Abstract: The invention provides a method of storing varying or intermittent electrical energy and one or more of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) with an energy apparatus, the method comprising: providing the first cell aqueous liquid, the second cell aqueous liquid, and electrical power from an external power source to the functional unit thereby providing an electrically charged functional battery unit and one or more of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) stored in said storage system, wherein during at least part of a charging time the functional unit is charged at a potential difference between the first cell electrode and the second cell electrode of more than 1.37 V.

Abstract: A method of exposing a sample to an electrical effect for electrochemical analysis of the sample in an electrolyte solution is disclosed. The method comprises causing an external electrical conductor of an electrode head to apply the electrical effect, the external electrical conductor of the electrode head being external to the electrode head and on an external side of the sample exposed to the electrolyte solution. Apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosure is combined electrochemical impinging stream reaction apparatus with addition of ultrasonic of the invention and is used for illustrating the structure and the mutual position relationship of components of the apparatus. The combined electrochemical impinging stream reaction apparatus with addition of ultrasonic comprises a container frame to hold all the components, an electrocoagulation unit which is attached to the hopper type casing. The hopper type casing contains a conical filter arrangement. The combined electrochemical impinging stream reaction apparatus is configured for the removal of contaminants from water and wastewater.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a water electrolysis device; a water circulation circuit section including a water circulation pump; an antifreeze circulation circuit section including an antifreeze circulation pump; and a heat exchanger configured to perform heat exchange between the water circulation circuit section and the antifreeze circulation circuit section. Before water electrolysis is started by the water electrolysis device, a control device of the water electrolysis system circulates water by driving the water circulation pump and sets the antifreeze circulation pump to an operationally stopped state.

Abstract: An antimicrobial supply system employs a process water supply and incorporates a metallic ion supply connected to the process water supply to provide a high ion concentrate to an output. A dilution reservoir is connected to the metallic ion supply output and has an input from the process water supply. A pump is connected to an output of the reservoir. A manifold connected to the pump provides a dilute concentrate to at least one washing system. An electronics control module is connected to a first flow controller between the process water supply and the metallic ion supply and a second flow controller between the metallic ion supply and the reservoir for dilution control establishing a desired metallic ion concentration.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack assembly is presented. The fuel cell stack assembly includes a plurality of fuel cells and a plurality of interconnect plates. In the fuel cell stack assembly, each interconnect plate of the plurality of interconnect plates is disposed between a pair of fuel cells of the plurality of fuel cells. The fuel cell stack assembly further includes a plurality of reactant manifolds defined by the plurality of interconnect plates and a heating element disposed in a reactant manifold of the plurality of reactant manifolds.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pipe-type electrolysis cell including: a pair of terminal electrodes including an outer electrode and an inner electrode that are electrically connected to each other at respective first ends thereof and separated from each other at respective second ends thereof; and a bipolar electrode installed between the terminal electrodes and electrically insulated the terminal electrodes.

Abstract: A fixed or mobile water treatment system comprises a primary screening tank that filters wastewater to remove inorganic and organic pollutants from the wastewater, and includes an electro-coagulation unit that provides an electrical charge to wastewater exiting the primary screening tank, ultraviolet light and oxidation processes in one or more settling tanks that remove pollutants from the wastewater, and one or more filters that remove pollutants from the wastewater.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas generator comprises: an electrolyzer (2) configured to include a housing (20), a first chamber (21), a second chamber (22), a membrane (25), and a pair of electrode plates (23, 24); a tank (6) configured to store water to be electrolyzed (W); an electric power source (3) configured to apply a DC voltage to the pair of electrode plates; a diluter (4) configured to introduce a diluent gas into the first chamber or the second chamber in which the electrode plate to be a cathode is provided, the diluent gas diluting hydrogen gas generated; an electric quantity detector (51) configured to detect an electric quantity given to the electrode plate to be the cathode; a flow rate detector (52) configured to detect a flow rate of the diluent gas from the diluter; a calculator (5) configured to calculate a concentration of the diluted hydrogen gas on the basis of the electric quantity detected by the electric quantity detector and the flow rate detected by the flow rate detector; and an indicator (54) conf

Abstract: A device for electrocoagulation to treat a process stream, such as water, wastewater, or industrial waste. Also, a method to treat a process stream, such as water or wastewater, or industrial waste, utilizing said device. An electrocoagulation device configured to treat a process stream, the device including a cathode; an anode, wherein the anode is porous and water permeable; and a pressure system, wherein the pressure system is configured to flow at least 95% of the process stream through the anode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a set of ozone water manufacturing device which can greatly reduce an unpleasant smell of ozone gas when ozone water is used for sterilizing hands and feet, and can save power consumption of a pump which operates for preventing stagnation of a water stream in an electrolytic bath. The ozone water manufacturing device includes an electrolytic bath and a mixer which atomizes air bubbles of the ozone gas in the ozone water flowing out of the electrolytic bath. Each of the electrode assemblies in an electrode unit within the electrolytic bath is inclined at the predetermined same angle in a vertical direction. The mixer includes a mixing case bottom and a mixing case main body. A vortex flow generating plate generates a violent water stream from the water stream within the mixing case main body.

