Abstract: A filter-press type electrolyzer equipped with electrodes consisting of solid metal plates (2), called "plate electrodes", and of latticed or perforated plates (5, 6), called "pre-electrodes", parallel to the plate electrodes and separated from the latter by bracing tongues (7), the pre-electrodes enclosing a diaphragm (4) for each cell.The pre-electrodes are equipped with solid strips (61, 62, 63), which are all parallel to one another and parallel to the welding direction; each bracing tongue (72) has the shape of an S and is welded to the associated pre-electrode on a solid strip (62) of the latter and to the associated plate electrode, so as to leave a slight gap (J) from the tongue (71), located in quasi-continuous manner on the opposite face of said plate electrode, and the bracing tongues are placed in a staggered arrangement, as viewed in a plane parallel to the electrodes.

Abstract: In an electrolysis apparatus comprisingelectrolytic cells (2), in which groups of electrodes are suspended and the longitudinal walls (17) of which are capped with two rows (19, 20) of supports (21, 22) for the suspension lugs (12, 16) of the electrodes, these rows extending on both sides of a median element (23) of electrical connection, andhandling means (5) for introducing a group of electrodes in a cell and for withdrawing it therefrom,the supports (21, 22) dominate the median element (23) of electrical connection, the lugs (12, 16) of the electrodes suspended in the cells extend beyond their supports (21, 22) and the handling means (5) are adapted to lift the electrodes by the under-side of the extremities of their lugs (12, 16).

Abstract: A cathode assembly for an electrolytic cell, which assembly being especially adapted for diaphragm or membranous electrolytic cells, is comprised of a reinforced internal cathode including fingerlike lateral extensions, such reinforcement comprising vertical and horizontal flat metal strips, and said assembly including electrical and mechanical connections to an external current source and being characterized by reduced electrical resistance and capacity for ready assembly of the internal cathode.

Abstract: An electrolyzer is provided for processing fluids. The electrolyzer includes electrode plates having laterally extending electrical busses. The electrode plates are mounted in a non-conducting external frame having a plurality of ducts for the flow of process fluids between the electrolyte chamber and the ducts. Seals are provided between the electrode plates and the external frame.

Abstract: A novel electrolysis unit (10) for forming sodium chlorate from sodium chloride utilizes a reaction tank (12) and a bank (18) of electrolysis cells wherein the cells (20) are rigidly joined together using a bipolar cell divider plate (42) between adjacent cells. The cells (20) contain interleaved anode (34) and cathode (32) plates which define upwardly-extending electrolysis channels (36). The bank of cells (18) is connected to the reaction tank (18) to receive a plurality of individual flows of electrolyte to the cells (24) and to forward a plurality of individual flows of electrolyzed material (26) to the tank (12). The cell divider plate (42) comprises anodic (64) and cathodic (62) metal layers intimately and integrally connected, by explosive bonding to an electrically-conducting metal layer (66), usually copper.

Abstract: An improved, internally supported electrode has been developed which comprises:(a) a gas permeable support section having at least two surface portions; and(b) at least two exposed members individually supported by a surface portion of the support section; wherein the improvement comprises:a plurality of projections separated by at least about 0.1 inch on each of the surface portions, wherein at least a portion of said projections are at least partially imbedded into and bonded with an exposed member.The invention includes an electrolytic cell using the electrode as a cathode and the electrolytic process of using the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A system for hooding an electrolytic cell used in the production of aluminum comprises a plurality of aluminum hoods supported on the anode rods of the cell. The anode rods are provided with a plurality of cams projecting out of the sides thereof parallel to the anode pins for supporting the hoods. The hoods are provided with a cut-out opening for receiving the anode rod.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electrolytic cell sealed in gas-tight and liquid-tight fashion. The cell is comprised of a box-shaped cell tank open at its top and provided with at least one intake duct, at least one overflow duct and at least one discharge duct. A cover is placed on the cell tank and two opposed flanges receiving electrode supporting frames are secured to the inside of the cell tank near the upper end thereof. A chemically resistant and electrically insulating coating is applied to the inside of the cover and cell tank and a plurality of semi-circular recessed grooves spaced apart from each other are formed in the upper rim portion of at least one of the side walls of the cell tank, the recessed grooves receiving semi-circular current beams projecting outwardly.

