Abstract: A ultraviolet (UV) sterilization lamp, a UV sterilization module, and an air conditioner including a UV sterilization module are provided. The UV sterilization module may include a porous frame, a portion of which may be a mesh so as to allow a fluid to pass therethrough; a plurality of UV lamps provided on the mesh of the porous frame and including an external electrode on an outer surface thereof; a power supply connected to the plurality of UV lamps to supply power to the plurality of UV lamps; and a plurality of fixing portions configured to support the plurality of UV lamps and fixed to the porous frame. The plurality of fixing portions may be arranged to be spaced from each other such that the plurality of UV lamps may be arranged with a constant spacing. The constant spacing may be a shortest distance of about 8 cm or less to connect outer peripheral surfaces of the plurality of UV lamps adjacent to each other.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen chloride, or an aqueous solution thereof, includes the steps: a) furnishing a first electrolyte containing chloride ions; b) carrying out an electrodialysis, wherein the first electrolyte is subjected to a cathodic reduction resulting in a catholyte, wherein the concentration of chloride ions drops in the first electrolyte, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases in the first electrolyte, and a product in the form of hydrogen chloride or an aqueous solution thereof is produced; c) processing of at least a partial quantity of the catholyte, resulting in the first electrolyte, wherein an untreated saline water is used, the concentration of chloride ions increases in the catholyte and the concentration of hydroxide ions drops in the catholyte; and d) at least partial reuse of the catholyte processed according to step c) as the first electrolyte in step b).

Abstract: A method and a system for process parameter control of a liquid composition in a reverse electro-enhanced dialysis (REED) system comprising at least two Reverse Electro-Enhanced Dialysis (REED) membrane stacks, wherein the direction of the electric field within any one membrane stack is reversed at asynchronical intervals of time relative to the current reversals for any other membrane stack.

Abstract: A method for continuously manufacturing lithium transition metal phosphates of the formula LiMPO4, comprising the steps of providing an aqueous reaction mixture containing LION, H3PO4, and a transition metal sulphate, converting the reaction mixture into a lithium transition metal phosphate, separating the solid lithium transition metal phosphate from the soluble part of the reaction mixture, subjecting the soluble part (diluate) to an electrodialysis, and isolating the part of the electrodialysate that contains an aqueous LiOH solution.

Abstract: An improved device and method for the creation of acidic electrolyzed water is described. The device has an flow-through anode chamber and a static cathode chamber. The static cathode chamber contains a fixed amount of salt-containing electrolyte, which is renewed as needed. The flow rate of water through the anode is restricted to a range of about 5 to 40 ml per ampere of current passed through the electrode. Electrolyzed water flowing from the anode is diluted to obtain the desired concentration of hypochlorous acid, and is collected in a tank or other vessel. The electrolysis reaction is terminated when a preset amount of current has passed through the anode. Water circulation may be one pass or recycling. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is anion-selective.

Abstract: A process for producing a gas using an electrodialysis apparatus includes flowing at least two solutions and an electrode solution into the apparatus, pressurizing the apparatus at a stack pressure, applying a voltage to the apparatus's electrodialysis stack so a dissolved gas is generated in the second solution, flowing the second solution out of the apparatus, regenerating the gas out of the second solution, and collecting the gas. A process for generating a product, like a gas, liquid, or supercritical fluid, using an electrodialysis apparatus includes flowing at least two solutions and an electrode solution into the apparatus, adjusting the temperature and pressure so the product will be generated from the second solution, applying a voltage to the electrodialysis stack of the apparatus so that the product is generated in the second solution, flowing the second solution out of the apparatus, and regenerating the product from the second solution.

Abstract: A system and method for recovery of CO2 includes an aqueous capture device having a capture solution. The aqueous capture device is arranged to receive gas and to capture components from the gas including at least CO2. An electrodialysis unit in operative connection with the capture device performs an electrodialysis operation on the capture solution including at least the CO2, wherein a CO2 rich process stream and a regenerated capture solution are generated from the capture solution including at least the CO2. The CO2 rich process stream is a pressurized process stream at a pressure which maintains the CO2 substantially within the CO2 rich process stream, while in the electrodialysis unit. In another alternative, at least the pH of the capture stream is controlled.