Abstract: A method and system for treatment of flow-back and produced water from a hydrocarbon well in which fracturing operations are carried out using a phase separation and creating of positive charge in the water.

Abstract: A chemical injector includes a body forming a fluid passage extending from an inlet through an outlet, an injection port connected to the fluid passage, an anodic portion of the fluid passage having a first electrical charge and a cathode having a second electrical charge in communication with the fluid passage. The fluid passage may include a constriction such as in an orifice or venturi device.

Abstract: Provided are an anode for a secondary battery including an anode collector, an anode active material coated on the anode collector, and a non-coating portion (anode tab) which protrudes from one side of the anode collector and is not coated with an anode active material, wherein the anode includes a metal member which is bonded to the non-coating portion and has higher reactivity or reducibility with respect to a metal oxide than the anode collector, and a secondary battery including the anode.

Abstract: A system for reducing pressure and extracting energy from natural gas pipelines or the cryogenics industry can include an electrolyzer that produces hydrogen, a heating device adapted to heat the natural gas in the pipeline, and a device adapted to extract energy from expansion of the natural gas. The extracted energy can be used to power the electrolyzer and/or heat the natural gas. The system can be used to extract energy from gas expansion.

Abstract: An integrated hybrid emergency power system having various features is disclosed. A hybrid emergency power system may have an auxiliary power unit and an emergency power unit. The emergency power unit may have a fuel cell. The auxiliary power unit may have an engine. The emergency power unit may be connected to the auxiliary power unit by an emergency power unit efficiency improvement apparatus. In this manner, the operating efficiency of the emergency power unit may be enhanced.

Abstract: An economical fat, oil and grease removal assembly and method includes a container having a bottom, a top, at least one sidewall, an inlet and an outlet. The outlet is spaced above the bottom and below the top to define a static water level for liquid in the container. The container may include at least one divider. The container further includes a valve at an elevation such that F.O.G. floating on water in the container can flow from the container out through the valve when a valve control is engaged and opened. The assembly further includes an inlet baffle, an outlet baffle and a removable storage tank arranged to accept F.O.G. that is flowed out of the container.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drop-in cell for disinfection of water from bathing pools, particularly whirlpools, with an electrolytic cell (10) which can be flowed through by water and has two contact electrodes (1, 2), which are positioned in parallel and spaced apart from each other, and preferably at least one bipolar diamond particle electrode (3), which is arranged between the contact electrodes (1, 2) at a distance from them. The electrodes (1, 2, 3) are joined together by spacers (4) located between them to form an elongate, approximately cuboidal electrode pack, which is embedded in a casing (6) of plastic or synthetic resin while leaving an inflow and an outflow free. The user/customer is therefore provided with a drop-in cell which can be positioned in the circuit of the pool water or in the whirlpool and can be “installed” or, as and when required, removed and/or replaced without any problem by the user/customer himself.

Abstract: A curved, three-dimensional, ordered micro-truss structure comprising: a plurality of first struts extending along a first direction; a plurality of second struts extending along a second direction; and a plurality of third struts extending along a third direction, wherein the first, second, and third struts interpenetrate one another at a plurality of nodes, wherein the pluralities of first struts, second struts, third struts, and nodes form a plurality of ordered unit cells within the micro-truss structure, and wherein the plurality of ordered unit cells define a curved surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolysis cell for the particularly efficient treatment of wastewater polluted with organic substances by electrooxidative degradation of the wastewater constituents contributing to the chemical oxygen demand, and also its use.

Abstract: A lower arm has a first arm main part having a U-shape and a first vehicle-body-side front joint and a first vehicle-body-side rear joint provided at the tip parts of the first arm main part. An upper arm has a second arm main part having a U-shape and a second vehicle-body-side front joint and a second vehicle-body-side rear joint provided at the tip parts of the second arm main part. At least part of the second vehicle-body-side rear joint is overlapped with the first vehicle-body-side rear joint in plan view. The second vehicle-body-side front joint is offset to the rear side relative to the first vehicle-body-side front joint. A cushion unit disposed on the front side of the second arm main part is provided between a vehicle body frame F and the lower arm.

