Abstract: An aqueous caustic composition comprising: a caustic component; an amino acid additive adapted to provide an extended buffering effect to the caustic composition when such is exposed to an acid; and water, wherein the caustic component and the amino acid additive are present in a molar ratio ranging from 15:1 to 5:1. Methods of using such compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a functional material including a porous metal complex with nanoparticles included therein, the method including a configuration of adding more than one particle constituent raw material constituting the nanoparticles and a porous metal complex to a solvent, and then synthesizing nanoparticles included in the porous metal complex by heating to a desired temperature. In addition, provided is an electronic component including an electronic component element using a functional material including a porous metal complex with nanoparticles included therein.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a dry crystalline metal organic framework which comprises: a) spray drying at least one metal ion and at least one organic ligand which is at least bidentate into a spray dryer in the presence of a solvent, wherein the reaction of the at least one metal ion with the at least one organic ligand to yield the metal organic framework and the drying of the obtained metal organic framework take place simultaneously inside the spray dryer, and b) collecting the formed dry crystalline metal organic framework.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a compressed gaseous fuel storage pellet is provided comprising a gas adsorbent material and a thermally conductive material extending substantially an entire dimension of the pellet and having a thermal conductivity of at least 75 W/mK. The pellet may include at least two layers of gas adsorbent material spaced apart along a compression direction of the pellet and a substantially continuous layer of the thermally conductive material disposed between the at least two layers of gas adsorbent material. The pellet may further include thermally conductive projections which intersect the layer(s) of thermally conductive material.

Abstract: A novel process of preparing a Grignard reagent is disclosed. The process is effected by electrochemically reacting a Grignard precursor with an electrode which comprises a metal for forming the Grignard reagent, in the presence an electrolyte solution that comprises a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Electrochemical cells and systems for performing the process, and uses thereof in various applications are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a porous metal-organic framework material comprising at least one, at least bidentate, organic compound bound to at least one metal ion by coordination, the at least one metal ion, the at least one, at least bidentate, organic compound, or if appropriate a further component, being a coloring component, as sorbent and for permanent color marking of a filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions comprising macrocycles. In some cases, at least one beta-position of the macrocycle comprises an electron-withdrawing group, for example, a halide. In some embodiments, methods for forming and/or modifying a macrocycle using microwave energy are provided. In some embodiments, the compositions are employed in catalysis reactions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing reactive zinc by electrochemical reduction, wherein iron or steel is used as cathode material.

Abstract: Alkali alcoholates, also called alkali alkoxides, are produced from alkali metal salt solutions and alcohol using a three-compartment electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell includes an anolyte compartment configured with an anode, a buffer compartment, and a catholyte compartment configured with a cathode. An alkali ion conducting solid electrolyte configured to selectively transport alkali ions is positioned between the anolyte compartment and the buffer compartment. An alkali ion permeable separator is positioned between the buffer compartment and the catholyte compartment. The catholyte solution may include an alkali alcoholate and alcohol. The anolyte solution may include at least one alkali salt. The buffer compartment solution may include a soluble alkali salt and an alkali alcoholate in alcohol.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract: A method of electrochemically preparing a crystalline, porous, metal-organic framework material comprising at least one at least bidentate organic compound coordinately bound to at least one metal ion, in a reaction medium comprising the at least one bidentate organic compound, wherein at least one metal ion is provided in the reaction medium by the oxidation of one anode comprising the corresponding metal.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In a preferred embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a porous metal organic framework comprising at least two organic compounds coordinated to at least one metal ion, which comprises the steps (a) oxidation of at least one anode comprising the metal corresponding to at least one metal ion in a reaction medium in the presence of at least one first organic compound which is an optionally substituted monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon in which at least two ring carbons have been replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S to form a reaction intermediate comprising the at least one metal ion and the first organic compound; and (b) reaction of the reaction intermediate at a prescribed temperature with at least one second organic compound which coordinates to the at least one metal ion, with the second organic compound being derived from a dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of alkali alkoxides in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methoxide in methanol is made from methanol and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, where the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is present in the anolyte compartment and a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol is present in the catholyte compartment, the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium ions under the influence of an electric potential, and wherein the composition of the solution of sodium methoxide in methanol in the catholyte compartment of the electrolytic cell comprises between at least about 2% by weight sodium methoxide and at most about 20% by weight sodium methoxide.

