Abstract: An improved electrode for an electrolytic reduction cell is disclosed which comprises a nonmetallic electrode having a top surface, a central bore in the top surface, a central metal current source comprising a metal shaft or rod in the central bore, and side bores extending from the central bore toward the sides of the electrode having metallic portions therein to provide lateral current distribution from the central current source. In a preferred embodiment, the side bores are filled with metal in situ by pouring molten metal such as cast iron into the central bore to lock the central shaft in place wherein the molten metal will flow, during such filling, into the side bores to provide intimate contact with the sidewalls of side bores to provide improved lateral current distribution from the central current source across said electrode.

Abstract: An anode configuration is provided particularly for a bath that is used for electrolytically plating a substrate with a nickel and/or cobalt phosphorus alloy. The anode comprises a plurality of widely spaced portions of material, preferably of platinum or rhodium. The anode configuration is such that the anode has a very high current density in use--at least 200 amperes per square foot and preferably 500 amperes per square foot. The wide spacing of the anode portions may be provided in a number of different ways. A platinum wire may extend between titanium screws attached to a pair of parallel spaced titanium buses, in a zig-zag manner. A platinum wire may be welded at its opposite ends to a titanium bus, and helically wrapped around the bus, with the welding junctions covered by an insulating material (e.g. vinyl). A platinum tube may be shrink fit onto a titanium bus.

Abstract: A gasket of an electrically insulating material, suitable for use in an electrolytic cell, which gasket comprises a plurality of projections and/or recesses on and/or in a surface thereof which are adapted to cooperate with corresponding recesses and/or projections in and/or on a surface of an anode or of a cathode or of a gasket adjacent thereto, in which the projections and/or recesses are present as a plurality of rows thereof on and/or in a surface of the gasket. Also, an electrolytic cell, which may be of the filter press type, and which contains a gasket as described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolyzer comprising at least an intermediate electrodic structure interposed between two electrodic end-structures, a separate on each side of the intermediate electrodic structure, device for impressing electrolysis current to the electrolyzer and means for feeding electrolytes to and withdrawing electrolysis products from the electrolyzer compartments. The intermediate electrodic structure comprises a current conducting and distributing core (1) of at least one highly conductive metal sheet; a series of substantially parallel, projecting ribs (2, 10) provided or not onto both surfaces of said core (1); a liner (3) on each side of the core (1) and made of a corrosion resistant metal. These liners (3) are formed by cold- or hot-pressing to fit to the ribs (2, 10) in case core ribs are provided, or have parallel ribs (10') fixed thereto in case core (1) has no ribs. The liners (3) have peripheral projecting flanges (4) parallel to the liners.

Abstract: A metal anode comprises a current feed and at least one current distributor branching therefrom. The current distributor has a sleeve consisting of two identically formed profiled members which each have a respective crosspiece and two unequal limbs extending from its ends at right angles in opposite senses. The two profiled members are, for formation of the sleeve, assembled together so that the shorter limb of the one profile member lies in the region of the free end of the longer limb of the other profile member, whereby on the two narrow sides of the sleeve offset projecting flanges result. On these flanges are connected respective plate-like elements. These form the active part of the electrode. The plate-like elements consist expediently of corrugated expanded metal.

Abstract: An electrode arrangement for the electrochemical metal erosion process for producing a radial cylindrical tooth system is provided by the present invention. This arrangement has a metal plate forming the electrode which is provided with a ring of tongues, and an insulator ring which is arranged radially resiliently and presses against the crests of the produced teeth. Burn-free radial cylindrical tooth systems with improved precision are produced with the electrode arrangement according to the invention.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for a molten salt comprising alkali- or alkaline earth metal chloride, comprising: an assembly of anode and cathode in opposed relation with each other, a tightly closable vessel containing said assembly and capable of holding in molten state a salt comprising an alkali- or alkaline earth metal chloride, an insulative partition arranged around the anode and extending axially over a height range including the intended bath level, several projections formed to a length on an effective side of the anode opposed to the cathode, said projection having upper and lower surfaces declining outwards so an open bottom-closed top space is provided under each projection, a rise bore formed lengthwise within the anode to run along the axis and a lateral hole in communicating relation with an inward ascent between said space and rise bore.