Abstract: A configuration for an electrolysis stack device with adjustable operating capacity, including a specially shaped polar panel, an electricity connector and a pressing connector. A connection part of the polar panel and a pressing connector ensure that the electrical current can flow smoothly from a power source, via the electricity connector, to the electrolysis stack and back to the power source. In various embodiments, a zigzag track may help an electricity connector move to the correct position to vary the operating capacity of the electrolysis stack device.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electric device for producing deionized water comprising: desalting chamber (4) defined by at least two ion-exchange membranes (1, 2) and filled with an ion exchanger; first concentration chamber (5a) positioned adjacent to one side of the desalting chamber with one of the ion-exchange membranes therebetween; second concentration chamber (5b) positioned adjacent to the other side of the desalting chamber with another of the ion-exchange membranes therebetween; and a pair of electrode chambers (6a, 6b) with one electrode chamber being disposed at the outer side of first concentration chamber (5a) and the other electrode chamber being disposed at the outer side of second concentration chamber (5b), wherein the electric device for producing deionized water is provided with: main body part (20) formed to include desalting chamber (4), concentration chambers (5a, 5b), and electrode chambers (6a, 6b); a pair of fixing plates (9a, 9b) disposed in such a way that main body part (20)

Abstract: A method for the coating of a chromium-free surface of a tin-plated steel sheet with a polymer coating, with the chromium-free tin surface of the tin-plated steel sheet first electrochemically oxidized in a first step and a polymer coating applied on the oxidized tin surface in a second step, and an apparatus for the carrying out of the method. A tinplate coated with a polymer coating made of polyethylene terephathalate (PET) and passivated chromium-free, wherein only one thin tin oxide layer and perhaps an adhesion promoter layer are present between the tin surface of the tinplate and the polymer coating, and the use of such a tinplate for the production of packagings.

Abstract: A cell for direct treatment of liquid using electrolysis uses a modular construction of electrode plates and spacer assemblies positioned between end plates. Changes in the liquid flow capacity of the cell may be made by changing the number of module housing sections and electrode plate assemblies. The design includes electrode plates that lock into a mating module housing section to resist the pressure of the fluid being treated. The design further provides for multiple fluid flow paths and for automatic cleaning of the cell using standard clean-in-place methods.

Abstract: A solar-driven apparatus is provided having: a cavity having at least one optical window for collecting electromagnetic radiation associated with solar energy impinging on said at least one optical window; a reaction assembly located inside the cavity and adapted to enable carrying out electrolysis process of at least one raw fluid utilizing energy derived partially from the solar radiation and partially from an electric source; one or more ingress units operative to allow introduction of the raw fluid into the apparatus; and one or more egress units operative to allow exit of the electrolysis process' products from the solar driven apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus (20) for treating contaminated water has an electrocoagulation reactor (26) and a clarifier (30) to receive the effluent of the reactor. The reactor has a reaction vessel (48) having an inlet (58) and an outlet (62), a sacrificial anode (64), a rotatable cathode (68) and a non-sacrificial anode (66). A first gap (70) between the sacrificial anode and the cathode comprises a first water treatment zone. A second gap (74) between the cathode and the non-sacrificial anode comprises the second water treatment zone. The water flow path is from the inlet to the first treatment zone, then to the second treatment zone and then to the outlet. In the clarifier, the reactor effluent is separated into cleaned water and the contaminated sludge.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation apparatus is disclosed integrated with a plate clarifier and sludge chamber for effluent treatment. The clarifier includes first and second tanks, an electrocoagulation reactor positioned in the first tank. The sludge chamber is defined below and integrated with the primary reaction chamber and has a selectively openable outlet.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for chlorine generation and distribution for the treatment of a pool, spa, body of water, or other water system.

Abstract: A wet processing apparatus, such as a plating apparatus, and an etching apparatus, is disclosed. A wet processing apparatus includes a substrate-holder advancing mechanism configured to elevate a movable support to raise a substrate holder until the substrate holder is separated from a fixed support, move the movable support together with the substrate holder by a predetermined distance toward a holder takeout position, lower the movable support until the substrate holder is supported on the fixed support and the movable support is separated from the substrate holder, and move the movable support by the predetermined distance toward a holder put-in position.

