Abstract: Disclosed are a structural color variable photonic crystal composite material and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, a photonic crystal composite material having various changes in color by external stimulation and controlling the color change, and a method of manufacturing the same. The structural color variable photonic crystal composite material includes a metal having a metal oxide layer formed on its surface, wherein the metal oxide layer includes a plurality of pores, and a variable material that swells and contracts within the pores by external stimulation.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes: dispersing a plurality of photonic crystal chains into a solution; placing the solution of the plurality of photonic crystal chains in a container; and assembling and aligning the plurality of photonic crystal chains in the solution by a local charge build up on a surface of the container to exhibit color.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed relate to aziridinated triglycerides and polymers formed therefrom. In various embodiments, the present invention provides an aziridinated triglyceride having the structure described herein. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making the aziridinated triglyceride, a method of crosslinking the aziridinated triglyceride to form a polymer, the polymer formed from the aziridinated triglyceride, a triglyceride with at least one pendent unsaturated group that can be used to form the aziridinated triglyceride, and a method of making the triglyceride having at least one pendent unsaturated group.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a system includes a first sheet being nonopaque, a second sheet being nonopaque spaced from the first sheet, a spacer positioned between the first sheet and the second sheet, a chamber defined between the first and second sheets and the spacer, and a fluidic solution in the chamber. In addition, the first sheet includes a photoconductive layer. Moreover, solution has a plurality of particles, where the particles in the solution are attracted to illuminated portions of the photoconductive layer upon illumination of said portions in the absence of an external voltage applied to the first and second sheets.

Abstract: According to example embodiments of inventive concepts, a layout design system includes a processor, a storage unit configured to store a layout design, and a stitch module. The layout design includes a first pattern group and a second pattern group disposed in accordance with a design. The first pattern group including a first pattern for patterning at a first time. The second pattern group including a second pattern for patterning at a second time that is different than the first time. The stitch module is configured to detect an iso-pattern of the second pattern using the processor. The stitch module is configured to repetitively designate at least one of the first pattern, which is spaced apart from the iso-pattern by a pitch or more, to the second pattern group using the processor.

Abstract: An ink includes a radiation-curable compound, a liquid matter which is incompatible with the radiation-curable compound and is dispersed in a state of droplets, and a surfactant.

Abstract: A novolac-type phenolic hydroxyl group-containing resin with formula (1) as a structural site repeating unit, R1 represents one of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, and an aryl group, and X represents a structural site (?) represented by formula (2), R2 and R3 each represent one of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group; n and m are each an integer of 1 to 3; when n or m is 2 or 3, a plurality of each of R2 and R3 present in a molecule may be the same or different; and Ar represents one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, and a structural site in which one or a plurality of hydrogen atoms in an aromatic nucleus of any one of these groups is substituted by one of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an aralkyl group).

Abstract: A resist overlayer film forming composition that is used for a lithography process for manufacturing semiconductor devices, and selectively transmits EUV only, in particular, by blocking exposure light undesirable for EUV exposure, such as UV and DUV, without intermixing with a resist, and that can be developed with a developing solution after exposure. A resist overlayer film forming composition including: a hydroxyl group-containing novolac-based polymer containing a structure of (Formula 1-1): (in (Formula 1-1), Ar1 is a divalent organic group that contains 1 to 3 benzene ring(s) and optionally contains a hydroxy group; Ar2 is a benzene ring group, a naphthalene ring group, or an anthracene ring group; each of the hydroxy group and R1 is a substituent for a hydrogen atom on a ring of Ar2); and a solvent.

Abstract: Provide is a curable composition for imprints capable of keeping a good pattern and heat resistance. A curable composition for imprints comprising a polymerizable compound (Ax-1) having maleimide structure(s), or a compound (Ax-2) having a partial structure represented by formula (I) below.

Abstract: New methods for the grafting of complex polymer coatings onto conducting surfaces, new grafting compositions and new substrates with grafted coating of the grafting compositions are disclosed. The method offers a new and convenient approach for the preparation of polymer coatings by electrochemically grafting and reactive crosslinking, and/or graft polymerizing.

Abstract: A method for coating metallic surfaces with aqueous compositions, wherein a silane-based aqueous composition containing at least one silane and/or a related silicon-containing compound and optionally additional components is treated further, for example, at temperatures above 70° C., in a pretreatment step without drying the coating, by using at least one aqueous rinse step after this pretreatment step and then performing an electrodeposition coating, in which at least one surfactant is added at least in the last rinse step of the aqueous rinse steps. Coated metallic surfaces are also described.