Abstract: A composite electrode made up by stacking a multiplicity of alternate anode plates and cathode plates the adjacent surfaces of which are insulated from each other by a thin film of an insulating material such as fluon, kynar, PVC, etc. With this composite electrode, a K value of 0.100 to 0.150 can be easily achieved in the electrolytic production of chlorates and hypochlorites.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell for magnesium chloride which essentially comprises:at least one pairs of anode and cathode arranged with a respective principal face thereof in a substantial verticality,at least one bipolar intermediate electrode placed in a row between the anode and cathode,an electrolytic chamber to contain such electrodes, anda metal collecting chamber which is attached to the electrolytic chamber but separated therefrom by a partition, characterized in that said intermediate electrodes essentially consists of a substantially flat graphite portion to provide an anodic face and an iron portion to provide a cathodic face, both materials being spaced from each other and jointed together with rods of iron, which are tightly secured to the graphite, to ensure an intimate electrical connection therebetween, and that a cavity thus formed between the two materials is arranged to fitly communicate at one end with a through hole in the partition to allow passage of electrolyte bath carrying magnesium m

Abstract: This invention is directed to a membrane or diaphragm-free electrolytic cell device for removal of a metal(s) present as a contaminant(s) in waste water comprising a nonconductive cell box having an upper peripheral flange, anode and cathode bus bars located on said cell box below said flange, inlet and outlet means to pass the liquid through the electrodes contained in said box, means to space the anodes and cathodes contained within said cell box, a plurality of anodes having openings to permit the flow of waste water therethrough, a plurality of reticulate cathodes, and means connecting the anodes and cathodes, respectively, to said bus bars and to a source of electrical energy whereby the metal contaminant(s) present in such water are deposited on the reticulate cathodes predominantly.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical metal removing process, with the electrode consisting of a metal sheet extending at right angles to a sinking direction of the electrode. To enable the production of end face contours the metal sheet is provided with perforations which extend laterally beyond an edge of the workpiece being processed. A resiliently mounted plate of an insulating material may be provided for covering a rear side of the perforations.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell having an inlet and an outlet for transient electrolytes and including monopolar electrodes arranged in a staggered pattern such that the electrode plates of one polarity extend into the gaps formed between the electrode plates of the opposite polarity.

Abstract: A coated metal anode for the electrolytic recovery of metals is disclosed, whereby the working surface of this anode is represented by rods 4 which are arranged in a plane in spaced, parallel relationship to each other and which are electrically connected to a current supply rail 3.To provide a coated metal anode of the identified type, which ensures an operation with acceptable current density and which permits with a simple constructive assembly an energy saving deposit of metal with high purity on the oppositly disposed cathode, the total surface F.sub.A of the rods 4 and the surface F.sub.p assumed by the total arrangement of the rods 4 fulfills the relationship 6.gtoreq.F.sub.A :F.sub.p .gtoreq.2.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm electrolyzer particularly suitable for electrolysis of alkali metal halide aqueous solutions wherein the bipolar wall separating the electrode compartments is formed of at least two sheets made of different metals, suitable pressure being applied against the metal sheets to provide for electrical continuity across the bipolar wall, said pressure being exerted either by means of resilient elements which are compressed when the electrolyzer is closed or by maintaining the electrode compartments under a sufficient hydrostatic pressure during the electrolytic process.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm or membrane electrolyzer comprising a housing containing an end anode element, an end cathode element and a plurality of bipolar elements with their major dimensions lying in a substantially vertical plane and comprised of a bipolar wall separating the anode compartment and the cathode compartment and vertical foraminous electrodes parallel positioned a certain distance from the bipolar wall, diaphragms or membranes separating the anodes and cathodes, a series of baffles distributed along the entire width of the electrode compartment and extending from the bipolar wall to the foraminous electrode to form a series of vertical flow channels extending over a large portion of the height of the wall, the said baffles being alternately inclined one way and the other way with respect to the vertical plane normal to the bipolar wall plane and spaced from one another whereby the ratio of the electrode surface intercepted by the edges of two baffles laterally defining a vertical flow channel to the

