Abstract: A sensor for detecting chemical properties of a liquid, for example in an oil well, includes a glass pH electrode (22a) and a reference electrode (22c). The glass electrode (22a) consists of a narrow sensor electrode (30) on the surface of an electrically insulating substrate (20), a layer of glass (36) covering the sensor electrode (30), and two cleaning electrodes (32, 33) one extending along each side of the sensor electrode along its entire sensing length. The cleaning electrodes (32, 33) are not covered by the layer of glass, and are no more than 3 mm apart from each other. Application of a voltage between them generates gas bubbles by electrolysis that dislodge any fouling from the glass electrode (22a). The sensor electrode (30) may be of zigzag form, with the cleaning electrodes (32,33) interdigitated between the successive parts of the zigzag. A hydrophilic membrane (24) of sulphonated microporous PVdF provides further protection against fouling of the electrodes (22) by oil.

Abstract: The measuring range of a fuel cell based concentration sensor can be extended by decreasing the load across the fuel cell terminals and by increasing the amount of oxidant supplied to the fuel cell. In this way, such a sensor avoids saturation, for example, when measuring methanol concentrations from 0 M to over 4 M in liquid aqueous solution. Such a sensor is suitable for use in measuring fuel concentrations in the recirculating fuel stream of certain fuel cell stacks (for example, direct methanol fuel cell stacks).

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor to measure the activity of a metallic component in a molten metal, comprising the molten metal as the measuring electrode, a reference electrode containing the metallic component to be measured, separated from each other by a liquid ion-conducting halide comprising the metallic component to be measured and immobilized in a non-conducting porous support fabricated from a material inert or almost inert to the molten metal, the halide and the reference electrode material, and whereby the reference electrode further comprises an external connection comprising an electric wire held in an electric isolating material which is chemically inert or almost inert to the molten metal and the reference electrode material, characterized in that the sealing of the reference electrode which is adapted to be sealed is done by a high temperature cement and by the molten metal itself and by a gas tight sealing of the external connection above the melt, and the reference electrode is introduced by a melt

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for fabricating biosensors, using hydrophilic polyurethane. Bio-active reagents, including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, cells and receptors, are mixed with hydrophilic polyurethane and the mixture is directly coated over a signal transducer to form a sensing film which serves as a signal detector. The method using hydrophilic polyurethane allows the simplification of the fabrication of biosensors without conducting complicated chemical reactions and washing steps, such as crosslinking. The bio-active reagent entrapped within the hydrophilic polyurethane film can retains its high activity for an extended period of time and the intrinsic potentiometric response of the underlying ion-selective polymeric membrane is not affected by the bio-active reagent immobilized polyurethane film coated on its sensing surface. Therefore, the biosensors are superior in specificity, selectivity, and stability.

Abstract: A test sensor having a pair of electrodes and a reagent for electrochemically measuring the concentration of the analyte in a liquid sample. The test sensor comprises a capillary channel for collecting the liquid sample and a conductor disposed outside the capillary channel. The conductor is in fluid communication with the capillary channel. The liquid test sample is collected and moved through the capillary channel. The liquid test sample contacts the conductor when the capillary channel is substantially full to signal a full condition.

Abstract: A sensor outputs a signal related to a concentration of methanol in an aqueous solution adjacent the sensor. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is included with an anode side and a cathode side. An anode current collector supports the anode side of the MEA and has a flow channel therethrough for flowing a stream of the aqueous solution and forms a physical barrier to control access of the methanol to the anode side of the MEA. A cathode current collector supports the cathode side of the MEA and is configured for air access to the cathode side of the MEA. A current sensor is connected to measure the current in a short circuit across the sensor electrodes to provide an output signal functionally related to the concentration of methanol in the aqueous solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to sensors of physical quantities such as pressure sensors or acceleration sensors, and more specifically to the mounting of the active part of the sensor on a base (30) bearing connection pins (32).

