Abstract: Disclosed is a digital pH sensor for measuring the pH, comprising an electronics unit, sensor housing having a first half-cell and a second half-cell adapted to form a potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode if the digital pH sensor is in contact with a measurement medium, wherein the electronics unit is adapted for converting the potential difference into a digital voltage value or a digital pH value, wherein the first electrolyte, the first electrode, the second electrolyte, and/or the second electrode are selected such that, at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 25° C. in the measurement medium, the potential difference of the two electrodes is not equal to 0 mV, and wherein the electronics unit converts the potential difference into the digital measured pH value of 7 or a digital measured voltage value of 0 mV.

Abstract: An intelligent nitrogen-oxygen sensor and a detection method thereof are disclosed. The sensor includes an induction chip. The induction chip includes a substrate unit, a printing function unit and a closed structural unit. The substrate unit includes an upper zirconia substrate (1), a middle zirconia substrate (2) and a lower zirconia substrate (3). The printing function unit includes a common external electrode (11), a main pump internal electrode (12), an auxiliary pump internal electrode (13), a mixed potential sensitive electrode (31), a measurement pump internal electrode (32), a reference air electrode (33), a first insulation coating layer (41), a second insulation coating layer (42), a heating circuit (43) and eight electrode contact points. The closed structural unit includes a first measurement cavity (21), a second measurement cavity (22) and a reference air passage (23).

Abstract: A gas sensor which detects a concentration of a specific gas contained in a gas to be measured is provided with a gas sensor element. The gas sensor element has an ion conductive solid electrolyte body, a measuring gas electrode which is mounted on a surface of the solid electrolyte body, a reference gas electrode mounted on a surface of the solid electrolyte body, and a catalyst layer mounted on an outer-side relative to the measuring gas electrode-side. The catalyst layer contains a metal catalyst loaded onto a carrier. The metal catalyst is a Pt single substance, and has a specific surface area defined by the equation below of equal to or more than 0.01 to equal to or less than 23: Specific surface area=total surface area of metal catalyst which exists on an electrode unit surface area/actual surface area of electrode per electrode unit surface area.

Abstract: An amperometric electrochemical sensor for measuring the concentrations of one or more target gas species in a gas sample or gas stream, the sensor having at least one electrochemical cell with first and second surface electrodes, an electrolyte layer and a passive signal amplifying layer (“SAL”) comprising electrically conductive material like platinum, wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte layer is located between the surface electrodes and the SAL such that the SAL is in direct, conductive contact with the electrolyte layer but is not in direct contact with the surface electrodes. Sensor systems and detection methods are also provided.

Abstract: A monitor and indicator system includes a sensor part, a control and indication part, and a power part. The monitor and indicator system is configured to: (a) monitor a concentration of a sterilant in a sanitizing solution; (b) determine a depletion of the sterilant upon detecting that the concentration of the sterilant becomes equal to or falls below a predetermined threshold concentration level; and (c) indicate the depletion of the sterilant of the sanitizing solution by emitting a notification.

Abstract: A device includes a main body and at least one actuating and sensing module. A length of the main body is 5˜40 mm. A width of the main body is 5˜27 mm. A height of the main body is 2˜10 mm. The actuating and sensing module is disposed in the main body. The actuating and sensing module includes a carrier, at least one sensor, at least one actuating device, a driving and transmitting controller and a battery. The sensor, the actuating device, the driving and transmitting controller and the battery are disposed on the carrier. The actuating device is disposed on one side of the sensor. The actuating device includes at least one guiding channel. The actuating device is enabled to transport fluid to flow toward the sensor through the guiding channel so as to make the fluid measured by the sensor.

Abstract: A gas sensor including a detection element section (71) including a solid electrolyte body and a pair of electrodes disposed on the solid electrolyte body, and a heater (73) for heating the detection element section (71). Inherent characteristic information is recorded in a record section (170) provided on the gas sensor or a record section provided separately from the gas sensor. The inherent characteristic information is information specific to the detection element section (71) and which allows setting of a relation between a change in the temperature of the detection element section (71) and a change in the internal resistance between the pair of electrodes.

