Abstract: A method is disclosed for using an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system that supplies an electrical current such that a metallic structure (10) has a negative voltage of between 0.5 and 1.5 Volt relative to earth to power one or more electrical appliances (5), the method comprising: —providing one or more electrical appliances (5) which each have a pair of electrical contacts (1,2); —connecting one electrical contact (1) of each electrical appliance to the structure; and —connecting the other electrical contact (2) of each electrical appliance to earth, thereby providing electrical power to each of the electrical appliances. It is preferred that the electrical appliances (5) are equipped with one or more DC-DC power converters (6) which are configured to enhance an electrical input voltage of between 0.5 and 1.5 Volt to an electrical output voltage of between 3 and 5 Volt.

Abstract: The connections to anodes used in impressed current electrochemical treatments of steel in concrete construction are at risk from rapid corrosion arising from induced anodic dissolution when these connections are embedded in reinforced concrete. A corrosion resistant connection that does not require any further protective insulation can be formed using titanium conductors [2,6] and connecting the conductors together at a conductor-conductor connection [5] using a clamping device comprising a non-metallic material wherein the clamping device only brings corrosion resistant material into contact with the conductors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for cathodic protection of electrode or electrode materials wherein negative bias is applied on the electrode. the negative bias is obtained by asymmetric current pulse. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with higher amplitude. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with higher amplitude and with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The present invention further relates to a process for cathodic protection of electrode or electrode materials, wherein negative bias is applied on the electrode, wherein the negative bias is obtained by asymmetric current pulse, wherein the asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The wider pulse width is obtained by pulse trains.

Abstract: A cathodic protection polymeric compound is disclosed. The compound has flowable material to serve as a binder, carbonaceous conductive media dispersed in the flowable material, sacrificial metal particles also dispersed in the flowable material. The carbonaceous conductive media serve as a carbon-based electron transfer agent and are in the form of particles, platelets, fibers, tubes, or combinations thereof. A galvanic circuit is formed by the metal particles serving as anodes, a metal substrate to be protected serving as the cathode, and the conductive media serving as the electron transfer agent. The flowable material can also include an ionically conductive or an inherently conductive polymer to further enhance the galvanic circuit.

Abstract: A method for repairing concrete structural elements reinforced with steel rebar includes steps of: removal of debris and rust; attachment of expanded mesh zinc metal for sacrificial passive corrosion protection; and overwrapping with flexible panels of fiber-reinforced polymer composite material.

Abstract: An ICCPS system includes a waterproof transformer or transformer rectifier adapted for underwater placement, an above-water source of AC power, and one or more cables connecting the power source to either a rectifier on the surface and underwater transformer or to a underwater transformer rectifier to deliver high voltage/low amperage DC power or high voltage/low amperage AC power from the source for underwater conversion to low voltage/high amperage DC power for delivery to on underwater anode.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system wherein a metal structure is electrically connected to a sacrificial anode through a self encapsulating wire connector that can be assembled by unskilled persons and can be maintained in a protective condition around an electrical junction to enable the electrical junction to protected from an underground environment.

Abstract: A pipe coupling for joining two electrolyte-conveying pipes of electrochemically dissimilar metals and inhibiting galvanic corrosion resulting from the dissimilarity. A tubular pipe coupling has a pair of axially spaced protection electrodes mounted to its interior wall in electrical contact with the electrolyte. A control electrode is also mounted to the interior wall of the tubular pipe coupling between one of the pipes and the pair of protection electrodes. A current sensing circuit is connected to sense the galvanic current through the control electrode. A controllably variable source of electrical current is connected to vary the current through the protection electrodes. A negative feedback control circuit receives the sensed current as a feedback signal and controls the variable source to increase the electrical current through the protection electrodes and the electrolyte so that the sensed current is reduced thereby reducing the galvanic current in the electrolyte between the pipes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a curable cathodic corrosion protection powder coating, which comprises a thermosetting resin, a zinc borate compound, a curing agent in an amount effective to cure the coating. Further, the present invention also provides a method of cathode corrosion protection which includes the steps of subjecting the substrate to a mechanical treatment, applying to said treated steel surface, the cathodic protective coating, and polarizing the coated material as a cathode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for cathodic protection of electrode or electrode materials wherein negative bias is applied on the electrode. the negative bias is obtained by asymmetric current pulse. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with higher amplitude. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with higher amplitude and with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The present invention further relates to a process for cathodic protection of electrode or electrode materials, wherein negative bias is applied on the electrode, wherein the negative bias is obtained by asymmetric current pulse, wherein the asymmetric current pulse is obtained by performing negative phase with wider pulse width than that of the anodic phase. The wider pulse width is obtained by pulse trains.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, method and computer program product directed to controlling corrosion of a conductive structure in contact with a corrosive environment and electrically connected to one or more anodes, wherein the anodes are less noble than the conductive structure, where the corrosion is controlled by a controllable filter and a corresponding electronic control unit configured to process at least one stored or measured parameter, and wherein the apparatus, system and method serve to prolong the lifetime of the one or more anodes by reducing, minimizing or substantially eliminating their sacrificial character.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for instrumental analysis in remote locations. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of controlling cathodic protection being applied to a metal structure having a surface disposed in an electrolytic environment comprising electrically connecting a metal coupon to the surface of the metal structure, positioning the metal coupon at a predetermined position relative to the surface of the metal structure and within the electrolytic environment, applying a cathodic protection agent to the surface of the metal structure to effect cathodic protection of the surface of the metal structure, measuring a cathodic protection indication proximate to the metal coupon, comparing the cathodic protection indication with a predetermined value, and adjusting the cathodic protection agent being applied to the surface of the metal structure in response to the comparison.

