Abstract: An electrolysis device of an embodiment includes: an anode, a cathode having a nitrogen-containing carbon alloy catalyst, and an electrolysis cell having a membrane electrode assembly composed of an electrolyte present between the anode and the cathode so that voltage is applied to the anode and the cathode, wherein the electrolyte is any one of acidic, neutral, or alkali, water is produced by the electrolysis device at the cathode, when the electrolyte is acidic, and hydroxide ion is produced by the electrolysis device at the anode, when the electrolyte is neutral or alkali.

Abstract: An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for bleaching kitchenware in a dishwasher, comprising the step of the in situ activation of a bleach activator by means of a reactive oxygen species, where the reactive oxygen species is generated in situ in the dishwasher by electrolysis of an aqueous solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of alkali metal chlorate comprising: providing an electrochemical cell comprising an anode and a cathode in separate anode and cathode compartments; contacting the cathode with an electrolyte comprising at least one organic mediator and one or more organic or mineral acids; reacting the organic mediator at the cathode to form at least one reduced form of the mediator; reacting the at least one reduced form of the mediator with oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide; contacting the anode with an anolyte comprising alkali metal chloride; reacting chloride at the anode to form chlorine that is hydrolyzed; and, reacting the hydrolyzed chlorine to form chlorate.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and applications for the on-site production of hydrogen peroxide are described. An embodiment of the apparatus comprises at least one anolyte chamber coupled to at least one anode, at least one catholyte chamber, wherein the at least one catholyte chamber is coupled to at least one cathode, at least one anode membrane and at least one cathode membrane, wherein the anode membrane is adjacent to the at least one anode, wherein the cathode membrane is adjacent to the at least one cathode, at least one central chamber disposed between the at least one anolyte chamber and the at least one catholyte chamber. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by reduction of an oxygen-containing gas at the cathode.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The device produces hydrogen peroxide on an as-needed basis through the use of electrolysis of water, wherein the hydrogen and oxygen are mixed in the electrolyzer, and the hydrogen and oxygen mixture in water are reacted in a reactor to produce hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: An industrially useful peroxo-carbonate is electrolytically produced using, as a raw material, carbon dioxide that is inexpensive and easily available. A process of producing a peroxo-carbonate, includes feeding a carbon dioxide gas into an electrolytic cell having a gas diffusion anode and a cathode, or feeding a liquid having a carbon dioxide gas dissolved therein into an electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode, and electrolytically converting the carbon dioxide gas into a peroxo-carbonate. By properly setting up electrolytic conditions such as electrodes, a useful peroxo-carbonate can be produced with high current efficiency using inexpensive carbon dioxide as the raw material.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and method of electrolysis for producing hydrogen peroxide at a moderate current density while preventing metal deposition on the cathode surface. A feed water from which multivalent metal ions have been removed and in which a salt of a univalent metal, e.g., sodium sulfate, has been dissolved in a given concentration is prepared with an apparatus for removing multivalent metal ions and dissolving a salt in low concentration. The feed water is supplied to an electrolytic cell. Even when electrolysis is continued, almost no deposition of a hydroxide or carbonate occurs on the cathode because multivalent metal ions are not present in the electrolytic solution. Due to the dissolved salt, a sufficient current density is secured to prevent an excessive load from being imposed on the electrodes, etc. Thus, stable production of hydrogen peroxide is possible over a long period of time.

Abstract: Improved methods and devices for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide employing redox catalysts in a gas diffusion electrode or membrane electrode assembly in a semi-chemical/electrochemical system for the production of high purity, stable, usually acidic, aqueous solutions of peroxide at high conversion efficiencies without requiring organic solvents.

Abstract: A process for the electrochemical preparation of hydrogen peroxide, in particular an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, by the electrochemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen in a fuel cell. By increasing the thickness of the membrane layer in a membrane electrode unit (MEU) in the fuel cell, it is possible to substantially increase the concentration of H2O2 in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution obtained at the cathode.

Abstract: A continuous use chemical oxygen iodine laser requires a continuous supply of basic hydrogen peroxide and chlorine to produce singlet delta oxygen for the laser. Regeneration of the spent basic hydrogen peroxide and chlorine with the input of oxygen and electricity can be generated on site or be obtained from a power grid. The regeneration of the spent basic hydrogen peroxide and chlorine makes continuous use of a chemical oxygen iodine laser possible without the constant resupply of basic hydrogen peroxide from an outside source.

Abstract: A recovery method of a compact disc includes the steps of: crushing a compact disc; b) placing the crushed compact disc into a stripping solution, so that the metallic layer is separated from the plastic base plates of the crushed compact disc; c) filtering the plastic base plates from the stripping solution; d) recovering the metal; and e) recovering the plastic base plates. Thus, the waste compact disc may be recovered and reused, thereby preventing incurring an environmental pollution.

