Abstract: Processes and systems for electrochemical exfoliation that use a compression reactor and, more particularly, to processes and systems for electrochemical exfoliation of planar parent materials, such as graphite. A reactor for electrochemical exfoliation may include a container configured to hold an electrolyte solution. The reactor may further include a porous chamber, wherein the porous chamber is configured to hold a parent material in fluid communication with the electrolyte solution. The reactor may further include a pressure source positioned to apply a pressure along a length of the porous chamber to thereby compress the parent material in the porous chamber. The reactor may further include a first counter electrode. The reactor may further include a working electrode. The reactor may further include an electrical power source in electrical communication with the first counter electrode and the working electrode.

Abstract: The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) system includes a bismuth strontium cobalt oxide.

Abstract: Energy storage is accomplished by producing hydrazine carbonate and later reconverting the hydrazine carbonate to release the energy. Sea water is firstly used in an electrolysis process to prepare hypochlorite. The hypochlorite reacts as a result of introduction of ammonia to produce monochloramine and then hydrazine. The hydrazine reacts as a result of introduction of carbon dioxide to give hydrazine carbonate. To release the energy, the hydrazine carbonate liberates hydrogen or at least a hydrogen-containing gas by reaction over a noble metal-free catalyst. The hydrogen may then be enriched before being fed to a fuel cell.

Abstract: A cathode material for a solid oxide fuel cell comprises a perovskite type complex oxide which is represented by Formula 1: Gd1-xMxCoO3-?.In Formula 1, M represents an alkali metal, x is larger than 0 and not more than 0.75, and ? ranges from 0 to 2.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia are disclosed. Embodiments include (1) ammonium nitrate produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source: (3) ammonia produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source or a hydrogen equivalent such as carbon monoxide or a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source.

Abstract: Coaxial disk armatures, counter-rotating through an axial magnetic field, act as electrolysis electrodes and high shear centrifugal impellers for an axial feed. The feed can be carbon dioxide, water, methane, or other substances requiring electrolysis. Carbon dioxide and water can be processed into syngas and ozone continuously, enabling carbon and oxygen recycling at power plants. Within the space between the counter-rotating disk electrodes, a shear layer comprising a fractal tree network of radial vortices provides sink flow conduits for light fractions, such as syngas, radially inward while the heavy fractions, such as ozone and elemental carbon flow radially outward in boundary layers against the disks and beyond the disk periphery, where they are recovered as valuable products, such as carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: This invention provides a one-stage process for generating a biocidal solution in situ, including a reaction between an ammonium salt and an electrolytically generated bromine oxidative species.

Abstract: Both the reaction of hydride-forming compositions with hydrogen to form hydrides, and the decomposition of such hydrides to release hydrogen may be promoted electrochemically. These reactions may be conducted reversibly, and if performed in a suitable cell, the cell will serve as a hydrogen storage and release device.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a system for providing a renewable source of material resources is provided comprising: a first source of renewable energy; first stream of materials from a first materials source; an electrolyzer coupled to the first source of renewable energy and the first stream of materials, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to produce a first material resource by electrolysis; a processor for further processing or use or the material resource to produce a second material resource, wherein the processor comprises a solar collector and where the solar collector is configured to provide heat to the first materials resource for disassociation; and a material resource storage coupled to the electrolyzer for receiving the material resource from the electrolyzer or providing the material resource to the processor for further processing or use.

Abstract: A process for preparing a pure ammonium perrhenate includes producing a first aqueous suspension containing an ammonium perrhenate. A stoichiometric amount of a nitric acid is added to the first aqueous suspension so as to produce a second suspension. The second suspension is introduced into a cathode space of an electrolysis cell. The electrolysis cell is divided by a cation-exchange membrane into the cathode space and an anode space. The nitric acid is cathodically reduced to a nitrous acid in the cathode space by applying an electric potential. The nitrous acid is reacted with ammonium ions of the ammonium perrhenate so as to form an aqueous perrhenic acid. Potassium ions are removed from the aqueous perrhenic acid. At least a stoichiometric amount of ammonia is added to the aqueous perrhenic acid so as to produce the pure ammonium perrhenate.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for fabricating graphene, and comprises at least the following steps. First, a first electrode and a second electrode are inserted into an electrolyte without contacting. The first electrode is graphite, and the electrolyte comprises at least an ionic liquid. A potential difference will be produced between the first electrode and the second electrode to let the ionic liquid enter into each layer of the first electrode to form a plurality of graphene.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen. Implementing an electrolyte serving as ionic charge carrier, (1) ammonium nitrate is produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers are produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source; (3) ammonia is produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate is produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source. The electrolyte can be solid.