Abstract: Provided are a method of fabricating a photonic crystal having a desired photonic bandgap, and a method of fabricating a color filter, including providing a photonic crystal solution in which a plurality of colloidal particles that are electrically charged are dispersed, mixing a photopolymerizable monomer mixture in the photonic crystal solution to form a photopolymerizable monomer-crystal mixture, applying an electric field to the photopolymerizable monomer-crystal mixture to electrically control intervals between the plurality of colloidal particles, and irradiating ultraviolet light to the photopolymerizable monomer-crystal mixture to photopolymerize the monomer mixture to form the photonic crystal or the color filter.

Abstract: Use of a micro-organism detection device to rapidly evaluate the presence of microorganisms in an electrocoating process.

Abstract: The radiation-curable phase-change ink composition having at least one radiation curable fluorescent co-monomer and a gellant. The radiation-curable phase-change ink composition offers both document security features as well as potential brand highlight features. The radiation-curable phase-change ink composition combines the unique attributes of the UV curable gel system, with its tremendous substrate latitude, with the ability to add tunable fluorescent effects without the safety concerns of small molecule fluorescent additives. Exemplary ink compositions include a first co-monomer, least one radiation curable fluorescent co-monomer, and a gellant. Methods for making and using these ink compositions and ink compositions are also provided.

Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) device for curing fluids such as inks, coatings, and adhesives, for example. In one embodiment, LEDs are positioned on faces defined by an inverted recess in a base portion. The LEDs are configured such that the light beams emitted from the LEDs converge at a single area or point to provide a single, focused area or point of amplified power from the LEDs. An optical culmination device may be used to further intensify the power output from the LEDs. The optical culmination device provides enhanced power output from the UV LED device which makes the curing process more efficient than previous curing systems.

Abstract: An inkjet printhead having at least one internal electrode in contact with ink in use, wherein region(s) of the electrode surface are covered by an electrically insulating organic material that has been deposited thereon by electrophoresis.

Abstract: The present invention is a preparation method of an anti-bacterial coating on a plastic surface. A preparation method of an anti-bacterial coating on a plastic surface with a better anti-bacterial effect is provided and comprises putting a plastic substrate into a PVD vacuum device; coating an anti-bacterial metallic layer on the plastic surface; and spray coating an anti-bacterial middle coating on the sample coated with anti-bacterial metallic coating. Utilizing PVD to coat antibacterial layer offsets timeliness of bacterial activity of the organic anti-bacterial coating, which allows the products with double bacterial layers have excellent anti-bacterial and bacteria-inhibited effects during their life spans. The anti-bacterial effect can not only be lasted for a long time, but also achieve high anti-bacterial efficiency (antibacterial rate is more than 99%).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of stable solutions of charged inorganic-organic polymers, in which the hydrolysis-condensation reactions of metal alkoxides in alcoholic solutions are controlled using a condensation inhibitor that forms protons. The invention further relates to substrates coated by sol-gel electrophoretic deposition (EPD) with these solutions, and to metal oxide coated substrates obtained therefrom.

Abstract: Improved radiation devices and their associated fabrication and applications are described herein. The microirradiators generally include a non-radioactive conducting electrode, an insulating sheath, a radioactive source, and, optionally, a contact electrode. The microirradiators generally produce low absolute radiation levels with high radiation flux densities.

Abstract: A ceramic, metal, or cermet according to one embodiment includes a first layer having a gradient in composition, microstructure and/or density in an x-y plane oriented parallel to a plane of deposition of the first layer. A ceramic according to another embodiment includes a plurality of layers comprising particles of a non-cubic material, wherein each layer is characterized by the particles of the non-cubic material being aligned in a common direction. Additional products and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for forming an optical trap with light directed through or above a semiconductor material. A preferred embodiment selected light-trapping wavelengths that have lower absorption by the semiconductor. A preferred embodiment provides for an optical trapping through semiconductor employing a thin silicon (Si) wafer as a substrate. Further embodiments of the invention provide for microchannel fabrication, force probe measurement, sorting, switching and other active manipulation and assembly using an optical trap.