Abstract: A pH sensor is provided capable of readily determining the pH of a solution of a small amount. The pH sensor includes a semiconductor substrate, an oxide film provided on the semiconductor substrate, a solution storage part for holding a solution on the oxide film, and an electrode to be in contact with the solution in a vicinity of the oxide film. To determine the pH of a solution, a capacitance-voltage characteristic is initially monitored by the sensor between the electrode in contact with the solution and another electrode provided on the back surface of the semiconductor. Then the pH of the solution is derived from a flat band voltage which is obtained based on the capacitance-voltage characteristic.

Abstract: In a method for determining the alcohol concentration in the alcohol/water mixture of fuel cells that are operated with the mixture, in particular direct methanol fuel cells, the measured variable being volume-dependent, the carbon dioxide which is formed during operation of the fuel cells is dissolved in the alcohol/water mixture by increasing the pressure acting on the mixture.

Abstract: A measuring device for determining the oxygen activity in metal melts or slag melts has a measuring head arranged on the end of a carrier tube, on which head an electrochemical measuring cell is arranged. The electrochemical measuring cell has a solid electrolyte tube closed on one end, which is surrounded on the closed end and at least on a portion of its periphery by a steel tube closed on one end. A reference material and a filler material adjoining the reference material are arranged inside the solid electrolyte tube on its closed end. A metal rod is arranged as an electrode along the solid electrolyte tube in such a manner that, on the one hand, it stands in contact with the reference material and, on the other hand, it projects out of the open end of the solid electrolyte tube. The open end of the solid electrolyte tube has a closure which is constructed as a cap, which fits on the exterior of the steel tube or the solid electrolyte tube, and the closure is gas-permeable.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: A measuring sensor, in particular, for determining the oxygen content in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, includes a ceramic molding arranged in a metal housing for the accommodation of a sensor element, in particular, planar, the sensor element being sealed by a seal element made of warm-deformable temperature-resistant material. The molded housing is designed in one piece and has a cylindrically shaped longitudinal hole on the connector side, around the sensor element, and the seal element is compressed between a first compressing element on the measuring-gas side and a second compressing element on the connector side, such that it tightly encloses the sensor element and hermetically seals the sensor element with respect to the molded housing.

Abstract: A gas sensor comprises a first pump cell 6 including first internal and external electrodes 10 and 11 so formed as to face from inside and outside a first flow passage 2, respectively, for pumping oxygen out from, and into, the first flow passage, and a second pump cell 8 including second internal and external electrodes 14 and 15 so formed as to face from inside and outside a second flow passage 4 communicating with the first flow passage through a diffusion resistance, wherein a measurement gas component undergoes reaction inside the second flow passage 4 and a current corresponding to the concentration of the measurement gas component flows between the electrodes 14 and 15 through the oxygen ion conductor. At least a part of the first internal electrode 10 contains a platinum group element and Cu.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: An oxygen sensor is constituted by a ceramic separator being placed so that the rear thereof enters the inside of a filter holding part and the front enters the inside of a casing and formed with a plurality of lead insertion holes axially penetrating the ceramic separator and an elastic seal member being fitted elastically into a rear opening of the filter holding part and having seal lead insertion holes for inserting leads for sealing the gap between the outer faces of the leads and the inner face of the filter holding part. The rear end face of the ceramic separator is positioned on the rear side behind a gas introduction hole in the axial direction and a predetermined gap is formed between the elastic seal member and the ceramic separator at least at the lead insertion position.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for ascertaining a gas concentration of a measuring gas includes an electrochemical element, including a first solid electrolyte body having an electrochemical pump cell and a first and a second electrode, and having a gas compartment which is connected via a gas access opening to the measuring-gas compartment, and in which one of the two electrodes is arranged. The electrochemical element further includes a second solid electrolyte body having an electrochemical sensor cell (Nernst cell) and a third and a fourth electrode. The surface of the first solid electrolyte body faces the measuring-gas compartment, and the gas access opening is covered by a porous protective layer. The electrochemical sensor includes a layer that exhibits a higher density or a lower porosity compared to the protective layer and that is allocated to the porous protective layer.

Abstract: Improvements to non acid methanol fuel cells include new formulations for materials. The platinum and ruthenium are more exactly mixed together. Different materials are substituted for these materials. The backing material for the fuel cell electrode is specially treated to improve its characteristics. A special sputtered electrode is formed which is extremely porous.