Abstract: Various devices, systems and methods of detecting a susceptibility of one or more infectious agents to one or more anti-infectives are described herein. In one embodiment, a method of detecting the susceptibility of the infectious agents to the anti-infectives involves introducing a sample comprising the infectious agents to a filter comprising a filter surface. The filter surface can be configured to capture the infectious agents in the sample. The method can also involve introducing a solution to the filter surface such that the solution is in fluid communication with the infectious agents captured on the filter surface. The solution can comprise nutrients and one or more anti-infectives. The method can further involve monitoring an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of the solution using one or more parameter analyzers coupled to a sensor currently in fluid communication with the solution to assess the susceptibility of the infectious agents to the anti-infectives.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube-based reference electrode and an all-carbon nanotube microelectrode assembly for electrochemical sensing and specialized analytics are disclosed, along with methods of manufacture, and applications including detection of ionic species including heavy metals in municipal and environmental water, monitoring of steel corrosion in steel-reinforced concrete, and analysis of biological fluids.

Abstract: Example systems, apparatuses and methods are disclosed for measuring electrolyte content in an electrochemical gas sensor. An example system may comprise a separator material, a first electrode configured to be disposed on a first separator material surface, and a second electrode configured to be disposed on a second separator material surface. The example system may further comprise a wick material comprising a first wick material surface and a second wick material surface opposite the first wick material surface, a third electrode configured to be disposed facing the first wick material surface, and a fourth electrode configured to be disposed on the second wick material surface. The fourth electrode may be configured to measure an electrical conductivity through the wick material.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided which may be formed using micromachining techniques commonly used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. This is achieved by forming microcapillaries in a silicon substrate and forming an opening in an insulating layer to allow environmental gases to reach through to the top side of the substrate. A porous electrode is printed on the top side of the insulating layer such that the electrode is formed in the opening in the insulating layer. The sensor also comprises at least one additional electrode. The electrolyte is then formed on top of the electrodes. A cap is formed over the electrodes and electrolyte. This arrangement may easily be produced using micromachining techniques.

Abstract: A fluid-property detection device includes a housing attached to the external device, the housing being configured to hold the outer electrode and the inner electrode, an outer insulating member provided between the housing and the outer electrode, the outer insulating member being configured to insulate between the housing and the outer electrode, and an inner insulating member provided between the outer electrode and the inner electrode, the inner insulating member being configured to insulate between the outer electrode and the inner electrode, being configured to insulate between the housing and the inner electrode. The outer electrode and the inner electrode respectively have tip end portions, the tip end portions projecting out from the housing and being configured to expose to the detection target fluid contained in the external device.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes to a sensor element including a membrane having a first functionalized region and a second functionalized region and including a sensor element body on which the membrane rests. The sensor element body has at least one electrically conductive first conductor and an electrically conductive second conductor electrically insulated from the first conductor. The first conductor is electrically and/or electrolytically conductively connected to the first functionalized region of the membrane, and the second conductor is electrically and/or electrolytically conductively connected to the second functionalized region of the membrane. In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for fabricating such a sensor element is disclosed.

Abstract: Compositions containing diamond particles for producing reflective coatings and methods of wet and dry application of diamond particles to substrates to produce reflective coatings. The coatings have a desirable appearance, are robust and easy to apply.

Abstract: A sensing chip attached to a bandage monitors the healing process of a wound by detecting growth factors, thrombin and fibrinogen. The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor includes a functionalized working electrode, functionalized counter electrode and functionalized reference electrode. The healing progress is stimulated by generating oxygen in the wound.

Abstract: A method of directly measuring SO2 and other trace gases by configuring an electrochemical cell (ECC) sonde; and an ECC sonde pump inlet filter to remove ozone and other trace gases. Further, calibration and operation procedures for the SO2 and other trace gas ECC sondes are disclosed.