Abstract: Methods are described for the electrochemical assembly of organic molecules on silicon, or other conducting or semiconducting substrates, using iodonium salt precursors. Iodonium molecules do not assemble on conducting surfaces without a negative bias. Accordingly, the iodonium salts are preferred for patterning applications that rely on direct writing with negative bias. The stability of the iodonium molecule to acidic conditions allows them to be used with standard silicon processing. As a directed assembly process, the use of iodonium salts provides for small features while maintaining the ability to work on a surface and create structures on a wafer level. Therefore, the process is amenable for mass production. Furthermore, the assembled monolayer (or multilayer) is chemically robust, allowing for subsequent chemical manipulations and the introduction of various molecular functionalities for various chemical and biological applications.

Abstract: A method of enhancing the concentration of a first inorganic compound in a first aqueous solution of a first process of a heavy chemical plant, the method comprising (a) feeding the first solution having the first compound at a first concentration and a first water vapor pressure to an osmotic membrane distillation means comprising a hydrophobic, gas and water vapor permeable membrane separating (i) a first chamber for receiving the first solution, from (ii) a second chamber for receiving a receiver feed aqueous solution having a second water vapor pressure lower than the first water vapor pressure; (b) feeding the receiver aqueous feed solution to the second chamber as to effect transfer of water vapor through the membrane from the first chamber to the second chamber, and to produce (i) a resultant first solution having a second concentration of the first compound greater than the first concentration and (ii) a diluted receiver feed aqueous solution; and (c) collecting the resultant first solution.

Abstract: A non-toxic environmentally friendly aqueous disinfectant is disclosed for specific use as prevention against contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria and virus. The aqueous disinfectant is formulated by electrolytically generating silver ions in water in combination with a citric acid. The aqueous disinfectant may include a suitable alcohol and/or a detergent. The aqueous disinfectant has been shown to be very effective at eliminating standard indicator organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella cholerasuis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating impure water by introducing a solution of electrolyticially generated silver citrate into the impure water wherein the silver is electrolytically generated in a solution of citric acid and water.

Abstract: A liquid conductive composition for electrolytic use, comprises a cobalt salt, a zinc salt, a polar aprotic solvent of said salts and a cobalt ligand. The liquid composition is used in a process for the preparation of an organozinc compound by electrolytic synthesis. The process comprises the step of subjecting to an electrolysis on an inert cathode the liquid composition comprising a cobalt salt, a zinc salt, a solvent, a cobalt ligand, and an organic halide, and recovering the organozinc obtained by the electrolysis.

Abstract: A method for preparing metal salts of organic sulfonic acids such as tin alkane sulfonates by electrolysis is described. The method comprises: (A) providing a membraneless electrolytic cell having an upper section and a lower section, and comprising: (i) a metal anode positioned in the lower section of the electrolytic cell, and (ii) a cathode positioned in the upper section of the electrolytic cell, (B) charging to the cell, an aqueous solution of an organic sulfonic acid, (C) passing a current through the cell whereby the metal of the anode dissolves in the sulfonic acid and forms the desired metal sulfonate, (D) accumulating the metal sulfonate in a lower portion of the lower section of the cell, and (E) recovering an aqueous solution of the desired metal sulfonate from the lower portion of the lower section of the cell.

Abstract: A method for preparing metal salts of organic sulfonic acids such as tin alkane sulfonates by electrolysis is described.