Abstract: An anodic boot for the protection of steel reinforcement in concrete support structure from corrosion. The boot includes flexible panel means having first and second sides, at least one side of which is conductive polymer, and means for affixing the ends of the panel means about the circumference of the concrete support structure, maintaining the first side in contact with the exterior surface of the concrete support structure. By connecting the reinforcing bars to the negative side of a D.C. source and placing the positive side into the water surrounding the concrete support, a cathodic reaction occurs.

Abstract: An electrode for membrane electrolysis comprises an electrode body, whose surface is provided at least partially with an electro-catalytically active coating.The electrode body is constructed from a plurality of parallel, mutually spaced lamellas having a plurality of recesses on edge surfaces facing the membrane, edge surfaces of bridge portions, located between these recesses, not being coated for electro-catalytic activity.

Abstract: Bubbles produced at an electrode in an electrolytic process are coalesced by providing a surface-limiting, electrically inert masking device of which at least a bottom portion is submerged in the electrolyte. The masking device reduces the free surface of the electrolyte between the electrodes and this urges the gas bubbles together so that they coalesce, resulting in larger bubbles and less acid mist generation.

Abstract: An electrode comprises a horizontally arranged current feed which is formed by a rail of copper or has such a rail as a current conductive component. From this rail at least one current distributor branches, which is constructed of a sleeve of valve metal and a core arranged therein, and of a metal which is a good electrical conductor which is in electrical connection with the sleeve and in which preferably a contact structure is embedded which consists of valve metal and is connected to the inner surface of the sleeve by a plurality of weld positions. To the sleeve of the current distributor an active part of the electrode is mechanically and electrically conductively connected.The essential feature of this electrode consists in that in the core of the current distributor a bar of material which is a good electrical conductor, preferably copper, engages which is connected in a mechanically and electrically conductive manner to the rail of the current feed.

Abstract: A machine for electrochemically machining oversize airfoil blades of an integral bladed gas turbine engine rotor includes a yoke assembly on which the rotor is fixtured and which is pivotable to place the lateral center plane of the rotor at an angle or skew relative to the center plane of the machine and opposed cathodes in an electrolyte chamber at a workpart machining position in the chamber. The cathodes have pockets to receive airfoil blades adjacent the individual blade to be machined without contact with the adjacent blades as the cathodes and workpart are moved relative to the workpart machining position during workpart positioning in the chamber and also during advancement of the cathodes from a cathode start machining position toward the workpart during machining. The yoke assembly includes a pivot pin and locking mechanism for releasably locking the angular position of the yoke assembly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode rod permitting extraction of the current from a cell for the production of aluminum by electrolysis according to the Hall-Heroult process, which is sealed in at least one groove which is open at the base of each of the carbonated blocks 1 forming the cathode of the electrolysis cell.According to the invention, the cathode rod 2 is extended by a metal sole 5 in electrical contact with the base of the carbonated blocks 1 over at least 20% of the total surface area of this base. The sole 5 is constituted by a metal sheet which is at least 4 mm thick and preferably at least 10 mm thick and is soldered to the cathode rod 2 before the carbonated block 1 is positioned in the cell.To prevent infiltration of electrolyte into the subcathode space, the lower face of the sole 5 is placed in a superimposed relationship and in electrical contact with a thick, continuous metal screen 26 arranged at the top of the thermally insulating lining.

Abstract: Such a coated valve metal electrode consists of at least one current feed and at least one current distributor. Current feed and current distributor are mechanically and electrically conductively connected via sheet-like connection elements. The active surface of this electrode consists of lamellas of valve metal having an active surface coating.The essential features of this electrode consist in that the coated overall surface of the lamellas F.sub.A and the surface F.sub.P assumed by the overall arrangement of the lamellas (length and breadth of the electrode surface) have a surface factor such that 20.gtoreq.F.sub.A /F.sub.P .gtoreq.4, preferably such that 14.gtoreq.F.sub.A /F.sub.P .gtoreq.6, and in that the greater proportion of the coated surface of the lamellas is directed perpendicularly to the surface of the strip to be coated.

