrolyzer particularly suitable for electrolysis of alkali metal halide aqueous solutions wherein the bipolar wall separating the electrode compartments is formed of at least two sheets made of different metals, suitable pressure being applied against the metal sheets to provide for electrical continuity across the bipolar wall, said pressure being exerted either by means of resilient elements which are compressed when the electrolyzer is closed or by maintaining the electrode compartments under a sufficient hydrostatic pressure during the electrolytic process.

Abstract: Electrochemical systems having a plurality of cells which are hydraulically and electrically connected in series develop shunt currents in the electrolyte of adjacent cells. The shunt currents are reduced or eliminated by the placing of an electrical bypass across two adjacent intercell conduits, and applying a protective current through the electrical bypass in a direction of the shunt currents and of a magnitude that can effectively reduce the shunt currents.

Abstract: A horizontal diaphragmless bipolar electrolyzer comprising a horizontal housing made of electrically insulated material, an anodic or (cathodic) plate at one end of the housing provided with a plurality of blade shaped electrodes vertically arranged along the housing axis, a cathodic (or anodic) plate at the opposite end of the housing provided with a plurality of blade shaped electrodes vertically arranged along the housing axis, at least one bipolar electrode element with blade shaped anodes and cathodes vertically arranged on opposite sides thereof on the housing axis to interleaf with the electrodes of the next unit, means for introducing fresh electrolyte at one end of the housing, means for removing treated electrolyte at the opposite end, a space above the electrode assembly for gas disengagement and removal, a space below the electrode assembly for solid particles collection and means for impressing an electrolysis current thereon.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar electrolyzer having a plurality of individual electrolytic cells electrically and mechanically in series with a bipolar element between pairs of adjacent individual cells. The bipolar element has an anodic side with anodes of the first electrolytic cell of a pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom, and a cathodic side with the cathodes of the second electrolytic cell of the pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom. The anodic side of the bipolar element has an acidified alkali metal chloride resistant valve metal surface, and the cathodic side of the bipolar element has an alkali metal hydroxide resistant transition metal surface.

Abstract: An electrode, which comprises an electrically conductive current collector, and a working surface containing a multiplicity of conductive islands in a non-conducting matrix wherein the majority of said islands are in electrically conductive contact with said current collector wherein the average size of said conductive islands and the average spacing between said conductive islands are of the same order of magnitude as the diffusion layer of the solution intended to be treated when said electrode is immersed into said solution.

Abstract: Electrode comprising a body, with a conductive porous skeleton, and a current outlet. The current outlet comprises a conductive plate with roughnesses which penetrate into the skeleton. The plate is rigidly connected to the skeleton by means of an electrolytic metal deposit.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for electrolytic production of magnesium metal from its chloride, which apparatus essentially comprises at least one externally unwired electrode which is made of graphite alone or graphite-iron composite and is placed between each pair of anode and cathode with the graphite side towards the cathode. The apparatus preferably comprises further a cooling passage for electrolyte bath which allows the electrolyte bath to flow outside an electrolysis chamber where the electrodes are contained, from a bath surface level to the bottom. The bath, while it passes there, is cooled a little, not enough to solidify, to exhibit an increased density so that it flows down back into the electrolysis chamber at the bottom, thus forming a continuous upflow along the electrodes, which facilitates separation of products of magnesium metal and chlorine gas and their recovery. Preferred anode construction is also illustrated.