Abstract: Improved methods and devices for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide employing redox catalysts in a gas diffusion electrode or membrane electrode assembly in a semi-chemical/electrochemical system for the production of high purity, stable, usually acidic, aqueous solutions of peroxide at high conversion efficiencies without requiring organic solvents.

Abstract: A process for the electrochemical preparation of hydrogen peroxide, in particular an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, by the electrochemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen in a fuel cell. By increasing the thickness of the membrane layer in a membrane electrode unit (MEU) in the fuel cell, it is possible to substantially increase the concentration of H2O2 in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution obtained at the cathode.

Abstract: A seawater electrolysis apparatus for generating hydrogen peroxide from seawater by electrolysis to thereby treat the seawater. The seawater electrolysis apparatus comprises an electrolytic cell, a gas diffusion electrode partitioning the electrolytic cell into a gas chamber and an electrolysis chamber, an insoluble metal electrode disposed in the electrolysis chamber as an anode, an inlet and an outlet for passing seawater through the electrolysis chamber, an inlet for supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the gas chamber, and means for passing and diffusing at least part of the gas supplied to the gas chamber passing through the gas diffusion electrode and into the seawater, respectively.

Abstract: An alkaline peroxide cell for electrolytic regeneration of spent BHP from a chemical oxygen iodine laser, the cell having a for regenerating chlorine and a peroxide cell for regenerating BHP. The chlorine compartment having a potassium chloride electrolyte and producing chlorine gas for the chemical oxygen iodine laser. The peroxide cell having a spent BHP electrolyte and producing BHP for the chemical oxygen iodine laser. A cation exchange membrane between the chlorine compartment and the peroxide compartment allows potassium ions to be transported from the chlorine compartment to the peroxide compartment.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for using gas and liquid phase cathodic depolarizers in an electrochemical cell having a cation exchange membrane in intimate contact with the anode and cathode. The electrochemical conversion of cathodic depolarizers at the cathode lowers the cell potential necessary to achieve a desired electrochemical conversion, such as ozone evolution, at the anode. When gaseous cathodic depolarizers, such as oxygen, are used, a gas diffusion cathode having the cation exchange membrane bonded thereto is preferred. When liquid phase cathodic depolarizers are used, the cathode may be a flow-by electrode, flow-through electrode, packed-bed electrode or a fluidized-bed electrode in intimate contact with the cation exchange membrane.

Abstract: The process for preparing an aqueous alkaline solution containing a peroxide and/or percarbonate includes providing an electrochemical cell comprising a porous oxygen diffusion cathode including a carbon woven or nonwoven fabric, a gas diffusion anode containing a carbon woven or nonwoven fabric and fed gaseous hydrogen or an anode including a metal grid coated with a noble metal catalyst and coated on a side facing the cathode with a proton-permeable membrane acting as a solid polymer electrolyte, an electrolyte-containing chamber between the cathode and the anode containing an electrolyte and a direct current source connected across the anode and cathode; feeding an aqueous feed solution containing at least one alkali hydroxide and/or alkali carbonate in a concentration of from 30 to 180 g/l into the electrolyte-containing chamber to provide the electrolyte; supplying an oxygen-containing gas containing molecular oxygen to the carbon woven or nonwoven fabric of the cathode; operating the direct current sour

Abstract: The process of making an aqueous alkaline solution containing alkali hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide and having an alkali hydroxide/H.sub.2 O.sub.2 molar ratio of 0.5 to 2.

Abstract: In the disclosed electrochemical cell for the production of an alkaline solution of peroxide, especially on-site production, the electrolyte is divided into an aqueous alkaline catholyte and an aqueous alkaline anolyte, and the cathode is a gas-diffusion electrode. The active material of the electrolyte side of the gas-diffusion cathode comprises a particulate catalyst support material having a surface area of about 50 to about 2000 m.sup.2 /g, and, deposited on the particles of this support material, 0.1 to 50 weight-%, based on the weight of the active layer, of gold or gold alloy particles having an average size >40 but less than about 200.ANG.. These gold or gold alloy particles are substantially selectively catalytic for the reduction of oxygen to peroxide (e.g. HOO.sup..crclbar.). The electrolyte flow patterns are designed to avoid loss of peroxide resulting from oxidation at the anode. In the operation of the cell, a product with a hydroxyl:perhydroxyl ratio less than 2:1 can be obtained.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and process for the cogeneration of a peroxy acid and salts thereof in an anolyte compartment of the cell and hydrogen peroxide at a desired ratio of an alkali metal hydroxide to hydrogen peroxide in the catholyte compartment of the cell. An ammonium compound is present as a reactant in the catholyte compartment. Ammonia is recycled from the catholyte compartment of the cell to the anolyte compartment of the cell or removed as a product.