Abstract: Improved electrolytic cell performance is obtained by modifying a standard box anode by increasing the width thereof by permanently deforming the anode mesh within the immediate vicinity of the anode post. Increases in anode width of from about 3 mm to about 12 mm, resulting in reduction of interelectrode gap of about 1.5 mm to about 6 mm, have been found advantageous. Improvement is enhanced by the use of a polymer bonded asbestos diaphragm.

Abstract: A torsionally installed anode for galvanic corrosion protection and a combination torsionally installed anode and earth penetrator is disclosed. The anode may be screwed (i.e., torsionally installed) into the earth (e.g., the seabed, the riverbed, or the ground) so as to constitute a sacrificial anode. The anode may serve the dual purpose of protecting an underwater metallic article (e.g., a pipeline or the like) from corrosion, and of supporting the metallic article above the seabed.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrolyzer comprising at least two mechanically joined parts (1, 2) between which electrical connection is maintained by means of several elastic, thin and electrically conductive louvers (4), positioned at an angle to the surfaces, which louvers are pressed to contact with the surfaces of the electrode parts by means of a mechanical joint (6) between the parts.

Abstract: An electrode for electrolytic extraction of metals or metal oxides comprises a horizontally arranged current feed which has a copper rail as current feeding component. From this rail at least one current distributor branches, which consists of a sleeve of valve metal and a core arranged therein and consisting of metal which is a good electrical conductor which is in good electrical connection with the sleeve and in which preferably a contact structure is embedded. To the sleeve of the current distributor an active part of the electrode is mechanically and electrically connected.The rail of the current feed of copper is provided in the region of the connection position of a current distributor with a connection element of valve metal which is connected to the copper rail via a separate copper element by explosion welding.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an immersion type electrode structure comprising a power supply bus bar and an anode provided with a hanging current supply portion contacting with the power supply bus bar. In this structure, at least that portion of the bus bar which is immersed into a plating liquid and the hanging current supply portion are covered with a corrosion-resistant metal thin sheet.

Abstract: Bubbles produced at an electrode in an electrolytic process are coalesced by providing a surface-limiting, electrically inert masking device of which at least a bottom portion is submerged in the electrolyte. The masking device reduces the free surface of the electrolyte between the electrodes and this urges the gas bubbles together so that they coalesce, resulting in larger bubbles and less acid mist generation.

Abstract: A glass slide has parallel tubular electrodes for performing electro cell fusion. Fluid may be pumped through the electrodes to dissipate heat to enhance the yield of viable hybrids. An alternate embodiment sandwiches a gasket and parallel tubular electrodes between glass slides to permit cell fusion in a closed sterile environment.

Abstract: A gas-evolving metal electrode consists of profiles which are arranged parallel to one another in a horizontal plane and are connected to one another by means of current distributors. The profile surfaces which face the counter-electrode are curved, the curvature at the sides being more pronounced than that in the middle. The profile is terminated above by means of two lateral surfaces tangential to the curvature. The electrode is useful as an anode for mercury cells for the chloralkali electrolysis.

Abstract: The invention concerns floating cathode elements which are intended for the electrolytic production of aluminum using the Hall-Heroult process in an electrolysis tank comprising a molten cryolite-base bath, between a carbon anode, and a cathodic layer of molten aluminum, said elements comprising at least one active cathode element (30) formed of electrically conductive refractory material such as titanium diboride and supported by an intermediate support (31) which is inert with respect to the liquid aluminum and the electrolyte, the mean relative density of the assembly of the acitve cathode element and the inert intermediate support being lower than the relative density of the liquid aluminum under the normal conditions of operation of the electrolysis tank.