Abstract: Electrolytic cell for the production of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chlorate from the corresponding chlorides, which cell is constructed from a plurality of cells (10) connected in series, whereby all electrodes (11, 19) except the terminal electrodes (19) are bipolar and designed with a vertical base plate (14), having one side functioning as anode in one cell unit (10) and the other side functioning as cathode in an adjacent cell unit (10) and whereby the exterior sides of the terminal electrodes (19) have electrical connections for the cell row while the sides turned inwards and both sides of the base plates (14) on the other electrodes (11) have a number of vertical electrode plates (17, 18), fitted essentially at right angles to the base plates (14), and whereby the base plates are positioned in such a manner that the electrode plates (17, 18) of adjacent base plates (14) are interleaved between each other, without direct electrical contact between themselves, forming an electrode package of ele

Abstract: There is described a method for electrolyzing and particularly electrorefining metals such as copper, by circulating the electrolyte through channels formed between substantially parallel electrodes arranged some distance away from one another, in which a substantially uniform electrolyte flow rate is retained at least at the inlet to the channels between the electrodes, independently from the cathode thickness increase and the anode thickness decrease during the electrorefining.A device for working this method is also described.

Abstract: In an apparatus for electrolyzing an aqueous solution, which includes a plurality of electrolytic cells disposed at a plurality of vertically spaced levels and divided by partitions from one another, each of said cells having at least one anode and at least one cathode, said cells including an uppermost cell having an inlet for said solution, and a lowermost cell having an outlet for said solution, the improvement wherein:(a) each cell being separated into at least two horizontally adjacent cell units;(b) the separation adapted to direct the solution flow from the top of one unit into the bottom of the adjacent unit enabling solution flow successively through each unit;(c) a last unit of each cell provided with a passage extending from the top of the last unit to the bottom of the unit at a lower level to direct solution flow downwardly;(d) the anode and cathode being vertical in each unit opposite each other forming a bipolar electrode assembly; and(e) each unit with a gas collecting zone above the anode and

Abstract: Shunt currents can be eliminated in electrochemical devices by introducing nulling currents via auxiliary electrodes. The invention teaches the reduction or elimination of these shunt currents in such devices with minimized power consumption. Shunt current nulling tunnels are provided which interconnect with electrolyte supply channels feeding the cells of the electrochemical device. Power consumption for the shunt current-nulling tunnels is reduced by designing the tunnels to have an increasing electrical resistance towards their mid-portions. Another embodiment of the invention features an increasing electrical resistance towards the mid-portion of the tunnels and a decreasing electrical resistance towards the mid-portion of the manifolds.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell for water electrolysis, consisting of a synthetic polymer foil as a solid substance electrolyte having attached on both sides thereof finely porous and coarsely porous substances serving as electrodes, and two bipolar plates serving to provide electricity, whereby the finely porous substance carries the anode catalyst on the oxygen side and the solid electrolyte carries the cathode catalyst on the hydrogen side.

Abstract: A method of assembling an electrolytic membrane cell is disclosed. The method includes the steps of assembling a vertical stack of horizontal electrode frames with a horizontal membrane sheet between each pair of frames, then applying pressure to vertically compress the vertical stack, then rotating the compressed vertical stack from a vertical orientation to a horizontal orientation in which orientation of the stack is called a "pack" and then connecting the pack into an electrical circuit and to raw material supply lines and product withdrawal lines and then electrically operating the pack while maintaining the pack in a horizontal orientation.

Abstract: An electrolysis device includes at least two layers of electrodes, each electrode layer including a plurality of bipolar electrodes, each bipolar electrode including a cathode portion and an anode portion. The electrode layers are spaced from each other in parallel planes, and the bipolar electrodes of each electrode layer are arranged in a checkerboard fashion, such that each cathode portion in each electrode layer is spaced from and faces an anode portion in an adjacent cathode layer, thus forming a plurality of electrolytic cells between the electrolytic layers.