Abstract: An electrochemical field probe for measuring solute concentrations of elements dissolved in a liquid, such as a molten metal bath, generally including a base having a first end, a second end, an external surface, and extending about a longitudinal axis, a reference electrode positioned between the first and second ends of the base, and a glassy electrolyte positioned adjacent the reference electrode, wherein the reference electrode is a Mo substrate coated with a electrode reference material selected from a group including NiAl, graphite, Cr, a compound of Mo and Mo3Si, a compound of Cr and Cr2O3, a compound of Ti and TiN, a compound of Ti and TiS, and a compound of Th and ThP and the glassy electrolyte is selected from a group including a compound of 38% CaO, 42% SiO2, and 20% Al2O3, soda glass, pyrex powder, and a pre-fused mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) admixed with approximately 5% to 10% CaF2 (fluorspar) and approximately 4% to 7% Al2O3.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: The proposed multipurpose ion-selective sensor is designed to be operational in any spatial position in harsh environment and incorporates a housing tube (1) where a number of elements are fixed and electrically connected to a measurement transmitter; these members include: a detachable indicator electrode (3) which employs a solid indicator system (33) with a solid membrane contacting the analysed liquid; a detachable reference electrode (4) with a hollow body (20) accommodates a potential-forming semi-element (21), a connecting member (22) and electrolyte (29) filled with a solid dispersed material forming a spatial structure (30) in the electrolyte (29), whereby the structure is rigidly linked with internal surface (31) of the reference electrode (4) body (20), the potential-forming semi-element (21) and with the connecting member (22).

Abstract: An analyte concentration sensor that is capable of fast and reliable sensing of analyte concentration in aqueous environments with high concentrations of the analyte. Preferably, the present invention is a methanol concentration sensor device coupled to a fuel metering control system for use in a liquid direct-feed fuel cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical device comprising at least one substrate (1, 7), at least one electroconductive layer (2, 6) at least one electrochemically active layer (3, 5) capable of reversibly injecting ions, and an electrolyte (4), wherein the electrolyte (4) is a layer or a multilayer stack comprising at least one layer (4b) made of an ionically conductive material capable of reversibly injecting said ions but whose overall degree of oxidation is maintained essentially constant.

Abstract: A diagnostic card device for use in detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising a card substrate having a sample introduction region, a biosensor, and a sample-flow pathway communicating between the sample-introduction region and the biosensor, circuitry for generating an analyte-dependent electrical signal from the biosensor; and a signal-responsive element for recording such signal. In one embodiment, the biosensor includes a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a first charged, coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second, oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable &agr;-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, where the binding of the second peptide to the first peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor. The sample-flow pathway contains diffusibly bound conjugate of the second coil-forming peptide and the analyte (or an analyte analog) and immobilized analyte-binding agent.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: Histamine may be quantitatively measured by performing the following steps. First, an oocyte that expresses histamine receptors is held in a recess formed at the bottom of a vessel. Then, first and second electrodes are inserted into the oocyte. Subsequently, the membrane potential of the oocyte is measured by using the first electrode to stabilize this membrane potential at a predetermined level by driving a current through the second electrode using circuitry for clamping the membrane potential of the oocyte. A sample is then infused into a fine reacting tube having an antigen immobilized on its inner surface together with some buffer solution to promote a histamine releasing reaction. The solution containing histamines that is released in the fine reacting tube is transferred to the vessel to make contact with the oocyte in the vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the endpoint in a chemical mechanical polishing operation used for polishing a metal-containing material includes an electrochemical cell and an electronic circuit. An acidic polishing slurry is used to oxidize the metal and the oxidized metal is included in an effluent slurry stream, a sample of which is provided to the apparatus. The apparatus includes a liquid-phase working electrode, a reference electrode and a solid electrolyte which allows for the interchange of ions between the electrodes. An electronic circuit is coupled to the electrode for monitoring the component activity of the effluent slurry stream by measuring the electric potential across the electrodes. When the measured electric potential changes, indicating a change in the composition of the effluent slurry, endpoint is indicated.