Abstract: A method for producing fertilizers comprising feeding gaseous reactants comprising at least one nitrogen source and a source of hydrogen selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen-containing salt, a hydrogen-containing compound, and a hydrogen-containing gas to a reactor, the reactor including at least one reaction chamber, at least one anode, at least one cathode, and at least one electrolyte between each at least one anode and each at least one cathode, providing electricity to drive anodic and cathodic reactions, and producing a fertilizer having nitrogen by providing a nitrogen source of the at least one nitrogen source and at least one carbon source to the at least one cathode and a nitrogen source of the at least one nitrogen source to the at least one anode.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for electrochemical generation of quaternary ammonium hypohalite salts, which may be combined with the capabilities of free chlorine to form a novel biocidal system. An aqueous solution preferably comprising dissolved quaternary ammonium halide salts is electrolyzed, which converts the halide component of the quaternary ammonium salt to the corresponding halogen. The halogen dissolves in the aqueous solution producing hypohalous acid and hypohalite anion. A combination of one or more quaternary ammonium compounds and a halide salt, surfactant, and/or germicide may be electrolyzed. The solution may be incorporated into a delivery system for example, a spray bottle or hand sanitizer, or as part of a dispensing system whereby quaternary ammonium halide salts absorbed onto wipes can be dispensed as quaternary ammonium hypohalite salts.

Abstract: Provided is an electrode for electrolysis with excellent corrosion resistance and durability which can be used sustainably in the production of a high-purity quaternary ammonium hydroxide by the electrolysis of a quaternary ammonium inorganic acid salt in an electrolytic cell partitioned by a cation exchange membrane on a commercial scale with reduced electric power consumption at low cost. The electrode for electrolysis is useful for the production of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide by the electrolysis of a quaternary ammonium inorganic acid salt in an electrolytic cell partitioned by a cation exchange membrane and comprises an electrode base material of an electrically conductive metal, an electrode active layer containing an electrode active material covering the electrode base material, and an intermediate layer of a mixed oxide of an oxide of at least one kind of metal selected from In, Ir, Ta, Ti, Ru, and Nb and an oxide of Sn disposed between the electrode base material and the electrode active layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process comprising the reaction of a cyanide with a hydrogen cyanide-reactive compound, characterized in that the cyanide is a cyanide salt and the process is an electrochemical process involving the transporting of a reaction mixture to which cyanide salt has been added through an electrochemical cell, in which process the cyanide salt reacts with the hydrogen cyanide-reactive compound while at least partly under the influence of an electric current the cyanide salt is acidified and the salt cation content is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia, at low temperature and pressure, preferably at ambient temperature and pressure, utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen or hydrogen equivalent.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a system for providing a renewable source of material resources is provided comprising: a first source of renewable energy; first stream of materials from a first materials source; an electrolyzer coupled to the first source of renewable energy and the first stream of materials, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to produce a first material resource by electrolysis; a processor for further processing or use or the material resource to produce a second material resource, wherein the processor comprises a solar collector and where the solar collector is configured to provide heat to the first materials resource for disassociation; and a material resource storage coupled to the electrolyzer for receiving the material resource from the electrolyzer or providing the material resource to the processor for further processing or use.

Abstract: Method for producing sodium carbonate, according to which an aqueous sodium chloride solution (5) is electrolyzed in a membrane-type cell (1) from which an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (9) is collected, and carbonated by direct contact with carbon dioxide (15) to form a slurry of crystals of anhydrous sodium carbonate (16).