Abstract: In the case of a method for producing decorative surface structures, patterns or the like on articles, in particular sanitary articles, basic bodies made of a first metal, basic bodies made of metal that are coated with a first metal or basic bodies made of plastic that are coated with a first metal are used as a basis. Then, a layer of material temporarily applied to the article is partially removed by electromagnetic radiation or by particle radiation, thereby forming a first surface structure with regions that are free from material. Subsequently, the first metal is at least partially removed in the material-free regions or the first metal or some other metal is built up in the material-free regions. This method step is followed by removal of the still present material, a second (final) surface structure being formed. Finally, further top layers can preferably be applied to the article, the second surface structure being substantially retained.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a coated implant, the method comprising depositing in electrophresis at least one ceramic layer on at least a portion of the body of the implant; and sintering said at least one ceramic layer using optical radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus providing programmable illumination pattern generation for the manipulation of colloidal particulates and biomolecules in suspension between electrodes, is disclosed. The apparatus implements LEAPS (Light-controlled electrokinetic assembly of particles near surfaces), which relies on: AC electric field-induced assembly of particles: the patterning of the electrolyte/silicon oxide/silicon interface to exert spatial control over the assembly process; and the real-time control of the assembly process via external illumination. The apparatus generates patterns of illumination and projects them onto planar surfaces. i.e., a LEAPS electrode.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes a loading device, a first energy-producing device, and a second energy-producing device. The loading device comprises a plurality of supporting elements, supporting a panel. The first and second energy producing devices are disposed above and below the loading device, respectively.

Abstract: A method for the continuous selective electroplating of a metallic substrate material (10) and more particularly of a substrate material band having prestamped contact elements, comprises the following steps: a) the substrate material (10) is coated in an electrophoretic coating means (14) with an electrophoretic coating composition selective with at least one composition strip, b) the at least one composition strip is removed at those parts by means of a laser (40), which are to be electroplated, c) in an electroplating process a metal layer is applied to the areas (42) deprived of composition in at least one composition strip using selective electroplating and d) the at least one composition strip is then removed.

Abstract: A two-phase electrophoretic medium comprises a continuous phase and a discontinuous phase. The discontinuous phase comprises a plurality of droplets, each of which comprises a suspending fluid and at least one particle disposed within the suspending fluid and capable of moving through the fluid upon application of an electric field to the electrophoretic medium. The continuous phase surrounds and encapsulates the discontinuous phase. The discontinuous phase comprises at least about 40 percent by volume of the electrophoretic medium.

Abstract: According to the present invention, it is possible to save a predrying time and form a uniform film, because water having a high dielectric constant is heated selectively upon predrying of a waterborne coating with microwaves. Particularly when the surface to be coated is plastic, the above-described effect can be exhibited fully. In the method of forming a multilayer film by using a waterborne coating, use of microwaves makes it possible to prevent mixing of plural layers because they are adequately predried, to suppress the total drying time while maintaining good finished appearance and evenness of the coated surface and to attain saving of equipment and energy.

Abstract: Use of a micro-organism detection device to rapidly evaluate the presence of microorganisms in an electrocoating process.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for processing a micro-feature workpiece having a workpiece having a first side, a second side, a plurality of micro-devices including submicron features integrated in and/or on the workpiece, and a deep depression or other large three-dimensional feature in either the first side and/or the second side. The method can include forming a thin conductive seed layer on the workpiece that conforms to the depression, and depositing a negative resist layer onto the seed layer. The negative resist layer, for example, can be a highly conformal and uniform layer of negative electrophoretic resist that is deposited onto the seed layer by contacting the seed layer with a bath of negative electrophoretic resist and establishing an electrical field between the seed layer and an electrode in the bath. After depositing the negative resist layer, the method includes removing a portion of the negative resist layer to uncover a deposition area of the seed layer within the depression.

Abstract: A process for producing scratch-resistant coatings, encompassing the following steps: applying at least one UV-curable coating composition to at least one surface of an article to be coated, said coating composition comprising at least one polymer and/or oligomer P1 containing on average at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond per molecule, and curing the coating composition by exposure to UV radiation, which comprises conducting the curing of the coating composition under an oxygen-containing protective gas which has an oxygen partial pressure in the range from 0.2 to 18 kPa.

Abstract: A display overlay includes a contrast media layer and a photoconductive layer disposed between two electrodes. Light from an emissive display strikes the photoconductive layer and lowers the impedance of the photoconductive layer at the point at which the light is incident. Voltage applied to the electrodes creates an electric field that addresses the contrast media layer in locations of reduced impedance.

Abstract: A method for coating a phosphor on a flat display using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and lithography is provided. In the method, an adhesive strength can be enhanced without passing through a high-temperature thermal treatment process as a post-process. Phosphor powders are coated on a substrate by a field emission display (FED) and then a ultraviolet (UV) curable layer is coated. Then, an adhesive strength of the phosphor can be greatly enhanced through UV irradiation, in comparison with a post-process such as a thermal treatment process. Also, the UV curable layer can be lithographically etched by the UV light, and thus the phosphor can be coated by a predetermined pattern, to then be applied to a next-generation display such as a FED or PDP as an optimal method for full color realization.