Abstract: A corrosion inhibitor composition for use in combination with cathodic protection of metallic structures includes between about 5 and 80 percent by weight cyclohexylammonium benzoate; between about 1 and 10 percent by weight monoethanolammonium benzoate; between about 5 and 90 percent by weight dicyclohexylammonium nitrate; and up to about 5 percent by weight fumed silica, and may further include about 2 percent by weight tolyltriazole.

Abstract: An electrode system for preventing biofouling of a surface either is applied directly onto the surface of an aquatic vehicle or structure, if the surface is non-conducting; or is applied onto an insulating paint layer on the surface, if the surface is conducting; or is embedded in a layer of electrically non-conducting material. The electrode system includes two alternating sets of electrodes in the form of spaced, parallel strips made from any conductive material, preferably a conductive coating, the first set being provided with a number n of parallel electrodes, and the second set being provided with a number n?1 of parallel electrodes, with the positions of the electrodes of the first set alternating with the positions of the electrodes of the second set. The geometry of the electrodes is such that when the voltage is applied, the electric field radiates outwardly parallel to the surface of the structure.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides a method for prevention of corrosion in a metal object by inducing a surface current over the entire surface of the metal object. The surface current can be induced by direct or indirect application of electrical waveforms having AC components generated from a circuit. The metal body and the negative terminal of a source of DC voltage (battery) are grounded. The positive terminal of the source of DC voltage is connected to the electronic circuit that imparts electrical waveforms of low voltage DC to the conductive terminal connected to the metal body. Alternate methods of inducing surface currents include direct capacitor discharge through the metal body, or movement of an electromagnetic field over the metal body, or by generating an RF signal attached to a transmitting antenna such that the transmitted signal is received by the metal body.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cathodic protection in an environment where thin film corrosive fluids are formed is provided. The apparatus which protects from corrosion an object exposed to the thin film corrosive fluids, by artificially adjusting a potential of the object, comprises a DC power supply of which cathode is electrically connected to the object to be corrosion-protected, and an anodic assembly of which anode is electrically connected to the DC power supply.

Abstract: An active cathodic protection system, the apparatus comprising a rectifier element with at least one electrical connection to a source of electrical current, the rectifier element associated with a direct current positive (+) output terminal for electrical connection of via an anode connector to a consumable anode, a direct current negative (?) output terminal for electrical connection via a cathode connector to the structure to be protected, grounding means for electrical grounding of the apparatus and anti-cross connection means for preventing the continuing flow of electrical current when the anode connector is associated with the negative output terminal and the cathode connector is associated with the positive output terminal.