Abstract: A cam-actuated stop member in an electrode stripping mechanism prevents any lifting of the electrode away from the hooked lifting elements during lowering of the electrode against the doctor blades and so avoids damaging the electrode and/or lifting elements by dropping the electrode after doctoring.

Abstract: In a filter press membrane electrolytic cell there is provided a reinforced electrode frame channel that is backed by a reinforcing strip which also serves as a gasket restraint when the adjacent electrodes are compressed to form the assembled cell.

Abstract: A lead anode for electrowinning cells in which the anode is in the form of rods reinforced with a core of titanium or other strengthening material.

Abstract: A gas-generating metal electrode for electrochemical processes, more particularly, a coated titanium anode for amalgam cells, comprising spaced-apart parallel rods arranged in a horizontal plane, the surfaces of said rods forming the working area of said electrode and the rods each having a cross section whose extent normal to said plane is greater than the extent parallel thereto, characterized in that the cross section of each of said rods consists of a rectangle (1a) whose height (h.sub.R) is normal to said plane, and at least one chordal segment (1b) on one side of the rectangle and whose chord corresponds to the width of said rectangle (1a) and which extends between and interconnects the opposite sides of said rectangle (1a).

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode-cathode assembly useful in brine electrolysis cells. Principally featured is an anode-cathode assembly wherein the anode is C- or U-shaped, and is fitted around the cathodes instead of being fitted between two cathodes.

Abstract: A solid cathode in a fused salt electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is made up of individually exchangeable elements (10). These cathode elements are made up of two parts which are rigidly joined together and which are resistant to thermal shock. The upper part (12) which projects from the molten electrolyte (30) into the precipitated aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (12), is made of a material which, at working temperature, is a good electrical conductor, is chemically resistant and is wet by aluminum. The lower part (14,16), which is exclusively in the liquid aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (14,16) is on the other hand made of an insulating material which can withstand molten aluminum.

Abstract: An electrolytic gas generator comprises a housing, an end cap sealing the using and electrically insulated therefrom, an electrode assembly supported within the housing, and contact elements for transferring electrical current from the housing and the end cap to the electrode assembly. The electrode assembly includes a concentric arrangement of an inner cathode structure, an intermediate asbestos separator, and an outer anode element.

Abstract: An electrode assembly comprising an electroconductive support, an electrode body, and a flange extending from the body with a plurality of tabs. The flange is attached to the electroconductive support by fastening some but not all of the tabs to the support. This permits removal of the electrode by separating the electrode body from the tabs attached to the support. The electrode is reinstalled by fastening at least one of the remaining tabs to the support.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrodes for electrolytic cells. More particularly, this invention relates to electrodes for an electrolytic cell comprising:(a) means for supplying electric current;(b) a main current distributor;(c) rectangular-sectioned conductors having flat activated electrode faces and arranged standing upright, the ratio of the width to height of a cross-section being from about 1:5 to about 2:3; and(d) flat, rectangular-sectioned current distributors arranged perpendicularly to the conductors (c) and spaced from about 30 to about 150 mm apart, the ratio of the width to height of a cross-section being smaller than that for the cross-section of conductors (c), the ratio of free passage area to projected area in the zone of the conductors (c) being from about 20:30 to about 60:80 and conductors (c) being connected to current distributors (d), which are in turn connected to main current distributor (b).