Abstract: A non-toxic environmentally friendly aqueous disinfectant is disclosed for specific use as prevention against contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria and virus. The aqueous disinfectant is formulated by electrolytically generating silver ions in water in combination with a citric acid. The aqueous disinfectant may include a suitable alcohol and/or a detergent. The aqueous disinfectant has been shown to be very effective at eliminating standard indicator organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella cholerasuis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract: A non-toxic environmentally friendly aqueous disinfectant is disclosed for specific use as prevention against contamination by potentially pathogenic bacteria and virus. The aqueous disinfectant is formulated by electrolytically generating silver ions in water in combination with a citric acid. The aqueous disinfectant may include a suitable alcohol and/or a detergent. The aqueous disinfectant has been shown to be very effective at eliminating standard indicator organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, samonella cholerasuis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing silver compounds. The process relates to the preparation of silver compounds of the general formula (I) RSO3Ag  (I) where R is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 9 carbon atoms or an unsubstituted or substituted aryl radical having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, which comprises subjecting acid of the general formula (II) RSO3H  (II)  where R has the above mentioned meaning, to an electrolytic dissolution of the anode in a membraneless electrolysis cell having metallic silver as anode.

Abstract: Metal nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder with high surface area (up to 150 m2/g) is prepared by using sol-gel process. The metal organic precursor, alkoxides or amides, is synthesized firstly. The metal organic precursor is modified by using unhydrolyzable organic ligands or templates. A wet gel is formed then by hydrolysis and condensation process. The solvent in the wet gel is then be removed supercritically to form porous amorphous hydroxide. This porous hydroxide materials is sintered to 725° C. under the ammonia flow and porous nitride powder is formed. The other way to obtain high surface area nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder is to pyrolyze polymerized templated metal amides aerogel in an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical capacitors are prepared by using sol-gel prepared nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder. Two methods are used to assemble the capacitors.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing metal 2-ethylhexanoates includes reaction of metals with a reaction mixture including a carboxylic acid, a low weight aliphatic alcohol, and an electroconductive additive under the action of electric current in an elecrolyzer. In the electrolyzer, an ion exchange membrane divides respective anode and cathode compartments. The metal is introduced in the form of an anode, and is preferably lead or bismuth. The carboxylate is preferably 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The electroconductive additive is preferably a salt of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and an alkali metal or ammonium cation.

Abstract: Catalyst compounds comprising at least one transition metal in an oxidation state of 0 to 1, and at least one monodentate or bidentate water-soluble phosphine, well suited for the hydrocyanation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, are electrochemically synthesized, by electrolyzing an aqueous solution catholyte (contained in the cathode compartment of any suitable electrolytic cell) comprising at least one transition metal compound and at least one monodentate or bidentate water-soluble phosphine, advantageously at least one phosphine having the following formulae (I) and/or (II):P(Ar1).sub.a (Ar2).sub.b (Ar3).sub.c (D1).sub.d (D2).sub.e (D3).sub.f(I)(Ar1).sub.a (Ar2).sub.b (D1).sub.d (D2).sub.e P-L-P(Ar1).sub.g (Ar2).sub.h (D1).sub.i (D2).sub.j (II).

Abstract: A bipolar electrode useful in bipolar cell stack electrochemical cells where one of the electrode surfaces is patterned with active and relatively inactive areas where the surface area ratio of the active areas of the electrode surface to the total electrode surface is between 1:2 and 1:50. The use of a grid-like pattern of electrocatalytic material over a conductive substrate is preferred. The electrodes can be used for certain redox reactions to favor particular reaction products.

Abstract: Catalyst compounds comprising at least one transition metal having an oxidation number of 0 or 1 and at least one sulfonated phosphine are electrochemically synthesized, by electrolyzing an aqueous solution catholyte (contained in the cathode compartment of any suitable electrolytic cell) comprising at least one transition metal compound and at least one sulfonated phosphine.

Abstract: An electrolytic process for producing lead and tin sulfonates which comprises applying a DC voltage to an anode and a plurality of cathodes in an electrolytic cell and thereby dissolving lead or tin in an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic cell is partitioned by cation- and anion-exchange membranes into anode and cathode chambers. The electrolytic solution is a solution of an organic sulfonic acid, and the anode is lead or tin. The process reduces contents of radioisotopes such as uranium and thorium to a level of less than 50 ppb, and therefore the coatings formed by solder plating using the lead and tin salts in accordance with the invention show radioactive .alpha. particle counts of less than 0.1 CPH/cm.sup.2.