Abstract: Systems and methods of cathodic protection. The system includes a metallic housing, a backplane situated within the metallic housing, a cathodic protection card coupled to the backplane and a permanent anode, external to the metallic housing, coupled to the cathodic protection card through an isolated port. The cathodic protection system is powered using span power. The permanent anode and metallic housing are adapted to form a closed circuit when both come in contact with an electrolyte. The permanent anode is maintained at a higher potential than the metallic housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for prevention of corrosion in metal objects uses a capacitively coupled fastener or pad attached to a metal body being protected from corrosion. The metal body and the negative terminal of a source of DC voltage (battery) are grounded. The positive terminal of the source of DC voltage is connected to electronic circuitry that imparts pulses of low voltage DC through the capacitor to the fastener. These pulses of electrical current inhibit the oxidation of the metal object by providing a source of electrons to the oxidizing chemicals in contact with the metal. The electronic circuitry includes a reverse voltage protector to prevent the application of reverse source voltage. The circuitry also includes a power conditioner to supply a constant DC voltage to a microprocessor. The microprocessor generates pulses of DC signals that are amplified by a pulse amplifier and imparted to the conductive facing of the pad. For larger objects, a first and second cable are attached to a metal object.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, method and computer program product directed to controlling corrosion of a conductive structure in contact with a corrosive environment and coated with a semiconductive coating, where the corrosion is controlled by a controllable filter and a corresponding electronic control unit configured to process at least one stored or measured parameter.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the protection of metals from corrosion and/or fouling from exposure to environments such as, for example, seawater. The protection in accordance with this invention is achieved through the use of conductive zinc-containing coatings in combination with applied current cathodic protection.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of an existing concrete structure, including a steel member at least partly buried, such as steel rebar, in the concrete structure, is provided by embedding anodes into a fresh concrete layer applied over an excavated patch and/or as a covering overlay. The anodes are embedded at spaced positions or as an array in the layer and connected to the rebar. A corrosion inhibitor is added into the fresh concrete at least at the interface and more preferably in admixture with the fresh concrete which acts to reduce the flow of ionic current to the steel or between the anode member and the steel in the fresh covering material without significantly increasing the resistivity of the fresh covering material and without inhibiting the ionic current between the anode member and the fresh covering material. In this way the current to the steel in the existing concrete is maximized to maximize the cathodic protection to the existing steel which is the primary target.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for protecting surfaces (S) which are in contact or come into contact with a water-containing medium (M) against biological macro-fouling, wherein 1) S is electrically conducting and 2) such a potential (P) fluctuating over time is applied to S that it inhibits the growth of organisms that live in M and/or propagate therein and which have the tendency to form deposits on S, characterised in that P does not assume values that are higher than the corrosion potential of S in M and the average value of P is lower than the said corrosion potential.

Abstract: An automated, remote control/monitoring system for a cathodic protection system for a buried metallic object based on monitoring multiple coupon test stations, buried next to the metal object, by a central processor, which can individually control multiple cathodic protection rectifiers. Preferably, the reference for potential measurements is a buried coupon having a metallurgy substantially the same as the metallurgy of the buried object.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, method and computer program product directed to controlling corrosion of a conductive structure in contact with a corrosive environment and coated with a semiconductive coating, where the corrosion is controlled by a controllable filter and a corresponding electronic control unit configured to process at least one stored or measured parameter.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for providing corrosion protection of subsea pipe-in-pipe electrically heated pipeline are provided. The exterior surface of the outer pipe is coated with a thick protective coating in and near the splash zone and near the bulkhead of the heated line. A discharge electrode is placed over the thick protective covering or bare pipe is created near the thick protective covering. Methods are provided for determining the area needed in the discharge electrode or bare pipe.

Abstract: A process of reducing scaling of a metal surface exposed to an aqueous solution from which scale may form after a period of exposure. The process comprises applying a cathodic potential to the surface for at least some of the period of exposure. In some cases, e.g. when an article is made of a ferrous metal, it is advantageous to coat the article with a different metal (e.g. copper or an alloy of copper) before applying the cathodic potential to avoid hydrogen generation and excessive current flow. An article to be protected from scaling may also advantageously be electrically isolated from other parts of an apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for measuring an electrical property of the ground. The apparatus includes a graphite electrode. The graphite electrode includes a graphite body and a first and second opening. The first opening extends longitudinally throughout the graphite body and is configured to receive a multi-wire cable. The second opening is configured to secure one or more wires of the multi-wire cable to the graphite body. Using a graphite electrode, measurements of the ground can be made over a long period of time without having to clean or otherwise maintain the electrodes because the graphite material withstands operating conditions over many years without degradation.