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for the electrolytic production of a solution of an aqueous alkali metal hypochlorite solution. The apparatus is especially useful for chlorinating swimming pools. The single vessel is partitioned horizontally into an upper compartment for the brine and a lower compartment serving as the electrolytic cell and provided with a removable electrode assembly with an electrode spacing of at least 0.5 inch. Brine feeds through and evolved gas emerges through the partition.

Abstract: An open-cell electrolyte chlorine generator such as a type used for the chlorination of various aqueous streams including swimming pools is constructed without the use of a diaphragm or membrane isolating or partitioning the electrolyte between the anode and cathode. Instead, a gas separating plate separates the electrolyte above horizontally projecting electrodes, in order to keep the different gasses generated at the different electrodes separated as they rise to the top of the cell. Aqueous buffering reagents are added to the chloride-containing electrolyte to neutralize the hydroxide anions generated at the cathode and to optimize the evolution of chlorine gas by stabilizing the pH of the electrolyte. The chlorine and hydrogen gasses produced may be separately added to the solution which is to be treated, with an optional cooling circuit taking the pre-treated solution and passing it through the cell (in heat-exchanging tubing) prior to treatment with the gasses.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to an asymmetric woven wire mesh current distributor for an electrode containing more conductive elements (portions) in one direction than in the other direction when installed in use in an electrode so that the greater number of wires is perpendicular to the major current feeder bars and span the narrow part (conductive path) of a rectangular air cathode. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention, the current distributor is a woven wire mesh wherein the numerical ratio between the number of said perpendicular wires to said parallel wires ranges from about 1.5 to about 3:1.

Abstract: In a filter press membrane electrolytic cell having a plurality of electrodes, each electrode being of predetermined thickness and separated from the adjacent electrode by an ion-selective permeable membrane all supported by a frame and in fluid flow communication with a gas-liquid disengager there is provided an improved electrolyte return line having a first portion external to each electrode and a second portion internal to each electrode, wherein the second portion fits within the predetermined thickness in a structurally reinforcing manner so that the structural rigidity of the electrode is increased while the electrode surface area available for fluid contact is maximized.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar electrolyzer having a plurality of individual electrolytic cells electrically and mechanically in series with a bipolar element between pairs of adjacent individual cells. The bipolar element has an anodic side with anodes of the first electrolytic cell of a pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom, and a cathodic side with the cathodes of the second electrolytic cell of the pair of electrolytic cells depending therefrom. The anodic side of the bipolar element has an acidified alkali metal chloride resistant valve metal surface, and the cathodic side of the bipolar element has an alkali metal hydroxide resistant transition metal surface.

Abstract: A diaphragm cell electrode including a central current feeder and a pair of working faces welded along their central lines to the current feeder, the outer edges being unrestrained so as to be resiliently compressible and expandable.

Abstract: Electrode comprising a body, with a conductive porous skeleton, and a current outlet. The current outlet comprises a conductive plate with roughnesses which penetrate into the skeleton. The plate is rigidly connected to the skeleton by means of an electrolytic metal deposit.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for electrolytic production of magnesium metal from its chloride, which apparatus essentially comprises at least one externally unwired electrode which is made of graphite alone or graphite-iron composite and is placed between each pair of anode and cathode with the graphite side towards the cathode. The apparatus preferably comprises further a cooling passage for electrolyte bath which allows the electrolyte bath to flow outside an electrolysis chamber where the electrodes are contained, from a bath surface level to the bottom. The bath, while it passes there, is cooled a little, not enough to solidify, to exhibit an increased density so that it flows down back into the electrolysis chamber at the bottom, thus forming a continuous upflow along the electrodes, which facilitates separation of products of magnesium metal and chlorine gas and their recovery. Preferred anode construction is also illustrated.