Abstract: A biosensor device includes a substrate plate, a metal conductive layer, a plurality of working electrodes and an insulating layer. The metal conductive layer is disposed over the substrate plate and has an upper surface. The working electrodes are disposed over the upper surface of the metal conductive layer, wherein each of the working electrodes has a top surface and each of the top surfaces is higher than the upper surface of the metal conductive layer. The insulating layer covers the metal conductive layer and surrounds the working electrodes, wherein an upper surface of the insulating layer is located between the top surfaces and the upper surface of the metal conductive layer such that the working electrodes protrude beyond the upper surface of the insulating layer. A method for manufacturing the biosensor device and a method for detecting biological molecules by using the biosensor device are also provided herein.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for electroplating metal into recessed features using a superconformal fill mechanism that provides relatively faster plating within a feature and relatively slower plating in the field region. Moreover, within the feature, plating occurs faster toward the bottom of the feature compared to the top of the feature. The result is that the feature is filled with metal from the bottom upwards, resulting in a high quality fill without the formation of seams or voids, defects that are likely where a conformal fill mechanism is used. The superconformal fill mechanism relies on the presence of a sacrificial oxidant molecule that is used to develop a differential current efficiency within the feature compared to the field region. Various plating conditions are balanced against one another to ensure that the feature fills from the bottom upwards. No organic plating additives are necessary, though plating additives can be used to improve the process.

Abstract: A first gas sensor includes a main pump cell that pumps oxygen inside a main oxygen concentration adjustment chamber, by applying a main pump voltage between a main interior side electrode and an exterior side electrode, and causing a main pump current to flow, a preliminary pump cell that pumps the oxygen inside a preliminary adjustment chamber by applying a preliminary pump voltage between an interior side preliminary electrode and the exterior side electrode, and causing a preliminary pump current to flow, and a constant control unit that controls the preliminary pump voltage of the preliminary pump cell in a manner so that the main pump current of the main pump cell becomes constant.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based gas sensor including an electrolyte contacting one or more top electrode(s) arranged on the bottom surface of a top semiconductor substrate (TSS), and one or more bottom electrode(s) arranged on the top of a bottom semiconductor substrate (BSS), the TSS and BSS joined with an adhesive seal around the electrolyte, the sensor including one or more capillaries providing gaseous communication to the electrolyte from an external ambient environment. The electrodes may be electrically accessed by one or more vias to externally accessible bond pads. In some examples, an electrical connection may be made from an additional bond pad on top of the TSS to the electrolyte. Various embodiments may reduce the size of various gas sensors to advantageously allow their inclusion into portable electronic devices.

Abstract: Systems and methods for swapping mobile robot batteries on battery charging stations are disclosed herein. An example system may comprise at least one mobile robot, wherein the mobile robot may be optionally coupled to a modular component, and wherein the mobile robot and the modular component may each have robot batteries configured to be detachably removed from the mobile robot and the modular component. An example system may also comprise at least one battery charging station for receiving robot or modular component batteries for charging, and also for providing charged batteries to mobile robots or modular components. Finally, the system may comprise a service provider and a network that may be used to manage data and handle interactions between the mobile robots and the battery charging stations.

Abstract: A multi-functional sensor assembly includes an electrically non-conductive substrate defining at least a distal region, intermediary region, and proximal region that are each covered with electrically conductive traces. The proximal region is configured to be exposed to a media to be sensed and the distal and intermediary regions are configured to be protected from the media. The electrically conductive traces comprise at least electrical circuits to sense temperature and flow of the media and one or more electrodes to sense one or more of conductivity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and acidity (pH) of the media.

Abstract: A pressure measurement cell comprises: a ceramic counter body; a ceramic measuring diaphragm which is joined in a pressure-tight manner with the counter body, creating a measurement chamber between the counter body and the measuring diaphragm, by means of a circumferential joint. The measuring diaphragm can be deformed by a pressure to be measured; an electrical converter for converting a pressure-dependent deformation of the measuring diaphragm into an electrical signal; and a temperature transducer for providing at least one electrical signal dependent on a temperature or on a temperature gradient of the pressure measurement cell. The temperature transducer comprises at least one first thermocouple having a galvanic contact between a first conductor with an electrically conductive material and a second conductor with at least one second electrically conductive material.