Abstract: A photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprising an anhydride, including a substituted benzophenone nucleus, a diamine reacted with the anhydride to form a photosensitive polymer intermediate, and at least 60 Mole % of solubilizing amine reacted with the photosensitive polymer intermediate to form the photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer. An emulsion for electrophoretic deposition of a coating of a photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprises a dispersed phase, including the photoimageable aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer, dissolved in an organic solvent and a dispersion phase including a coalescence promoter and water. The emulsion may be applied, by electrophoretic deposition, to a conductive structure to provide a photoimageable coating on the conductive structure.

Abstract: An electrodeposition coating process consisting of the successive process steps: 1) electrodeposition of a coating layer of an electrodeposition coating agent that contains a thermally curable binder system onto the surface of an electrically conductive substrate and 2) thermal curing of the electrodeposited coating layer by irradiation with near infrared radiation.

Abstract: An electrodeposition coating process consisting of the successive process steps:

Abstract: Aqueous electrophoretic lacquer capable of being deposited cataphoretically, containing

Abstract: A method for coating an article with a electro-composite coating includes supplying a resin having a particulate material suspended therein to a main vessel from a secondary vessel, said secondary vessel having a stirring means for maintaining the particular material in suspension, immersing at least the surface of the article to be coated in the main vessel and conducting electricity from a DC source through the solution and the article to coat the solution and suspended particles onto the outer surface of the article removing the article from the main vessel and removing access coating materials from the article, and curing the coating onto the article.

Abstract: An image forming method wherein an aqueous dispersion is prepared in a vessel of an apparatus. The aqueous dispersion contains an electrodeposition material including a fine particle coloring material, and a polymer which is chemically dissolved, or is deposited and precipitated, by a change in pH. The vessel can hold a liquid, and has therein an image supporting member. The image supporting member has at least an electrode, which can supply current or an electric field in accordance with an image pattern, and a surface which can support an image; and a counter electrode which forms a pair of electrodes together with the electrode. The electrodeposition material is deposited and precipitated to form an image by supplying current or an electric field in accordance with an image pattern to the image supporting member and the counter electrode and by changing the pH value of the aqueous dispersion in the vicinity of the image supporting surface of the image supporting member.

Abstract: A process for the production of a multi-layer coating, wherein a primer layer which is electrically conductive in the at least partially cured state is applied by electrodeposition from an electrodeposition coating agent (I) to an electrically conductive three-dimensional object, at least partially cured exclusively by the action of near infra-red radiation substantially only on the surfaces of the object exposed to the radiation, and an additional coating layer is applied by electrodeposition from an electrodeposition coating agent (II) which is different from electrodeposition coating agent (I), and then this additional coating layer as well as completely uncured or incompletely cured area parts of the primer layer produced from electrodeposition coating agent (I) are cured.

Abstract: A photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprising an anhydride, including a substituted benzophenone nucleus, a diamine reacted with the anhydride to form a photosensitive polymer intermediate, and at least 60 Mole % of solubilizing amine reacted with the photosensitive polymer intermediate to form the photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer. An emulsion for electrophoretic deposition of a coating of a photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprises a dispersed phase, including the photoimageable aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer, dissolved in an organic solvent and a dispersion phase including a coalescence promoter and water. The emulsion may be applied, by electrophoretic deposition, to a conductive structure to provide a photoimageable coating on the conductive structure.

Abstract: In a process for manufacturing an electrode (1) on a substrate (2) using a conventional structuring process, an electrically conducting surface structure is created which has at least one tip (3) or edge (4). In the area of the tip (3) or edge (4), an electrode layer (5) is galvanized onto the substrate (2) and/or applied by electrostatic powder coating. Then, a surface area of the substrate (2), which surrounds the electrode layer (5) located on the tip (3) or edge (4), is converted into an insulating layer (8) by a chemical reaction. The electrode layer (5) can also be applied in a manner where, in the area of the tip (3) or edge (4), a chemical is released, which upon irradiation by electromagnetic and/or particle radiation, precipitates an electrically conducting material. This chemical is then impinged in the area of the tip (3) or edge (4) with optical radiation.