Abstract: In an anode of a cell for alkali metal chloride electrolysis by the amalgam method and comprising a grid-like or net-like level titanium anode surface, optionally current distributing rails, a bridge acting as a primary conducting rail and at least one copper bolt as a current supply means, the improvement wherein the copper bolt has a screw thread, the bridge having a threaded passage for receiving the screw thread and a conical passage for receiving the conical portion of the copper bolt, the copper bolt and bridge being screwed together in a force- and form-locking manner.

Abstract: The apparatus for electrochemical purification of contaminated liquids comprises a settling chamber with an outlet pipe to discharge purified liquid, which communicates with an electrocoagulation chamber having in its bottom portion a system of soluble electrodes and provided with an inlet pipe to feed contaminated liquid, disposed above said system of soluble electrodes, and with an inlet pipe to feed electrolyte, disposed below said system of electrodes. The bottom portion of the electrocoagulation chamber is also provided with partitions made of an insulating material and intended to reduce the intensity of mixing of liquid currents flowing up the electrocoagulation chamber.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for electrolytically separating metals utilizing cathode sheets and anode sheets mounted in an electrolyte, the distance between the sheets being regulated, and may be variable as separation proceeds. The invention is also directed to an anode-cathode spacing device including improved electrically insulating spacing elements.

Abstract: An improved frame component for a frame of an electrode useful in a filter press cell having a channel or U-shaped configuration comprising an outer planar wall attached orthogonally to first and second planar side walls with a multiplicity of spaced rigid reinforcing members attached to first and second side walls.

Abstract: A novel electrode for a monopolar filter press cell is disclosed which comprises a first foraminous surface and a second foraminous surface positioned in parallel and spaced apart, which are secured to conductor rods positioned in a cell frame. The frame has two side members, a top member and a bottom member attached to the first and second foraminous surfaces. A chamber is formed between the first and second foraminous surfaces and bounded by the frame. At least one pair of conductor rods pass through one of the side members of the frame into the chamber. One of the conductor rods in each pair is attached only to the first foraminous surface; the other conductor rod in the pair is attached only to the second foraminous surface. The frame has inlets and outlets for introducing fluids into and removing electrolysis products from the chamber.

Abstract: An electrode for a monopolar filter press cell comprises two vertical foraminous surfaces positioned in parallel and spaced apart. A frame having two side members, a top member, and a bottom member is attached to the foraminous surfaces. A chamber is formed between the foraminous surfaces and bounded by the frame. Conductor rods pass through one of the side members into the chamber; the conductor rods being spaced apart from the foraminous surfaces. The frame has inlets and outlets for introducing fluids into and removing electrolysis products from the chamber. The novel electrodes provide improved gas flow patterns by creating limited restrictions within the chamber so as to generate a Venturi or low pressure effect which pulls gases from the interelectrode gap through the electrode surfaces and into the chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus usable in the electrolytic treatment of electroactive species in a solution include a porous electrode which is supported across a fluid flow path in such a manner that fluid flowing along the flow path must pass through an effective portion of the electrode.

Abstract: A cathode assembly for the electrodeposition of metals comprising in combination at least one edge stick engaging at least one edge of a cathode, wherein the cathode has at least one upstanding projection on each of its surfaces proximate said edge, the projections each having an upstanding face which is both substantially parallel to the proximate cathode edge and facing away therefrom, and wherein the non-conductive plastic edge stick is of channel-like form, the inner trough faces of the channel being adapted to engage securely with the projections proximate the cathode edge, thereby to retain the edge stick thereupon. This assemblage has the advantages of simplicity of construction and assembly, while also avoiding any weakening of the cathode edge.