Abstract: Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

Abstract: A gas sensor device is equipped with a diffusion controlling portion, a pump cell, and a sensor cell. The diffusion controlling portion is formed to face a major surface of a solid electrolyte body and works to control a rate of diffusion of a measurement gas entering a measurement gas chamber. The pump cell has a pump electrode which contains gold and is formed on the major surface. The pump electrode is located downstream of the diffusion controlling portion in a gas flow direction. The pump cell works to regulate a concentration of oxygen in the measurement gas upon application of voltage to the pump electrode. The sensor cell has a sensor electrode formed on the major surface downstream of the diffusion controlling portion in the gas flow direction. The sensor cell works to measure a concentration of nitrogen oxide contained in the measurement gas upon application of voltage to the sensor electrode. The pump electrode is disposed upstream of the sensor electrode at a distance of 0.

Abstract: An electrochemical hydrogen cyanide sensor (1) comprises a housing (10) comprising an opening (2) allowing gas to enter the sensor (1); an electrolyte disposed within the housing (10); a plurality of electrodes in contact with the electrolyte within the housing (10), wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a working electrode (5) and a counter electrode (7), and wherein the electrodes comprise a metal catalytic material; and a filter (3) operable to cover the opening (2) of the housing (10), and prevent hydrogen sulfide from reaching the electrodes, wherein the filter (3) comprises silver sulfate layered onto a polytetrafluoroethylene support material.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a sensor for determining measured values of a measured variable representing an analyte content in a measuring fluid, comprising a measuring probe with a probe housing that comprises an immersion region provided for immersion into the measuring fluid, and a single-layer or multi-layer membrane arranged in the immersion region, wherein the membrane comprises at least a first layer that is formed from a polymer and comprises a superhydrophobic surface that is in contact with the measuring fluid when the immersion region is immersed in the measuring fluid.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a housing (22) having disposed therein a membrane electrode assembly comprising a sensing electrode (14), a counter electrode (16), and a solid polymer electrolyte (12) disposed between the sensing electrode and the counter electrode. The sensing electrode comprises a first catalyst comprising noble metal nanoparticles (34). The counter electrode comprises a second catalyst comprising noble metal nanoparticles (34), which can be of the same composition or a different composition as the first catalyst. The sensor housing also includes an opening (24) in fluid communication with the sensing electrode for test gas to contact the sensing electrode. The sensor also includes an electrical circuit (19) connecting the sensing electrode and the counter electrode.

Abstract: Devices and methods of making and using the device for the non-invasive detection of volatile anesthetics are provided. The devices are capable of measuring the concentration of volatile anesthetics transdermally and in a non-invasive manner. The devices and methods can be applied in detection of volatile anesthetics in samples collected from human skin perspiration.

Abstract: An electrochemical detector including at least one substance selection structure disposed adjacent or proximate to an electronic device structure, wherein the substance selection structure is arranged to interact with a target substance having a molecular structure so as to alter an electrical characteristic of the electronic device structure.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided which may be formed using micromachining techniques commonly used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. This is achieved by forming microcapillaries in a silicon substrate and forming an opening in an insulating layer to allow environmental gases to reach through to the top side of the substrate. A porous electrode is printed on the top side of the insulating layer such that the electrode is formed in the opening in the insulating layer. The sensor also comprises at least one additional electrode. The electrolyte is then formed on top of the electrodes. A cap is formed over the electrodes and electrolyte. This arrangement may easily be produced using micromachining techniques.

Abstract: The present invention is a biosensor apparatus that includes a substrate, a source on one side of the substrate, a drain spaced from the source, a conducting channel between the source and the drain, an insulator region, and receptors on a gate region for receiving target material. The receptors are contacted for changing current flow between the source and the drain. The source and the drain are relatively wide compared to length between the source and the drain through the conducting channel.