Abstract: A method serves the production of one or more gases, in particular of oxyhydrogen. A liquid, preferably water (9), is electrolytically treated in the method. To improve the efficiency of a method of this type, a substance is present in the liquid (9) to which the or one of the gases to be produced adheres, in particular an ion exchanger (10) (single FIGURE).

Abstract: An electrodialysis method for the treatment of silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution is provided. The method comprises: providing a reaction tank including a cathode, an anode, and two cation dialysis membranes, wherein the reaction tank is divided by the cation dialysis membranes into a cathode chamber, an anode chamber and a waste solution disposing chamber located therebetween; filling a sulfuric acid solution into the anode chamber; filling a potassium hydroxide solution into the cathode chamber; introducing a silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution into the waste solution disposing chamber; and applying a voltage and a current density to each of the chambers to render potassium ions to transport from the waste solution chamber through the cation dialysis membrane to the cathode chamber.

Abstract: A process is provided for separating, concentrating and recovery of boron compound from aqueous solution containing boron, strongly dissociated anions and some cations. The process specifically integrates electrodialysis with ion exchange to selectively separate boron from aqueous solution that contains a wide concentration range of boron, strongly ionised anions such as chloride, nitrate and sulfate, and cations like lithium. The process is adapted for controlling boron concentration in an industrial process, for the recovery or purification of boron and some cations like lithium form aqueous solutions, and for wastewater treatment.

Abstract: Methods, systems and compositions for recovery of regenerant ions from spent regenerant solution by utilization of electrodialysis are provided. For example, in certain aspects methods for separating spent regenerant using an electrodialysis system comprising selective membranes are described. Furthermore, the invention provides methods for treating a friable solid ion-removal material to prevent fragmentation during regeneration.

Abstract: A new method for improving the efficiency of electrodialysis (ED) cells and stacks, in particular those used in chemical synthesis. The process entails adding a buffer solution to the stack for subsequent depletion in the stack during electrolysis. The buffer solution is regenerated continuously after depletion. This buffer process serves to control the hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion concentration so as to protect the active sites of electrodialysis membranes. The process enables electrodialysis processing options for products that are sensitive to pH changes.

Abstract: The invention includes novel anion exchange membranes formed by in situ polymerization of at least one monomer, polymer or copolymer on a woven support membrane and their methods of formation. The woven support membrane is preferably a woven PVC membrane. The invention also includes novel cation exchange membranes with or without woven support membranes and their methods of formation. The invention encompasses a process for using the membranes in electrodialysis of ionic solutions and in particular industrial effluents or brackish water or seawater. The electrodialysis process need not include a step to remove excess ions prior to electrodialysis and produces less waste by-product and/or by-products which can be recycled.