Abstract: Improvements to non-acid methanol fuel cells include new formulations for materials. The platinum and ruthenium are more exactly mixed together. Different materials are substituted for these materials. The backing material for the fuel cell electrode is specially treated to improve its characteristics. A special sputtered electrode is formed which is extremely porous.

Abstract: A process as well as an immersion sensor for measuring an electrochemical activity of a layer lying on a melt is provided, using an electrochemical sensor, which has a measuring cell and a counter electrode. In order to make possible reliably reproducible and accurate measurements in the layer, the measuring cell and counter electrode are first immersed in the melt, wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are protected from contact with the layer and wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are brought into contact with the melt and are heated. After that, the measuring cell is pulled up to perform the measurement in the layer, wherein the counter electrode is located in the melt during the measurement. For this purpose, the measuring cell and the counter electrode have a protective cover, and the measuring cell is arranged, in the immersion position of the sensor, above the counter electrode.

Abstract: An external conductive protection tube has in a front half wall thereof a front opening formed therein with a front open area large enough to leave molten metal running in due course to inflow therethrough inside the protection tube and advance as it moves, substantially passing by a dipped length of a solid electrolyte tube installed in the protection tube, spreading between the tubes, and in a rear half wall thereof a rear opening formed therein with a rear open area large enough to leave the inflowing molten metal advancing as it moves to pass therethrough, flowing outside the protection tube.

Abstract: A process for measuring the oxygen potential in a silicon melt uses an electrochemical potential probe which dips into the melt. The probe voltage is measured using this potential probe which is made of an SiO.sub.2 glass tube in which graphite is in direct contact with SiO.sub.2 glass. The graphite has a wire making contact with it at the graphite upper end. The probe is dipped into the silicon melt only to an extent such that the graphite/wire contact point contained in the SiO.sub.2 glass tube lies above the silicon melt.

Abstract: A system is provided for measuring the concentration of an element in molten metal such as silicon, chromium, manganese or aluminum. The system includes a probe with a sensor having a solid electrolyte, a reference electrode in contact with a first surface of the electrolyte and an auxiliary electrode at a second surface thereof. The auxiliary electrode includes an oxide of the element to be measured and a metal-silicate selected from the group consisting of alkali metal-silicates, alkaline earth metal-silicates and mixtures thereof. The metal-silicate has a working point at about the temperature of the molten metal so as to form a viscous semi-molten mass adjacent the second surface of the electrolyte. The metal-silicate is capable of diffusing oxygen in the semi-molten state. Preferably the metal-silicate is in the form of a fibrous material so that it can be easily applied to the surface of the electrolyte.

Abstract: A a process as well as an immersion sensor for measuring an electrochemical activity of a layer lying on a melt is provided, using an electrochemical sensor, which has a measuring cell and a counter electrode. In order to make possible reliably reproducible and accurate measurements in the layer, the measuring cell and counter electrode are first immersed in the melt, wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are protected from contact with the layer and wherein the measuring cell and counter electrode are brought into contact with the melt and are heated. After that, the measuring cell is pulled up to perform the measurement in the layer, wherein the counter electrode is located in the melt during the measurement. For this purpose, the measuring cell and the counter electrode have a protective cover, and the measuring cell is arranged, in the immersion position of the sensor, above the counter electrode.

Abstract: An elcctrobiochemical system for the determination of the presence and optionally concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium, the system comprising an electrode having immobilized thereon a member of a recognition pair, the other member of said pair being said analyte, the presence of said analyte in the medium resulting in formation of a pair complex, being a complex between said immobilized member and said analyte; the system further comprising redox molecules capable of changing their redox state by accepting electrons from or donating electrons to the electrode; the formation of the pair complex on the electrode bringing a change in the electrical response of the system, whereby the presence and optionally the concentration of said analyte in the medium can be determined.