Abstract: An expandable electrode for use in an electrolytic cell of the diaphragm or membrane type and comprising a pair of electrode plates bridged along one edge of each plate, and located between the plates in a plane essentially perpendicular to the faces of the plates at least one spacing member which in profile is in the form of one or more substantially wedge-shaped sections and which is movable relative to the electrode plates, the electrode plates being provided with one or more transverse members which, upon movement of the spacing member relative to the plates, is or are engaged by the wedge-shaped sections(s) of the spacing member(s) to control the spacing between the electrode plates. The spacing member preferably comprises one or more double wedge-shaped sections and the electrode plates are preferably slotted plates, for example louvred plates.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for use in a molten salt cell having a corrosive environment of high temperature chlorine gas and a molten bath of magnesium chloride and other salts includes a tapered metal core and is water cooled.

Abstract: An electrode package is disclosed which comprises a substantially flat elrode (32) surrounded by two substantially flat inner frames (1) which are surrounded by a substantially flat outer frame (20) with holes (21, 22) for supply of electrolyte to and holes (23, 24) for discharge of electrolyte from the electrode. Each of the inner frames is provided with a grid (13) that improves the electrolyte flow and serves as a support for a membrane when used in membrane cells, and furthermore with flow-distributing projections and possibly barriers, making it possible to achieve varying flow patterns for the electrolyte with the same basic construction. The outer frame is preferably provided with ridges, going all the way round, for the simple fitting and sealing of a membrane against it. The electrode package will, thus, be particularly suitable for use in membrane cells in electrolyzers of the filter-press type, said use also being described herein.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell, especially for the oxidation of nickel (II) hydroxide, having a container for the electrolyte as well as anodes and cathodes fitted overlappingly at short distances from each other and connected to a source of current by means of lugs, which the anodes and the cathodes are supported by the container bottom and the lugs of the anodes and the lugs of the cathodes have been offset in relation to each other.

Abstract: An electrode compartment is a part of a filter press type electrolytic cell for electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride. The electrode compartment comprises lower, upper and side frames to form an electrolyzing chamber, and current lead bars which are inserted from the bottom of the lower frame in the vertical direction to be parallel to lifting flow of an electrolyte and the electrode being mechanically held through fitting means on the lead bars in the electrolyzing chamber.

Abstract: A hanger bar for use in electrolytic copper or zinc production cells comprising a steel reinforced bar with extra reinforcement at the contact points, the extra reinforcement being provided by a block of copper or a copper alloy having greater strength than the remainder of the bar.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell with a tank for the electrolyte is disclosed wherein several plate-like electrodes are fitted in the tank together with members for connecting the electrodes to the source of electric current, the members, connected to at least one pole of the source of electric current, being aluminum or, when welded with an aluminum additive, alternatively copper conductor rails or suspended conductors which have been attached to the titanium shell part on its opposite side in relation to the titanium electrodes or directly to the titanium electrodes either by gas arc welding or by welding aluminum on the titanium shell part of the electrolytic tank or on those parts of the titanium electrodes adapted to be attached to the conductors.

Abstract: An anode for a cell for electrolytic recovery of nonferrous metals especially copper is provided with a plate-shaped deposition surface, a hanger for suspending the anode in the cell, and a perforated pipe along a bottom edge of the anode for discharging bubbles of gas upwardly in the electrolyte along the faces of the anode. A bar along an edge of the anode can be provided with a feeder for the gas communicating with the pipe and the hanger may have a passage communicating with this feeder.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for electro-chemically machining an article, such as an aerofoil shaped blade for a turbo machine. The assembly comprises a plurality of electrodes 2,3 for location adjacent a workpiece 7. Each electrode 2,3 is constrained to move in a first direction towards each other and towards the workpiece 7 and has two side members 22,23 carried by a main body 21. The side members 22,23 are constrained to move with the main body 21 and also relative to the main body in directions parallel to the first direction. The side members 22,23 advance ahead of the main body 21 and when they abut the side members 22,23 of the other electrodes 2,3 their advancement is stopped while the main bodies 21 of the electrodes 2,3, continue to approach each other for a predetermined distance. In this way edge effects during machining are eliminated enabling an accurate shape of article to be produced.