Abstract: The device comprises a tank filled with electrolyte, flat electrodes which are stacked horizontally so as to rest upon one another under the action of gravity and at least a certain number of which are consumable. Two successive electrodes are separated by spacer elements having the same thickness and formed of material which is inert to electrolysis. The contact surfaces between the spacer elements and the electrodes therefore permit substantially uniform erosion of the consumable electrodes over their entire surface and the spacing between two consecutive electrodes thus remains constant.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of minimizing shunt currents in electrochemical devices which have a plurality of cells connected, at least in part, in series and which have a common electrolyte which is fed to at least two of the cells as a shared electrolyte from a common manifold via individual inlet channels, whereby an electrical electrolytic conductive bypass path is created around such cells and through said shared electrolyte, resulting in undesirable shunt currents. This method involves providing electrolyte tunnels which connect the individual inlet channels and applying a protective current through said electrolyte tunnels and thus through said shared electrolyte, the protective current being of a magnitude which effectively at least reduces said shunt currents. Thus, a single protective current may be applied such that shunt currents are minimized, and preferably are totally eliminated.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in extracting primary zinc metal from ore concentrates is described. The apparatus includes first and second electrolytic cells, the first cell receiving an acid zinc sulfate solution derived from an ore concentrate, and having an anode which is insoluble in said solution, and the second cell containing an alkaline electrolyte and having a cathode which is insoluble in said electrolyte. A common electrode is also provided which is insoluble both in the acid zinc sulfate solution and in the alkaline electrolyte. The common electrode can be transferred between the first cell, in which it acts as a cathode, and the second cell, in which it acts as an anode. The zinc sulfate solution is subjected to electrolysis in the first cell with the common electrode acting as a cathode, thereby causing primary zinc metal to be deposited as a coating on the common electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises a housing (1,2) divided by a perforated generally horizontal plate (3) into an upper chamber (4) and a lower chamber (5). Bipolar electrodes (19, 21) are disposed in the upper chamber (4) above perforations (23) in the plate (3), between electrolyte inlet and outlet weirs (11, 13) for flowing electrolyte over the plate (3). The lower chamber (5) is a gas-supply chamber for passing a gas, e.g. propylene, up through the perforations (23), so as to bubble the gas through electrolyte (e.g. NaBr solution) on the plate (3) and into the upper gas-collection chamber (4). A reactor may be formed by stacking several cells with their electrolyte flows in cascade. The cell is particularly suitable for electro-organic syntheses involving a gaseous reactant.

Abstract: An electrolyzer for obtaining chemical products, comprising a cell having its inner surface made from a dielectric material, and filled with a circulating electrolyte; the cell accommodates current leads which are nonsoluble, the space between the current leads and the walls of the cell being filled with pieces of a conducting material, said pieces serving as a bulk electrode, and as these pieces react with the electrolyte, a coat of film is formed thereon, which promotes the bipolar action of said pieces when the current leads are energized; in addition, the cell is provided with a means for discharging slime and the products of electrolysis.

Abstract: Device or apparatus for electrolyzing natural and synthetic brines for producing hypochlorite includes an improved chassis structure supporting and cooperating with electrode plates to form a series of electrolytic cells which are easily assembled into a cylindrical casing member to form an electrolyzer. The invention and/or apparatus is characterized by (a) rapid gas removal; (b) improved electrode plate configuration through which the electrolyte is caused to flow in a vigorous and turbulent manner to eliminate fouling of electrode arrays by precipitates and scales formed during electrolysis of natural brines; (c) novel dilution water distribution means for synthetic brine electrolysis; and (d) a series-parallel electrical conductor arrangement which is electrically balanced against changes in electrolyte temperature and salinity; all of which result in a highly efficient, economical, energy-saving, rugged, modular-type device.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell bank comprising two end plate electrodes, a plurality of intermediate electrodes, a plurality of dielectric separators spaced between the electrodes to form electrolytic cell chambers, a plurality of gas separator diaphragms, alkaline electrolyte, manifolds for allowing off-gas withdrawal of hydrogen and oxygen and means for back-pressuring the exterior walls of each end plate to counter-balance pressures developed within the electrolytic cell chambers. The cell bank is utilized to convert water into its constituent gases of oxygen and hydrogen, and the cell bank is sufficiently large to commercially produce hydrogen at pressures equal to the pressures utilized in commercial gas transmission lines.

Abstract: Novel dimensionally stable, porous electrodes made of vitreous or glassy carbon forming a porous body optionally provided on at least a portion of its outer surface with a coating containing an electrocatalytic agent and to electrochemical cells containing the said electrodes and to a method of electrolysis, preferably wherein a halogen is evolved at the anode.