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing fine particles of a salt, hydroxide or oxide, wherein when producing the salt, hydroxide or oxide by electrodialysis using anion exchange membranes and cation exchange membranes, a conductive liquid acting as a poor solvent for the salt, hydroxide or oxide which is produced in a concentration chamber is used as a concentration chamber solution, as well as the fine particles of the salt, hydroxide or oxide which are produced by the above process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the removal of ammonia from an ammonia-containing gas stream by treating the ammonia in the ammonia-containing gas stream with an acid, during which treatment an aqueous stream comprising an ammonium salt, wherein the aqueous stream comprising the ammonium salt is treated with electrodialysis, whereby the acid is recovered and an aqueous stream comprising an ammonium hydroxide salt is formed.

Abstract: Process for preparing organic isocyanates, which comprises the steps (a) making available a first partial amount of chlorine, with the chlorine of this first partial amount having a content of free and bound bromine and iodine of <400 ppm; (b) making available a second partial amount of chlorine; (c) reacting the first and second partial amounts of chlorine with carbon monoxide to form phosgene; (d) reacting the phosgene from step (c) with one or more primary amines to form the corresponding isocyanates and hydrogen chloride; (e) separating off and, if necessary, purifying the isocyanates formed in step (d); (f) separating off and, if necessary, purifying the hydrogen chloride formed in step (d); (g) catalytically oxidizing at least part of the hydrogen chloride separated off in step (e) by means of oxygen to form chlorine; (h) separating off the chlorine formed in step (g) and using at least a partial amount of the chlorine which has been separated off as second partial amount of chlorine in step (b).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for producing ionic liquids. The ionic liquids may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic ionic liquids. The ionic liquids are made by subjecting an electrochemical cell to electrolysis.

Abstract: An electrode for electrolyzing an electrolyte comprising an ammonium fluoride (NH4F)-hydrogen fluoride (HF)-containing molten salt and having a composition ratio (HF/NH4F) of 1 to 3 to prepare a nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) gas and an electrolyte for use in the preparation of NF3 gas, and a preparation method of the NF3 gas by the use of the electrode and the electrolyte. The electrode comprises nickel having 0.07 wt % or less of Si content and containing a transition metal other than nickel. The electrolyte also contains a transition metal other than nickel.

Abstract: An electrode for electrolyzing an electrolyte comprising an ammonium fluoride (NH4F)-hydrogen fluoride (HF)-containing molten salt and having a composition ratio (HF/NH4F) of 1 to 3 to prepare a nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) gas and an electrolyte for use in the preparation of NF3 gas, and a preparation method of the NF3 gas by the use of the electrode and the electrolyte. The electrode comprises nickel having 0.07 wt % or less of Si content and containing a transition metal other than nickel. The electrolyte also contains a transition metal other than nickel.

Abstract: A method of reducing nitrous oxide which comprises introducing nitrous oxide into a reaction chamber disposed in contact with an electrolytic chamber having an anode and a cathode comprising a hydrogen-absorbing material, the cathode serving as a diaphragm separating the reaction chamber and the electrolytic chamber, and contacting the nitrous oxide with the diaphragm to thereby continuously reduce the nitrous oxide with hydrogen atoms electrolytically generated on the cathode, absorbed by the hydrogen-absorbing material and passing through the diaphragm. The cathode preferably has catalyst comprising a platinum group metal black deposited on the side of the cathode opposite the anode. Also disclosed is an electrolytic cell for the reduction of nitrous oxide partitioned with a diaphragm into an electrolytic chamber having an anode and a reduction reaction chamber, the diaphragm comprising a hydrogen-absorbing material, and the side of the diaphragm facing the electrolytic chamber serving as a cathode.