Abstract: A prefabricated ground mat with cathodic protection adapted to protect persons from induced electrical potentials in a pipe or other electrical conductor buried below a ground-level surface, adapted to protect test stands, valve sites, metering stations, pig launchers and receivers, access portals, or other exposed, above-ground equipment which are electrically connected to the buried conductor, from such electrical potentials, and adapted to protect the buried conductor from oxidation due to the ground grid. Multiple mats may be buried between the underground conductor and the ground-level surface and electrically connected to either the underground conductor, the above-grade buried conductor, or both. The mats are made of materials such that the galvanic cell formed by the electrical union of the underground conductor with the mat cause the mat to be consumed.

Abstract: A sacrificial electrode system for cathodically protecting an iron and/or steel object against corrosion comprising of a sacrificial anodic material containing, but not limited to, zinc, magnesium, aluminum or a mixture of these materials, with a magnet, preferably of the ceramic type, coupled with a cap plate, embedded into the sacrificial anode material so that advantage can be taken of the magnetic flux for transfer of electrons from the anode material to the object being protected, the unit is affixed to the object being protected by use of an electrically conductive adhesive. The electrical connection is established via the combination of ceramic magnet and electrically conductive adhesive. The magnet is magnetized in the direction of its thickness and the conversion of Fe2O3 into Fe3O4 us furthered by the use of the electrically conductive adhesive and the magnet with cap plate.

Abstract: Numerical techniques such as the finite element method (FEM) are used to model the current and voltage distribution in concrete structures such as bridges. The geometric arrangement of groundbeds and the ideal locations for the electrical contacts vis-a-vis the geometry of the bridge and the rebars can thereby be predicted and a cathodic protection (CP) system for the bridge designed. A magnetic sensor is used to sense the magnetic field generated by the CP current, and a voltmeter or an oscilloscope to measure the output of the magnetic sensor. A current interrupter is also used to interrupt the CP current at the source. The current is mapped by placing the magnetic sensor on or above the concrete surface. By moving the sensor from one location to another, the current is mapped over the entire structure. To achieve uniform distribution over the entire structure, an “expert” CP system controlled by a variety of current and environmental sensors and a dedicated microprocessor is described.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to: a method of ultrasonic pickling by impressing a protective potential of not less than −300 mV baser than the corrosion potential of an ultrasonic diaphragm installed in a pickling solution on the ultrasonic wave imposing means and carrying out pickling while supplying corrosion preventive current of not less than 100 mA/m2 to a corrosion preventive current imposing means whose negative electric terminal is connected to the ultrasonic wave imposing means and whose positive electric terminal is connected to the pickling solution or a travelling strip material; and an apparatus for ultrasonic pickling, as an apparatus to embody the method.

Abstract: A metal anode useful in a galvanic or impressed current cathodic protection system for a steel reinforced concrete article is a unitary, multi-plane, porous, metal anode strip or ribbon having a plurality of louvers defining a plane or planes at the lateral extremities of said louvers. In one embodiment, louvers extending in their long dimension longitudinally on the anode strip are spaced apart from adjacent louver units by an intermediate plane. Louvered anode strips consisting of a valve metal or alloy or mixture thereof are useful at an anode current density of up to about 20 milliamps per square foot. Louvered metal anodes comprising an electrocatalytically active coating on a valve metal substrate are useful at higher anode current densities. Sacrificial metal anodes such as zinc anodes are useful in galvanic cathodic protection systems.

Abstract: The electrolyte is supplied from a reservoir through at least one supply line to an electrolysis area including anodes and cathodes and at least one electric d.c. voltage source, and used electrolyte is at least partly recirculated from the electrolysis area back to the reservoir through at least one discharge line. Between a first contact point in the electrolyte of the supply line and a second contact point in the electrolyte of the discharge line there is a bridge line containing electrolyte, where the ohmic resistance R1 of the electrolyte in the bridge line between the first and the second contact point is not more than 10% of the ohmic resistance R2 which exists between the first and the second contact point in the electrolyte flowing through the reservoir. The amount of electrolyte flowing through the bridge line per unit time is not more than 5% of the amount of electrolyte flowing in the supply line in the vicinity of the first contact point.

Abstract: An electrically conductive surface is combined with a protective surface of glass in order to provide an anode from which electrons can be transferred to seawater for the purpose of generating gaseous chlorine on the surface to be protected. Ambient temperature cure glass (ATC glass) provides a covalent bond on an electrically conductive surface, such as nickel-bearing paint. In this way, boat hulls, submerged portions of outboard motors, and submerged portions of stern drive systems can be protected effectively from the growth of marine organism, such as barnacles. The electrically conductive surface generates electrons into the seawater in order to create chlorine gas at the surface which inhibits and discourages marine growth. The protective coating of glass inhibits the migration of metal ions from the electrically conductive surface into the seawater and therefore inhibits corrosive degradation as a result of galvanic action.