Abstract: Electrolytic cell of single electrode type or multiple electrodes type, which is divided into the anode chamber and the cathode chamber with employing a cation exchange membrane and used for the electrolysis of the aqueous solution of alkali chloride, characterized in comprising(a) anode chamber and cathode chamber,(b) partition having a thickness of less than 6 mm to separate the anode chamber from the cathode chamber,(c) ribs joining the electrode with the partition.

Abstract: An anode element for use in a cathodic protection system comprises a tube 1 having a pointed front extremity 2 and a rear extremity 3 adapted to be acted upon by an impact force. The tube 1 is filled with a granular carbon-containing material 18 having a metal rod provided therein. Connected to the rod 4 is an electrical connecting cable 10 which, via a passage 14 provided in the wall of the tube 1, extends to the outside of the tube 1 through a pipe 13 provided on the outer wall of the tube 1, said pipe 13 having a diameter smaller than that of the tube and extending parallel to the center line of the tube 1 from the passage 14 to the rear extremity 3 of said tube.

Abstract: In an electrolytic reduction cell for the production of a molten metal by electrolysis of a molten electrolyte, the product metal collects on a cathodic carbon floor having embedded steel current collector bars for leading out the cathodic current. In order to reduce the wave motion of the metal due to interaction of horizontal currents in the product metal with the magnetic fields due to currents in conductors associated with the cell, electrically non-conductive barrier members are arranged on the floor of the cell transversely of horizontal currents in the product metal. Such barrier members have at least a surface layer of material resistant to product metal and extend upwardly from the cell floor to a height approximating to the normal maximum operating level of product metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for use in electrometallurgical processes, particularly for use as an anode in copper electrorefining to deposit copper onto starting blanks to make starting sheets or cathode products. The electrode is characterized by having a continuous planar configuration having a top, bottom and two vertical sides with two integral, distinct and separate legs extending from the bottom and adjacent to each of said vertical sides.

Abstract: An electrode structure comprising an electrically conductive sheet material, a plurality of projections on at least one surface of the sheet material and preferably on both surfaces, which are spaced apart from each other in a first direction and in a direction transverse thereto, and a flexible electrically conductive foraminous sheet or sheets electrically conductively bonded to the projections.

Abstract: A novel commercial chlor-alkali electrolytic cell which has a pack of less than about 50 interleaved parallel planar electrode frames and substantially horizontal conductor rods. The pack is at least half and preferably twice as tall as it is thick.

Abstract: A monopolar membrane electrolytic cell is comprised of a plurality of anodes wherein each anode is comprised of a first foraminous surface and a second foraminous surface positioned in parallel and spaced apart, and a frame enclosing the first and the second foraminous surfaces. The frame has two side members, a top member, and a bottom member attached to the foraminous surfaces. A chamber is formed between the foraminous surfaces and bounded by the frame. Conductor rods pass through one of the side members of the frame into the chamber, the conductor rods being spaced apart from the foraminous surfaces. Foraminous conductive connectors are positioned in the chamber and attached to the conductor rods and to the foraminous surfaces; a plurality of cathodes wherein each cathode is comprised of at least one foraminous surface, and a frame which encloses the foraminous surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to devices employed for generation of oxygen-hydrogen gas. Efficient production of gas is achieved by an electrode assembly (18) placed within a chamber assembly (17) the input end of which is elevated above the output end. Electrodes (38) having surfaces (41) with ribs (57) form narrowing, deepening channels (56) down which electrolyte flows in a turbulent manner.