Abstract: A device for conducting electrochemical measurements in glass or salt melts has at least one indicator electrode and one reference electrode arrangement. In order to be able to conduct very exact measurements, the tip of the indicator electrode intended to be immersed in the melt is constructed of a noble metal or noble metal alloy with at least one another noble metal, preferably iridium or an iridium alloy with other noble metals, and is mounted gas-tight in a heat-resistant tube. The indicator electrode is passed through the heat-resistant tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring oxygen within a molten substance comprises a compact oxygen probe unit constructed by assembling a tubular shell whose one end is closed, which is made of solid electrolyte and which is to be soaked into the molten substance to be measured, a metal cylinder which surrounds the outer periphery of the shell and which serves also as an outer electrode and a sheath thermocouple which is inserted to a reference pole provided within an inner face of the shell and which serves also as an inner electrode to a terminal box. The metal cylinder comprises a protecting cylinder portion which surrounds the outer periphery of the shell and an opening for exposing the closed end of the shell. Both element wires of the sheath thermocouple are connected to temperature measuring means via the terminal box.

Abstract: A nitrogen oxide sensor and a method of manufacturing the sensor are disclosed. The sensor has a gas detecting portion including sensitive material having electric property thereof subject to change in association with presence of nitrogen oxide in gas and a pair of electrodes electrically connected with the gas detecting portion. The gas detecting portion includes, as a main component thereof, metal oxide compound represented by a general formula:Bi.sub.2 Sr.sub.2 (Ca.sub.1-x Y.sub.x)Cu.sub.2 O.sub.8+y(0.8.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1; 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1)and having the 2212 phase crystal structure and crystalline size greater than 100 .ANG..

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to measure an electro-chemical activity of a non-metallic liquid layer lying on a molten bath by means of a measuring cell with an electro-chemical element which has an active part and with a counter electrode. The invention also relates to a measuring cell to measure an electro-chemical activity. In order to achieve exact measuring results of an electro-chemical activity with the least possible expenditure, the measuring cell is dipped through a non-metallic liquid layer into a molten bath, the active part of the electro-chemical element being surrounded by the non-metallic liquid layer of the material of this layer on insertion, this material being held at the electro-chemical element until after measuring the electro-chemical activity and the measurement being carried out after dipping the electro-chemical element into the molten metal within the molten bath. The electro-chemical element is especially developed to enable that the material to be measured adheres to it.

Abstract: A chemical sensor includes a thin film transistor with a gate positioned on one side. An insulating layer is positioned on the opposite side and an indicator film is positioned on the insulating layer in generally opposed relationship to the gate. Induced charge in the indicator film caused by a biological or chemical species changes the channel current in the transistor. A potential on the gate is then used to null out the resulting change in channel current. The potential used to null out the current change is an extremely sensitive measure of the induced charge.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte sensor to measuring the amount of trace elements, such as sulfur, in molten metals such as steel is provided wherein zirconia toughened strontium .beta.-alumina is used as the solid electrolyte. The resulting sensor is highly resistant to thermal shock, and is suitable for use with molten metals at temperatures of 1350.degree. C. or higher.

Abstract: An oxygen measuring probe for use with molten metal baths for the manufacture of glass which probe comprises a probe body (4) comprising an elongate tubular member (6) closed at one end by a separate tip part (8) formed of stabilised zirconia which constitutes a solid electrolyte through which oxygen ions can pass, said tubular member (6) being formed of a heat-resistant material different from said zirconia, a first electrode (16) connected to the inner surface of the zirconia tip part (8), earthing means adapted for connection to earth out of contact with the molten metal and voltage measuring means (24) connected between the first electrode (16) and said earthing means (26).

Abstract: The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and alloys thereof and a layer of an oxide of that metal on the electrode body; immersing a pure platinum electrode and the metal/metal oxide reference electrode in a glass melt; measuring a potential across the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode immersed in the glass melt to obtain a measured potential characteristic of the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt; obtaining a calibration curve relating the potential across said reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode to the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt as a function of temperature; and obtaining the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt from the measured potential and the calibration curve.