Abstract: A photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprising an anhydride, including a substituted benzophenone nucleus, a diamine reacted with the anhydride to form a photosensitive polymer intermediate, and at least 60 Mole % of solubilizing amine reacted with the photosensitive polymer intermediate to form the photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer. An emulsion for electrophoretic deposition of a coating of a photoimageable, aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer comprises a dispersed phase, including the photoimageable aqueous acid soluble polyimide polymer, dissolved in an organic solvent and a dispersion phase including a coalescence promoter and water. The emulsion may be applied, by electrophoretic deposition, to a conductive structure to provide a photoimageable coating on the conductive structure.

Abstract: Methods of forming face plate assemblies are described. In one implementation, a substrate is patterned with photoresist and a first phosphor-comprising material is formed over first surface areas of the substrate. The photoresist is stripped leaving some of the first phosphor-comprising material over substrate areas other than the first areas. Photoresist is again formed over the substrate and processed to expose second substrate areas which are different from the first substrate areas. In a preferred aspect, processing the photoresist comprises using a heated aqueous developing solution comprising an acid, e.g. lactic acid, effective to dislodge and remove first phosphor-comprising material from beneath the developed photoresist. A second phosphor-comprising material is formed over the substrate and the exposed second areas, with trace deposits being left over other substrate areas.

Abstract: A process to form a multilayer coating film, which is excellent in smoothness and capable of preventing a generation of popping even in case of a thick coating, characterized by that after a cationic electrodeposition coating is coated and cured by heating, an intermediate coating, comprising polymerizable unsaturated compound, photopolymerization initiator, thermal polymerization initiator, and further optionally pigment and/or polyester resin and crosslinking agent, is coated, and the coating film is cured by irradiation with an actinic ray, and then a thermocurable top coating is coated and cured by heating, is disclosed.

Abstract: The image recording process comprises the steps of preparing an aqueous coloring material liquid by dissolving or dispersing fine particles of a coloring material in an aqueous liquid, disposing an image supporting member and a counter electrode opposite thereto in the aqueous coloring material liquid, applying an electric current or an electric field corresponding to an image pattern between the image supporting member and the counter electrode, electrochemically depositing an image forming material containing the fine particles of the coloring material on the surface of the image supporting member thereby forming an image, and transferring the image forming material, in a condition where the image forming material contains 20 to 60% by weight of the aqueous liquid, onto a recording medium so as to record the image on the recording medium.

Abstract: Polymerization of gels for electrophoresis with improved photoinitiators results in gels which are suitable for electrophoresis. The new initiator systems are much faster than current systems for making such gels. Moreover, the polymerization reaction can be conducted in the presence of oxygen, which greatly simplifies gel casting. In particular, it is possible with the invention to cast and use gels of acrylic monomers in a “submarine” mode, which was not previously possible with acrylamide gels. Continuous casting of gels is facilitated.

Abstract: A positive type electrodeposition photoresist composition characterized by neutralizing by a basic compound and dissolving or dispersing in an aqueous medium a composition comprising (A) a polymer having 0.5-10 equivalents of carboxyl group(s) and optionally having more than 1 equivalent of hydroxyphenyl group(s) per kg polymer, or (A′) a polymer having 0.5-10 equivalents of carboxyl group(s) per kg polymer and (A″) a polymer having more than 1 equivalent of hydroxyphenyl group(s) per kg polymer; (B) a compound having at least two vinyl ether groups per molecule; (C) a compound which generates an acid when irradiated with a visible light; and (D) a sensitizing dye, and a process for pattern formation using such a composition are disclosed. Said composition has excellent thermal stability, high resolution and formability of fine image pattern and is useful to positive type photoresist, printing material etc.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for immobilizing molecules, particularly biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or hormones onto a substrate such as glass or silica; patterns of immobilization can be made resulting in addressable, discrete arrays of molecules on a substrate, having applications in bioelectronics, DNA hybridization assays, drug assays, etc.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are novel electrophoretic displays and materials useful in fabricating such displays. In particular, novel encapsulated displays are disclosed. Particles encapsulated therein are dispersed within a suspending, or electrophoretic, fluid. This fluid may be a mixture of two or more fluids or may be a single fluid. The displays may further comprise particles dispersed in a suspending fluid, wherein the particles contain a liquid. In either case, the suspending fluid may have a density or refractive index substantially matched to that of the particles dispersed therein. Finally, also disclosed herein are electro-osmotic displays. These displays comprise at least one capsule containing either a cellulosic or gel-like internal phase and a liquid phase, or containing two or more immiscible fluids. Application of electric fields to any of the electrophoretic displays described herein affects an optical property of the display.