Abstract: A hydrogen sulfide gas detector is provided. The detector includes a metal oxide semiconductor-based hydrogen sulfide gas sensor having an electrical characteristic that varies with hydrogen sulfide gas concentration. Measurement circuitry is coupled to the metal oxide semiconductor-based hydrogen sulfide gas detector to measure the electrical characteristic. A controller is coupled to the measurement circuitry and is configured to receive an indication of the electrical characteristic of the hydrogen sulfide gas sensor as well as an indication of ambient humidity. The controller is configured to provide a compensated hydrogen sulfide gas concentration output based on the indication of the electrical characteristic of the hydrogen sulfide gas sensor, an indication of ambient temperature, and the indication of ambient humidity.

Abstract: Devices powered by fuel cells can be operated for extended durations when the fuel cells are adapted to extract the necessary reactants for generating power from the surrounding environment and when the concentration of reactants in that environment is maintained at a sufficient level by interaction between the environment and a reactant-enriched atmosphere.

Abstract: A gas sensor device includes: a sensor film including a sensor surface and a resistance which increases with an increase in an amount of gas adsorbed on the sensor surface; a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode that are electrically coupled to the sensor film; and a protective film that covers the sensor surface in a region between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the sensor surface is exposed in a region near the third electrode.

Abstract: An HVAC system is provided having an air supply system, a refrigerant circuit configured to condition air in the air supply system, and an electrochemical sensor configured to detect a refrigerant leak from the refrigerant circuit.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a system for assessing chloride concentration at one predetermined area of a porous or composite material, such as a reinforced concrete structure, including a sensor embedded in the predetermined area of the material, an analyzer connected to the sensor, and a processing module connected to the analyzer. The sensor includes two facing or coplanar electrodes, an intermediate layer arranged between the electrodes, the intermediate layer being in contact with the material of the predetermined area of the structure and including calcium aluminates. The analyzer is configured to apply an alternate current between the electrodes and output an impedance value or capacitance value of the intermediate layer. The processing module is configured to compute a chloride concentration assessment in the predetermined area of the material based on the impedance value or capacitance value outputted by the analyser.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochemical measurement device capable of measuring more accurately and an electrochemical measurement apparatus provided with the electrochemical measurement device. The electrochemical measurement device includes a base part, and a placement part on which an object to be measured is placed, the placement part being provided to the base part. The electrochemical measurement device also includes an electrode part provided near the placement part on the base part, a wiring part provided on a surface of the base part and electrically connected to the electrode part, and an insulator that covers the wiring part. Further, a protruding part is provided on the base part of the electrochemical measurement device so as to protrude past the insulator.

Abstract: A soot sensor includes a soot sensor including a first element on a first surface of the soot sensor. A soot sensing system may include a soot sensor and circuitry electrically coupled to the first element of the soot sensor. The circuitry is configured to determine an amount of soot accumulated on the first element and to control heating of the first element in response to the soot accumulation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a structure of a gas sensor, comprising: a support, having a front side, a back side opposite to the front side, a cell region, and a peripheral region circling the cell region; a cavity, formed on the back side of the support in the cell region; a heater, disposed on the front side of the support covering the cavity; a sensing element, disposed on the heater; and a sealing layer, formed on the back side of the support covering inside the cavity.

Abstract: A wearable device with an air quality sensor, the wearable device, comprising a housing enclosing an electronic board, a display arrangement, a battery, the housing lodging a cavity with an internal area, the cavity containing an air quality sensor in the internal area, the cavity being delimited by a cavity wall and by a membrane, the membrane having an inner wall oriented toward the cavity internal area and an outer wall opposed to the inner wall, the internal area of the cavity being in fluid communication with the ambient air through the membrane, the membrane being permeable to air and substantially not permeable to water.