Abstract: In a cell for measuring electrical conductivity, a container (2) and electrodes (1) are made of ceramics having high corrosion-resistant property. Insulating ceramics are used for the container (2), and conductive ceramics having resistance value of several k .OMEGA..cm or less is used for the electrodes (1). The ceramics are far superior to glass in corrosion resistant property and mechanical strength under normal as well as high temperature conditions. Further, the cell is produced at lower cost than the one made of precious metal and has high corrosion resistant property and can be used under strong acid or strong alkaline conditions. It has high mechanical strength and can be used under high pressure and high temperature conditions and produced at low cost because precious metal is not used for the electrodes.

Abstract: A electrochemical immunosensor system is provided which uses electrical signals to measure binding events. The system includes an immunosensor having a sensing electrode in contact with a fluid containing an analyte concentration. A quantity of antibodies or other binding agent is adsorbed on or otherwise affixed to the electrode surface such that a portion of the antibodies of the binding agent binds a portion of the analyte to form complexes on the electrode surface. Signal generating means develop an electrical signal at the sensing electrode such that a response current is produced through the sensing electrode. The response current has measurable signal characteristics which are dependent upon the number of complexes formed, and therefore the analyte concentration within the fluid.

Abstract: An oxygen measuring probe for use with molten metal baths for the manufacture of glass which probe comprises a probe body (4) comprising an elongate tubular member (6) closed at one end by a separate tip part (8) formed of stabilised zirconia which constitutes a solid electrolyte through which oxygen ions can pass, said tubular member (6) being formed of a heat-resistant material different from said zirconia, a first electrode (16) connected to the inner surface of the zirconia tip part (8), earthing means adapted for connection to earth out of contact with the molten metal and voltage measuring means (24) connected between the first electrode (16) and said earthing means (26).

Abstract: On the inner surface of sensor element made of proton conductive solid electrolyte with perovskite structure and enclosed at its lower end, a reference electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed, and a measuring electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed on the outer surface thereof. And, the reference electrode and the measuring electrode are gas-tightly separated by sealing material. The sensor prove is inserted into ceramic sensor holding cup and both are fixed in such a way that a part of the measuring electrode extrude into said holding cup. Then, by dipping the holder into molten metal by facing its opening part downwards, a space contacting with molten metal is enclosed in the holding cup. Thereby, reduction of solid electrolyte constituting the sensor element can be prevented, and hydrogen concentration in molten metal can be accurately measured without direct dipping the sensor element into molten metal.

Abstract: On the inner surface of sensor element made of proton conductive solid electrolyte with perovskite structure and enclosed at its lower end, a reference electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed, and a measuring electrode constituted of porous electrode is formed on the outer surface thereof. And, the reference electrode and the measuring electrode are gas-tightly separated by sealing material. The sensor prove is inserted into ceramic sensor holding cup and both are fixed in such a way that a part of the measuring electrode extrude into said holding cup. Then, by dipping the holder into molten metal by facing its opening part downwards, a space contacting with molten metal is enclosed in the holding cup.Thereby, reduction of solid electrolyte constituting the sensor element can be prevented, and hydrogen concentration in molten metal can be accurately measured without direct dipping the sensor element into molten metal.

Abstract: A probe having the inventive composition, it is possible to measure the activity of the solute carbon which could not be measured by the prior art because there did not exist solid oxide or solid composite oxide which were stable at high temperature.The probe comprises a solid electrolyte having a mixed subelectrode provided on its surface, and a reference electrode for providing a predetermined oxygen potential is disclosed. The mixed sub-electrode coating on the solid electrolyte includes a mixture of a carbide MC and of an oxide MO of the element M other than carbon of which the carbide is constituted.

Abstract: A metal melt is used as a measuring electrode while a pure form of a particular metal component to be measured or an alloy containing it is used as a standard electrode. The active substance to come in contact with the standard electrode includes at least one halide of an alkali halide and an alkaline earth halide, both having ion conductivity, and a halide of the particular metal component, any one of such halides consisting of a solid phase and a liquid phase. This active substance is provided such that it can come into contact with the metal melt and is used as an electrolyte as well. It is thus possible to provide a continuous detection of the concentration of the particular component in the molten metal to be measured.