Abstract: A process and a system produces isocyanate and converts anhydrous hydrogen chloride, which is a by-product of isocyanate production, to chlorine gas in an electrochemical cell. The chlorine is recycled to the isocyanate process. Any unreacted anhydrous hydrogen chloride may be recycled to the electrochemical cell. By recycling the anhydrous hydrogen chloride and the chlorine, the process and system are able to reduce the cost of producing isocyanate. In addition, this process and system process eliminate or at least substantially minimize the problems associated with disposal of anhydrous hydrogen chloride by turning it into a useful starting material in the isocyanate process.

Abstract: Describes a method of electrochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., ethyleneamine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine. A three compartment electrolytic cell is provided having (1) a catholyte compartment containing a cathode assembly comprising a cathode and an anion exchange membrane, (2) an anode compartment containing an anode assembly comprising either (a) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode and a current collecting electrode or (b) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode which is fixedly held between a hydraulic barrier and a current collecting electrode, and (3) an intermediate compartment separated from the catholyte and anode compartments by the anion exchange membrane and either (i) the hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode or (ii) the hydraulic barrier respectively.

Abstract: Describes a method of electreochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., amine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine. An electrolytic cell is provided having (1) a catholyte compartment containing a cathode assembly comprising a cathode and a bipolar ion exchange membrane, (2) an anode compartment containing an anode assembly comprising either (a) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode and a current collecting electrode or (b) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode which is fixedly held between a hydraulic barrier and a current collecting electrode, and (3) at least one pair of intermediate compartments separating the catholyte and anode compartments and separated from each other by an anion exchange membrane.

Abstract: Describes a method of electrochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., ethyleneamine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine. A three compartment electrolytic cell is provided having (1) a catholyte compartment containing a cathode assembly comprising a cathode and anion exchange membrane, (2) an anolyte compartment containing an anode assembly comprising an anode and a cation exchange membrane, and (3) an intermediate compartment separated from the catholyte and anolyte compartments by the anion and cation exchange membranes respectively. An aqueous solution of amine hydrohalide is charged to the catholyte compartment, while hydrogen halide solutions are charged to the intermediate and anolyte compartments. Direct current is passed through the electrolytic cell and an aqueous solution comprising free amine is removed from the catholyte compartment.

Abstract: Describes a method of electrochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., ethyleneamine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine, by charging an aqueous solution of amine hydrohalide to the catholyte compartment of an electrolytic cell, which contains a cathode, charging hydrogen gas to the anode compartment of the cell, which contains an anode assembly comprised of a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode fixedly held between a current collecting electrode and an anion exchange membrane. The catholyte and anode compartments of the cell are separated by the anion exchange membrane. An amine hydrohalide solution containing free amine is removed from the catholyte compartment.

Abstract: The ammonium polysulfide is produced in at least one electrochemical cell, to which an aqueous ammonium sulfide solution is supplied as electrolyte. The cell comprises an anode, a gas diffusion cathode, and between the anode and the cathode an electrolyte chamber, where the cell voltage is 0.01 to 5V. The cathode has an electrically conductive, gas-permeable carbon layer, over which flows gas containing free oxygen, and which is in contact with the electrolyte. O.sub.2 -containing gas is introduced into the electrolyte chamber, thereby forming hydroperoxide anions (OOH.sup.-) in the electrolyte chamber. From the electrolyte chamber a solution containing ammonium polysulfide and a residual gas are withdrawn.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing organic and inorganic hydroxides or alkoxides, or ammonia or organic amines from the corresponding salts in an electrolysis cell which comprises an anolyte compartment containing an anode and an electrolyte solution, a catholyte compartment containing a cathode, and an intermediate compartment containing a liquid wherein said intermediate compartment is separated from the catholyte compartment by an anion selective membrane and from the anolyte compartment by a cation selective membrane, said process comprising the steps of:(A) charging to the catholyte compartment, a mixture comprising an organic or inorganic salt or an amine salt, and a liquid selected from water or organic liquids provided that sufficient water is present in the catholyte mixture to form the desired hydroxide or amine, or sufficient alcohol is present in the catholyte mixture to form the desired alkoxide;(B) passing a current through the electrolysis cell to produce the desired hydroxide, alkoxide or am