Abstract: An electrochemical processing system is provided. The system comprises an electrochemical cell having a first compartment adapted to contain a first solution, a first counter electrode and a first reference electrode in contact with the first solution, a second compartment adapted to contain a second solution, a second counter electrode and a second reference electrode in contact with the second solution, and a porous bi-polar barrier electrode separating the first and second compartments. The barrier electrode voltage is fixed at ground. By fixing the potential on the first compartment side of the porous barrier electrode at a first potential verses the first reference electrode while the potential on the second compartment side of the porous barrier electrode is maintained at a second (different) potential verses the second reference electrode, the porous barrier electrode can be used as a gate for specific electroactive species.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oxidation and coagulation apparatus and method especially suitable for use with aquariums (especially salt-water aquariums). Water is withdrawn from the aquarium by a pump, and is fed into the oxidizer and coagulator. The oxidizer and coagulator includes a chamber into which the pump discharges water under pressure, a plurality of electrodes disposed in the chamber and connected up to a source of e.m.f. (AC), a plurality of electrically conductive particles (e.g., graphite) disposed in the chamber, a structure for violently continuously circulating the particles within the chamber so that they continuously impact all of the electrodes, and structure for preventing movement of the electrically conductive particles out of the chamber. An outlet is provided from the chamber and a filter is provided for separating particles and coagulants from the water after discharge from the chamber, and then returning the now-purified water to the aquarium.

Abstract: A generator for oxyhydrogen gas comprises a plurality of flat metal electrodes mounted parallel with ring-like spacers between each pair of adjacent electrodes and bolts clamping the spacers and electrodes together to provide a sealed cell between each pair of electrodes within the periphery of the respective spacer. An inlet for electrolyte is connected to one outer cell and an outlet for the gas is connected to the outer cell. The electrodes are imperforate except for apertures adjacent the tops of the cells and in use a DC power source is connected across outer electrodes. The generator is of simple construction and achieves good cooling, high mechanical strength against internal explosions and ensures a minimal quantity of explosive gas in the upper regions of the cells.

Abstract: Electrochemical, especially organo-electrochemical, reactions are carried out with improved current efficiency in a continuous-flow cell with the use of bipolar electrodes placed in a frame of non-conducting material, especially a polyolefin. Preferably, the electrically active part of the electrodes consists of glass-like carbon the cathode face of which is coated with a material reducing the hydrogen overvoltage, for example titanium carbide or tungsten carbide.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprises an electrolyzing chamber having a pair of terminal electrodes located therein and adapted to be connected to the poles of a D.C. source. A plurality of bipolar electrodes in the form of parallel flat annular discs are located in the chamber between the terminal electrodes and are rotatable about a common central axis through their centers. An electrolyte inlet is located radially outwardly of the bipolar electrodes. In order to provide vigorous scouring of the bipolar electrodes with relative low fluid flows to the cell, the electrolyte inlet comprises one or more elongate slots formed in the cylindrical wall of the chamber and extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the planes containing the bipolar disc electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for electrolytically disinfecting an object which comprisesan electrolytic cell containing at least one pair of electrodes, said electrodes being positioned within said cell such that when said cell receives an electrolyte containing solution therein, said electrodes will be at least partially immersed in said solution,an electrically conductive substrate having means for holding said object to be disinfected, said electrically conductive substrate being of sufficient size so as to be capable of being immersed into the solution, when said cell receives said solution, between said electrodes, and wherein said substrate functions as a bipolar electrode when a potential is impressed across said electrodes, and wherein said holding means is capable of holding the object to be disinfected completely submerged in said solution, and between said electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of minimizing shunt currents in electrochemical devices which have a plurality of cells connected, at least in part, in series and which have an electrolyte which is a common electrolyte to at least two of the cells and which includes shared electrolyte, whereby an electrical electrolytic conductive bypass path is created around such cells and through said shared electrolyte, resulting in undesirable shunt currents. The method involves applying a protective current through at least a portion of said conductive bypass path through said shared electrolyte in a direction which is the same as the shunt current through said shared electrolyte and of a magnitude which effectively at least reduces said shunt currents. Thus, a single protective current is applied in series with at least a portion of the conductive bypass path such that shunt currents are minimized, and preferably are totally eliminated.