Abstract: A novel electrolysis unit (10) for forming sodium chlorate from sodium chloride utilizes a reaction tank (12) and a bank (18) of electrolysis cells wherein the cells (20) are rigidly joined together using a bipolar cell divider plate (42) between adjacent cells. The cells (20) contain interleaved anode (34) and cathode (32) plates which define upwardly-extending electrolysis channels (36). The bank of cells (18) is connected to the reaction tank (18) to receive a plurality of individual flows of electrolyte to the cells (24) and to forward a plurality of individual flows of electrolyzed material (26) to the tank (12). The cell divider plate (42) comprises anodic (64) and cathodic (62) metal layers intimately and integrally connected, by explosive bonding to an electrically-conducting metal layer (66), usually copper.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of magnesium at low temperatures and electrical potential using a composite anode consisting of a mixture of an oxygen containing compound of magnesium and a reducing agent with internal conductors extending through the composite mixture to provide low resistance current paths through the highly resistive mixture to the active anode surface. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be prebaked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in particulate form contained within a porous membrane. A bipolar arrangement may also be employed.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electrolytic cell sealed in gas-tight and liquid-tight fashion. The cell is comprised of a box-shaped cell tank open at its top and provided with at least one intake duct, at least one overflow duct and at least one discharge duct. A cover is placed on the cell tank and two opposed flanges receiving electrode supporting frames are secured to the inside of the cell tank near the upper end thereof. A chemically resistant and electrically insulating coating is applied to the inside of the cover and cell tank and a plurality of semi-circular recessed grooves spaced apart from each other are formed in the upper rim portion of at least one of the side walls of the cell tank, the recessed grooves receiving semi-circular current beams projecting outwardly.

Abstract: A composite electrode made up by stacking a multiplicity of alternate anode plates and cathode plates the adjacent surfaces of which are insulated from each other by a thin film of an insulating material such as fluon, kynar, PVC, etc. With this composite electrode, a K value of 0.100 to 0.150 can be easily achieved in the electrolytic production of chlorates and hypochlorites.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm or membrane electrolyzer comprising a housing containing an end anode element, an end cathode element and a plurality of bipolar elements with their major dimensions lying in a substantially vertical plane and comprised of a bipolar wall separating the anode compartment and the cathode compartment and vertical foraminous electrodes parallel positioned a certain distance from the bipolar wall, diaphragms or membranes separating the anodes and cathodes, a series of baffles distributed along the entire width of the electrode compartment and extending from the bipolar wall to the foraminous electrode to form a series of vertical flow channels extending over a large portion of the height of the wall, the said baffles being alternately inclined one way and the other way with respect to the vertical plane normal to the bipolar wall plane and spaced from one another whereby the ratio of the electrode surface intercepted by the edges of two baffles laterally defining a vertical flow channel to the

Abstract: In a filter press membrane electrolytic cell there is provided a reinforced electrode frame channel that is backed by a reinforcing strip which also serves as a gasket restraint when the adjacent electrodes are compressed to form the assembled cell.

Abstract: A lead anode for electrowinning cells in which the anode is in the form of rods reinforced with a core of titanium or other strengthening material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode-cathode assembly useful in brine electrolysis cells. Principally featured is an anode-cathode assembly wherein the anode is C- or U-shaped, and is fitted around the cathodes instead of being fitted between two cathodes.

Abstract: A solid cathode in a fused salt electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is made up of individually exchangeable elements (10). These cathode elements are made up of two parts which are rigidly joined together and which are resistant to thermal shock. The upper part (12) which projects from the molten electrolyte (30) into the precipitated aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (12), is made of a material which, at working temperature, is a good electrical conductor, is chemically resistant and is wet by aluminum. The lower part (14,16), which is exclusively in the liquid aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (14,16) is on the other hand made of an insulating material which can withstand molten aluminum.

Abstract: An electrolytic gas generator comprises a housing, an end cap sealing the using and electrically insulated therefrom, an electrode assembly supported within the housing, and contact elements for transferring electrical current from the housing and the end cap to the electrode assembly. The electrode assembly includes a concentric arrangement of an inner cathode structure, an intermediate asbestos separator, and an outer anode element.

Abstract: An electrode assembly comprising an electroconductive support, an electrode body, and a flange extending from the body with a plurality of tabs. The flange is attached to the electroconductive support by fastening some but not all of the tabs to the support. This permits removal of the electrode by separating the electrode body from the tabs attached to the support. The electrode is reinstalled by fastening at least one of the remaining tabs to the support.