Abstract: An electrochemical deposition system is described. The electrochemical deposition system includes one or more electrochemical deposition modules arranged on a common platform for depositing one or more metals on a substrate, and a chemical management system coupled to the one or more electrochemical deposition modules. The chemical management system is configured to supply at least one of the one or more electrochemical deposition modules with one or more metal constituents for depositing the one or more metals. The chemical management system can include at least one metal enrichment cell and at least one metal-concentrate generator cell.

Abstract: An electrolytic generator to produce a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas features a case penetration. An electrode extends through the case penetration and clamps a support plate to the inside of the case. The electrode and the support plate are electrically insulated from the case by a non-conducting bushing located within the case and between the support plate and the inside surface of the case. First and second plates are interleaved and maintained in a spaced apart relation along the first and second plate fasteners.

Abstract: This disclosure includes a device for producing sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid for water treatment, the device including: a cylinder for storing salt in solid form, adapted for being fed directly via a pressurized water pipe, and including one or more tubes that form one or more electrolytic chambers; one or more electrolytic cells received in the electrolytic chambers; the tubes of the cylinders being perforated to allow the contacting of the electrolytic cells with the salt-saturated water while preventing the electrolytic cells from being short-circuited by the solid salt. This produces sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid from salt-saturated water in a cylinder, connected directly to the pipe of the water to be treated without the latter being loaded with salt.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for separating minerals in drilling fluid based primarily on density. The separator creates and maintains a slurry with a controllable density for separating minerals from drill cuttings. The density is controlled through the use of an electrode array. The separator comprises a housing have a fluid inlet for the fluid mixture, at least one rotating disk having an electrode array positioned inside the housing to suspend a first material of the fluid mixture, and a mechanism configured to rotate the disk. A second and third material is separated from the fluid via use of the suspended first material.

Abstract: A plating apparatus for plating a surface of a substrate includes a plurality of plating tanks for holding a plating solution therein, a plurality of pumps combined respectively with the plating tanks, for circulating the plating solution through the plating tanks, a plurality of suction pipes connecting respective suction ports of the pumps to the plating tanks, respectively, and a plurality of discharge pipes connecting respective discharge ports of the pumps to respective different ones of the plating tanks from the plating tanks which are connected to the suction ports of the pumps. The plating tanks and the pumps are connected in series with each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to CIGS solar cell fabrication. The invention discloses a method for fabricating CIGS thin film solar cells using a roll-to-roll apparatus. The invention discloses method to fabricate semiconductor thin film Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 by sequentially electroplating a stack of multiple precursor layers comprising of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium elements or their alloys followed by selenization at a temperature between 450° C. and 700° C.

Abstract: A system and method to generate a concentration gradient eluent flow are described. The concentration gradient eluent flow can include at least two different generants. A liquid can be pumped to an eluent generating device. A first controlling signal can be applied to a first eluent generator to generate a first generant. A second controlling signal can be applied to a second eluent generator to generate a second generant. Either the first and/or the second controlling signal can be varied as a function of time to generate the concentration gradient eluent flow.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for treating wastewater onboard small marine vessels. A pre-determined volume of wastewater generated onboard the vessel is mixed with a larger volume of seawater. This mixture is disinfected and subjected to further oxidation. The excess oxidants are neutralized and the treated effluent is discharged overboard the vessel.

Abstract: Generally stated, provided is a sealed laminated metal structure. This laminated metal structure has a metal layer, where the metal layer has a first surface and an opposite second surface. A material is laminated on each of the first and second surfaces of the metal layer. Typically, the laminated metal structure is removed from a larger laminated sheet of metal. The laminated metal structure is subjected to alternating current electrolytic deburring and cleaning to remove any burrs along the perimeter edge. After deburring and cleaning, a sealer, which is a phosphate compound, is deposited on the perimeter edge of the laminated metal structure where the metal is exposed using alternating current.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation reactor is provided for treating waste water and removing contaminants therefrom. The reactor is typically a six-sided rectangular water-tight housing which has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe. There are a multiplicity of charged plates located parallel to one another within the housing. Adjacent plates are typically oppositely charged and water will pass between the plates as it flows through the reactor. The electric field between the plates will help encourage coagulation of waste matter which then may be removed from the waste water downstream of the electrocoagulation reactor.