Abstract: A gas sensor including a housing containing a potassium permanganate element sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene elements, a carbon element, a polytetrafluoroethylene element located adjacent to the carbon element, a sensing electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode with attached current collectors, and an electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrochemical test device for determining a concentration of one or more analytes in a fluid sample is provided. The electrochemical test device comprises a set of electrodes including two or more working electrodes, each working electrode for determining the concentration of a corresponding analyte, and sensing chemistry for each working electrode, wherein the sensing chemistry for a first of the two or more working electrodes comprises a diaphorase, an electron transfer agent, an NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenase and a cofactor for the NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenase, wherein at least some of the diaphorase for the first working electrode is disposed in a diaphorase-containing layer which extends over the first working electrode and at least a second of the two or more working electrodes.

Abstract: A gas sensor element including a composite ceramic layer including a plate-shaped insulating portion containing an insulating ceramic and having a through hole formed therein and a plate-shaped electrolyte portion containing a solid electrolyte ceramic and disposed in the through hole; and a first conductor layer extending continuously from a first insulating surface on one side of the insulating portion to a first electrolyte surface of the electrolyte portion facing the same direction as the one side of the insulating portion. The first insulating surface is flush with the first electrolyte surface. The electrolyte portion has, on its first electrolyte surface side, an extension portion extending outward from the through hole so as to overlap the first insulating surface. Further, the thickness of the extension portion decreases toward the outer circumference of the extension portion. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing the gas sensor element.

Abstract: Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

Abstract: An ammonia detection section is disposed on an electrically insulating layer and includes a reference electrode, a solid electrolyte body for ammonia, and a detection electrode that are stacked in this order on the electrically insulating layer. In the ammonia detection section, a three-phase boundary is formed at the interface between the reference electrode and the solid electrolyte body for ammonia, and another three-phase boundary is formed at the interface between the detection electrode and the solid electrolyte body for ammonia. The concentration of ammonia in exhaust gas is thereby detected. The ammonia detection section includes a porous layer formed of an electrically insulating porous material and disposed between the insulating layer and the reference electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved methods and structures for electrochemical sensors that may advantageously sense/detect chemical species including pollutants and/or energetics in a gaseous phase. Sensors according to the present disclosure may advantageously be fabricated using large scale microfabrication techniques and materials.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a solid electrolyte substrate that has oxygen-ion conductivity, and a counter plate, made of ceramic, that is arranged so as to face a first surface of the solid electrolyte substrate. The gas sensor further includes a first spacer, made of ceramic, that is held between the counter plate and the solid electrolyte substrate, a heater substrate, made of ceramic, that is arranged so as to face a second surface of the solid electrolyte substrate, and a second spacer, made of ceramic, that is held between the heater substrate and the solid electrolyte substrate. Of the counter plate, the sintered density of an inside portion that comes in contact with a measurement-gas chamber is 0.8 to 5.0% lower than the sintered density of an outside portion that comes in contact with the first spacer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a first substrate with one side on which a sensing unit for a physical quantity is arranged and multiple diffusion wiring layers electrically connected to the sensing unit are arranged by impurity diffusion; and a second substrate having one side which is bonded to the one side of the first substrate. An air tight chamber is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate. The sensing unit is sealed in the air tight chamber. The first substrate includes an outer edge portion as a portion of the one side of the first substrate surrounding multiple diffusion wiring layers, and multiple diffusion wiring layers are arranged in an inner edge portion. The outer edge portion has an impurity concentration which is constant in a circumferential direction along an edge of the first substrate.

Abstract: A gas sensor including a gas sensing electrode, a counter electrode disposed within a housing, and respective conductors that connect the gas sensing electrode to the counter electrode via a sensing circuit is disclosed. The housing includes a solid electrolyte in communication with the gas sensing electrode and counter electrode wherein the solid electrolyte further comprises one or more coatings or layers. The one or more coatings or layers have a lower water vapor transport rate than that of the electrolyte, such that, in use, water vapor transport between the electrolyte and atmosphere is reduced.