Abstract: Apparatus comprises an anode made of a sacrificial anode metal and at least one member made of a material other than the material of the sacrificial anode metal. A method for determining the state of corrosion of an anode is also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrodes for electrolytic cells. More particularly, this invention relates to electrodes for an electrolytic cell comprising:(a) means for supplying electric current;(b) a main current distributor;(c) rectangular-sectioned conductors having flat activated electrode faces and arranged standing upright, the ratio of the width to height of a cross-section being from about 1:5 to about 2:3; and(d) flat, rectangular-sectioned current distributors arranged perpendicularly to the conductors (c) and spaced from about 30 to about 150 mm apart, the ratio of the width to height of a cross-section being smaller than that for the cross-section of conductors (c), the ratio of free passage area to projected area in the zone of the conductors (c) being from about 20:30 to about 60:80 and conductors (c) being connected to current distributors (d), which are in turn connected to main current distributor (b).

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to an asymmetric woven wire mesh current distributor for an electrode containing more conductive elements (portions) in one direction than in the other direction when installed in use in an electrode so that the greater number of wires is perpendicular to the major current feeder bars and span the narrow part (conductive path) of a rectangular air cathode. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention, the current distributor is a woven wire mesh wherein the numerical ratio between the number of said perpendicular wires to said parallel wires ranges from about 1.5 to about 3:1.

Abstract: A diaphragm cell electrode including a central current feeder and a pair of working faces welded along their central lines to the current feeder, the outer edges being unrestrained so as to be resiliently compressible and expandable.

Abstract: The apparatus for electrochemical purification of contaminated liquids comprises a settling chamber with an outlet pipe to discharge purified liquid, which communicates with an electrocoagulation chamber having in its bottom portion a system of soluble electrodes and provided with an inlet pipe to feed contaminated liquid, disposed above said system of soluble electrodes, and with an inlet pipe to feed electrolyte, disposed below said system of electrodes. The bottom portion of the electrocoagulation chamber is also provided with partitions made of an insulating material and intended to reduce the intensity of mixing of liquid currents flowing up the electrocoagulation chamber.

Abstract: A novel electrode for a monopolar filter press cell is disclosed which comprises a first foraminous surface and a second foraminous surface positioned in parallel and spaced apart, which are secured to conductor rods positioned in a cell frame. The frame has two side members, a top member and a bottom member attached to the first and second foraminous surfaces. A chamber is formed between the first and second foraminous surfaces and bounded by the frame. At least one pair of conductor rods pass through one of the side members of the frame into the chamber. One of the conductor rods in each pair is attached only to the first foraminous surface; the other conductor rod in the pair is attached only to the second foraminous surface. The frame has inlets and outlets for introducing fluids into and removing electrolysis products from the chamber.

Abstract: An electrode for a monopolar filter press cell comprises two vertical foraminous surfaces positioned in parallel and spaced apart. A frame having two side members, a top member, and a bottom member is attached to the foraminous surfaces. A chamber is formed between the foraminous surfaces and bounded by the frame. Conductor rods pass through one of the side members into the chamber; the conductor rods being spaced apart from the foraminous surfaces. The frame has inlets and outlets for introducing fluids into and removing electrolysis products from the chamber. The novel electrodes provide improved gas flow patterns by creating limited restrictions within the chamber so as to generate a Venturi or low pressure effect which pulls gases from the interelectrode gap through the electrode surfaces and into the chamber.

Abstract: A slurry electrowinning apparatus includes a tank (10) in which are mounted alternating, spaced-apart anode (18) and cathode (20) electrodes. An inlet opening (60) is formed in a side of the tank (10) for introducing a copper-bearing electrolyte to the tank (10). An overflow opening (76) is also formed in a side of the tank (10) such that a solution level (62) is maintained in the tank (10) which is above the inlet opening (60). Baffles (64) are mounted within the tank (10) for evenly distributing the slurry within the tank (10) between the anodes (18) and cathodes (20). Both the anodes (18) and the cathodes (20) are supported within the tank (10) by electrode guides (22) such that a high pressure contact between the electrodes (18, 20) and the main electrical bussing (78) is provided.