Abstract: A system for the pretreatment and primer electrodeposition of an assembly is provided. The system includes one or more large envelope, heavy payload robots configured to grasp the assembly and arrange the assembly in a substantially vertical orientation. The one or more robots are further configured to vertically raise and lower the assembly. A tank is configured to receive the assembly in a substantially vertical orientation. The tank is further configured to impart a liquid onto the assembly. The liquid imparted onto the assembly is configured to improve the corrosion resistance of the assembly.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells modules made up of couples of catalytic multilayer porous electrodes forming the anodes and the cathodes and delimitating external gaseous areas and internal areas containing the electrolyte wherein the pressure modulators, generating two pressure cycles independently synchronized but of opposite phase, act at the inlet and at the outlet of the electrolyte and the multilayer porous electrodes are weeping on the gas side. According to a preferred embodiment the multilayer porous electrodes are hydrophobic and conductive on the gas side, the conductive and catalytic middle layers are hydrophobic and hydrophilic, the non-conductive and non-catalytic layer on the electrolyte side is hydrophilic.

Abstract: A method for water treatment system comprising: mixing feed water to be treated with an agent to increase a pH level of the feed water; running the feed water through a plurality of Electro-Coagulation (EC) units; and running the feed water through a plurality of settling tank chambers wherein each successive settling tank chamber removes smaller particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for electrowinning of zinc from sulfate solutions. The electrolyzer for zinc extraction according to the invention includes a bath-reactor which is equipped with power supply buses, a pipeline of two pipes for supplying the electrolyte, cathodes, anodes, plastic strips along the height of the anodes, an overflow for electrolyte discharge by gravity. The cathodes have an area of 3.5-10 m2. The height of the electrolyzer is at least two times greater than its width, and the length of the electrolyzer depends on the number of the electrodes. The bottom of the electrolyzer is divided by a groove along the length of the bath.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell includes a plate stack including a plurality of plates spaced apart to define a plurality of channels extending therebetween, a housing arranged around the plurality of plates, and a plurality of terminals connected to the plate stack for placing an electrical potential thereacross. The cell can also include a plurality of adhesive strips arranged between the plurality of plates and further defining the plurality of channels. A method of making an electrolytic cell includes arranging a manifold section mold having a plurality of openings therein over a plurality of pins, arranging a first end of a plate stack in the mold such that the plurality of pins extend into the plurality of channels, and molding a first manifold section.

Abstract: A device for metalizing wafers, in particular microchip wafers, in an electrolyte, contains a plurality of holder arrangements. Each holder arrangement has a chamber for the electrolyte which is separate from the electrolyte-receiving chambers in other holder devices, a ring acting as cathode, and an anode system as the anode being associated with each wafer.

Abstract: Apparatus for sanitizing a water stream comprises a first electrolysis cell which produces ions with algaecidal and bactericidal properties and a second electrolysis cell which oxidizes water to produce hydrogen peroxide. The first cell has copper electrodes and the second cell has titanium electrodes and the polarity of the electrodes is periodically reversed at a frequency of from three to nine minutes. Air is introduced into the stream prior to entering the cells.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating water or wastewater for drinking and/or industrial use. The method and apparatus comprises of a plurality of vertically positioned electrodes, which are placed in a treating chamber and wherein the electrodes are interconnected to one another. The positive and negative electrodes are insulated there-between. The polarity of the direct current supply is changeable at regular intervals in order to prevent passivation of the electrodes when reaching an even abrasion. The current can preferably be pulsatory. In order to be able to keep the current density between the electrodes at a desired value, the most efficient possible electrolysis is achieved by means of a minimum total current and wherein the spacing between the electrodes are adjustable.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to lithium-ion batteries, and more specifically, to a system and method for fabricating such batteries using thin-film processes that form three-dimensional structures. In one embodiment, an anodic structure used to form an energy storage device is provided. The anodic structure comprises a flexible conductive substrate, a plurality of conductive microstructures formed on the conductive substrate, comprising a plurality of columnar projections and dendritic structures formed over the plurality of columnar projections and a plurality of tin particles formed on the plurality of conductive microstructures. In another embodiment, the anodic structure further comprises a tin nucleation layer comprising tin particles formed on the flexible conductive substrate between the flexible conductive substrate and the plurality of conductive microstructures.

Abstract: An in-line cleaning and sanitation apparatus for cleaning a liquid, the apparatus including electronic oxidation means to increase the oxidation reduction potential of the liquid, and ionization means to produce ions having an algaecidal or bactericidal effect into the liquid, in that order together with ultrasonic cleaning means to introduce sound waves into the liquid, and wherein the ionization means, the ultrasonic cleaning means and the electronic oxidation means are operated simultaneously for a period to clean and sanitize the liquid in the absence of added salt, chlorine or other chemicals.