Abstract: The present invention provides means for recovering and reusing useful component ions in electrolytic phosphate chemical treatment bath without subjecting them to waste water treatment. In the present invention, a phosphate chemical treatment bath which contains phosphate ions and phosphoric acid, metal ions that form a phosphate crystal to provide a film, metal ions that are reduced from cations in the solution to form a film as metals, and ions that are involved in the reaction of the above-mentioned phosphoric acid and various metal ions to form a film, but which does not substantially contain ions that are not involved in film formation, is used as the phosphate chemical treatment bath.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides an apparatus and method for removing contaminants from a plating solution. The apparatus generally includes a plating cell having an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte drain, an electrolyte storage unit in fluid communication with the electrolyte inlet, and an electrodialysis chamber in fluid communication with the electrolyte drain, wherein the electrodialysis chamber is generally configured to receive a portion of used electrolyte solution and remove contaminants therefrom. The method generally includes supplying an electrolyte solution to a copper plating cell, plating copper onto a substrate in the plating cell with the electrolyte solution, removing used electrolyte solution from the plating cell, and refreshing a portion of the used electrolyte solution with an electrodialysis cell.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides an apparatus and method for removing contaminants from a plating solution. The apparatus generally includes a plating cell having an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte drain, an electrolyte storage unit in fluid communication with the electrolyte inlet, and an electrodialysis chamber in fluid communication with the electrolyte drain, wherein the electrodialysis chamber is generally configured to receive a portion of used electrolyte solution and remove contaminants therefrom. The method generally includes supplying an electrolyte solution to a copper plating cell, plating copper onto a substrate in the plating cell with the electrolyte solution, removing used electrolyte solution from the plating cell, and refreshing a portion of the used electrolyte solution with an electrodialysis cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for regenerating exhausted tin-plating solutions which contain tin and copper ions, free complexing agent and complexing agent bound to the copper ions, as well as expended and unexpended reducing agent. By means of a suitable rinsing technique, the rinse water of the tin-plating process is concentrated to a 10 to 15 percent dilution of the process solution. The regenerating solution thus produced is fed to an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell comprises a cathode chamber, a middle chamber and an anode chamber. The cathode chamber is separated from the middle chamber by an anion-exchange membrane and the anode chamber is separated from the middle chamber by a cation-exchange membrane. The regenerating solution is initially provided in the cathode chamber. Here, the interfering copper component is cathodically deposited.

Abstract: A method of processing an exposed black-and-white silver halide photographic film material, the method having the steps of developing in a developer solution, fixing in a fixer solution, replenishing of fixer and developer solution, rinsing in a washing solution and drying, characterized in that fixing is performed in one step and under such conditions that a "silver equilibrium ratio" of less than 2.0 is maintained, the said ratio being defined as the ratio between actual by the film material in the rinsing step through carry-over (cross-over) of silver from the fixing solution to the washing solution and amount of silver brought into the washing solution and the total amount of silver that theoretically could be brought into the washing solution by the film material by such carry-over; a "fixer to film silver ratio" of less than 0.

Abstract: In an electrolyzer provided according to this invention, the polarity of electrodes is periodically inverted at very short intervals. This has the effect of allowing gases to be generated uniformly all over the surface of each electrode in the form of extremely small bubbles instead of being formed in specific positions in the form of large bubbles as is the case with a conventional electrolyzer in which a direct current is allowed to flow without changing the flow direction. Thus the surfaces of electrodes are prevented from being covered with bubbles, and the flow of liquids along the surfaces of electrodes is not disturbed by the bubbles any more.

Abstract: The present invention, in certain embodiments, teaches a process for treating ammonia or ammonium-sulfate-containing waste effluent from an acrylonitrile, caprolactam or acetonitrile manufacturing facility. In one such process the effluent is fed to a deep well oxidizer, e.g. a water oxidizer vertical tube reactor (super critical or subcritical), to degrade organic contaminants. Certain embodiments of the deep well oxidizer have, according to this invention, an oxygen inlet tube movable by a coil tubing system. The output stream from the vertical tube reactor is, preferably, filtered, and then it is fed to an electrodialysis unit. In one aspect the electrodialysis unit produces an output stream at a pH of about 5 with a concentration of ammonium sulfate at least, preferably, of about 15% by weight, and most preferably between about 20% and about 26% by weight. This output stream may be neutralized and then further treated to remove ammonia and/or ammonium sulfate solids, e.g.

Abstract: A desalting method of a silver halide emulsion is disclosed, comprising removing soluble salts from the silver halide emulsion by electrodialysis, wherein said electrodialysis is carried out at a pH within a range of .+-.0.5 of an isoelectric point of a gelatin contained in the silver halide emulsion. Furthermore, by adding a salt during the course of the electrodialysis, the concentration of the emulsion is accomplished concurrently with desalting thereof.