Abstract: Disclosed is a stack pack type electrolytic cell for the generation of chlorates or hypochlorites of sodium or potassium having the ability to make economical use of materials while eliminating the necessity for large external studs for the electrode components, housings to retain fluids and intercell piping connections since the cell can be increased in capacity by adding chambers and electrode stack packs to the cell makeup or adding electrodes to the stack packs. Such an electrolyzer can utilize mass produced components to produce various capacities and can be assembled either monopolar or bipolar in configuration to make most efficient use of existing electrical supply equipment.

Abstract: An apparatus for degerminating fluids by the use of an electrolytic cell, a pair of main electrodes opposed in the electrolytic cell to each other, a voltage source connected to the main electrodes, and a plurality of auxiliary electrodes disposed between the main electrodes. The main electrodes are biased in such a way that the fluid flows through a region of varying potential thereby effectively increasing the degerminating rate of the cell. The main electrodes cover the entire cross section of flow, they are provided with openings to allow the passage of the fluid. The auxiliary electrodes may be connected to parts of the overall voltage thereby providing an electrolytic cell which may be directly powered by solar energy.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode for an electolyser. It is characterized in that the anode surface and the cathode surface of said electrode both comprise a porous conductive material which includes sintered nickel previously impregnated with nickel molybdate. The invention is used for manufacturing hydrogen by electrolysing an aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: A treating chamber operable as an electrolytic cell is provided, in which the electrodes have large surface areas relative to the volume of the electrolyte. The anode is composed of a quantity of aluminum particles and the cathode is composed of a quantity of iron particles disposed in close proximity to the aluminum. Waste water containing inpurities is introduced into the treating chamber and utilized as the electrolyte. An electric current is applied to the electrodes to dissolve aluminum and iron, and produce floc in the treating chamber. The impurities in the water are adsorbed and retained by the floc. The waste water may be continuously recirculated from the treating chamber to a holding chamber, or may be moved across the aluminum and iron electrodes in a continuous flow-through system at a predetermined flow rate. The floc containing the adsorbed impurities is separated from the water by conventional means.

Abstract: An improved assembly of bipolar electrode elements for use in the electrochemical preparation of hypochlorites or chlorine from dilute water solutions of chlorides, particularly mildly saline swimming pool water, is described. The end of each bipolar electrode element is enclosed in a nonconductive plastic strip, and guard baffles of corresponding thickness and height are inserted on each side of the bipolar electrode. A desired number of these elements are grouped and cemented together by solvent welding. Special adhesives enhance the sealing of the bipolar electrodes. With this electrode assembly, the deposition of mineral deposits on the electrode surfaces can be minimized by reversing the flow of direct current as often as twice a day or as seldom as once every two weeks.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode comprising(a) an electrode frame;(b) a partition wall welded to the electrode frame (a) and comprising a composite structure of an anode-side sheet and a cathode-side sheet;(c) an anode plate disposed on the anode-side of the partition wall (b);(d) a cathode plate disposed on the cathode-side of the partition wall (b); and(e) electrically conductive spacers with both ends welded to the anode plate (c) and the anode-side sheet of the partition wall (b) and to the cathode plate (d) and the cathode-side sheet of the partition wall (b), wherein each of the electrically conductive spacers (e) comprises two elements which are superimposed between the anode plate (c) or the cathode plate (d) and the partition wall (b) and welded at the superimposed surface, so as to form the anode plate (c) and the cathode plate (d) as horizontal uniform planes and a method for the production of the bipolar electrode.