Abstract: A plating analysis method is disclosed for electroplating in a system in which resistance of an anode and/or a cathode cannot be neglected. This method comprises giving a three-dimensional Laplace's equation, as a dominant equation, to a region containing a plating solution; discretizing the Laplace's equation by the boundary element method; giving a two-dimensional or three-dimensional Poisson's equation dealing with a flat surface or a curved surface, as a dominant equation, to a region within the anode and/or the cathode; discretizing the Poisson's equation by the boundary element method or the finite element method; and formulating a simultaneous equation of the discretized equations to calculate a current density distribution i and a potential distribution &phgr; in the system. The method can obtain the current density and potential distributions efficiently for a plating problem requiring consideration for the resistance of an electrode.

Abstract: A system for preventing corrosion and/or fouling of a surface of a biomedical device in contact with a corrosive environment comprising: (a) a semiconductive coating in conductive contact with at least part of the surface; and (b) an electronic filter for filtering corrosive noise and a method of preventing corrosion and/or fouling using the system.

Abstract: A method of preventing anode oxidation in a fuel cell is disclosed comprising applying a negative current to an anode of said fuel cell, such that the anode is disposed in ionic communication with a cathode through an electrolyte. Oxygen is transferred from the anode through the electrolyte to the cathode. A method preventing anode oxidation in a fuel cell by storing and using a reformate and doping an anode are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to; a method of ultrasonic pickling by impressing a protective potential of not less than −300 mV baser than the corrosion potential of an ultrasonic diaphragm installed in a pickling solution on the ultrasonic wave imposing means and carrying out pickling while supplying corrosion preventive current of not less than 100 mA/m2 to a corrosion preventive current imposing means whose negative electric terminal is connected to the ultrasonic wave imposing means and whose positive electric terminal is connected to the pickling solution or a travelling strip material; and an apparatus for ultrasonic pickling, as an apparatus to embody the method, having an ultrasonic wave imposing means installed in a pickling solution and a corrosion preventive current imposing means whose negative electric terminal is connected to the ultrasonic wave imposing means and whose positive electric terminal is connected to the pickling solution or a travelling strip material.

Abstract: A process for removing chloride ions from steel surfaces and measuring the amount present on the steel surface being tested employs a high frequency waveform alternating current treatment as a pre-measurement step to liberate the chloride ions into deionized water on the steel surface being tested. The conductivity of the water containing the chloride ions is measured in a conductivity cell mounted on the same steel surface being tested. Recovery of chloride ions originally present on the steel test surface (cathode) is 85-95% complete when a sine wave high frequency alternating current is used between the steel test surface (cathode) sealed below an insulating plastic box containing the deionized water and which plastic box contains a steel plate (anode) mounted within and immediately below the inside top of the plastic box conductivity cell. The conductivity of the water in the cell is measured by a conductivity meter after disconnecting the high frequency waveform alternating current.

Abstract: Corrosible metallic elements of tank are protected by an anodic encasement sleeve. The anodic encasement sleeve employs an inner sacrificial anodic layer and an outer environmental barrier layer to provide both cathodic and barrier protection against corrosion. Following application of the sleeve, typically by drawing or wrapping, the anodic encasement sleeve remains substantially unbonded from the tank, though it is electrically connected by conductive means. Because of the substantially unbonded relationship between the sacrificial anodic layer and the metallic elements of the tank, if electrolyte is present under the environmental barrier (due to breaches, installation error, condensation, etc.), the electrolyte may enter the unbonded area between the tank and the anodic material. This increases the ratio of anodic material to tank available, which makes the cathodic protection more efficient and effective for an extended duration.

Abstract: A system for measuring the effectiveness of cathodic protection or corrosion resistance comprises a coagulate-filled tube adapted for sensing electrical activity at a first end thereof. A second end of the coagulate-filled tube is in communication with a reference electrode. A voltmeter in communication with the electrode for supplying a reading of a voltage differential. A capillary tube for use in conjunction with a reference electrode extends the reach of the reference electrode. A flexible conduit defines a continuous opening axially therethrough. The flexible conduit contains a conductive hydroscopic electrolyte coagulate such as gelatin or a crosslinked polymer. The conduit is adapted for communication at one end with an electrode that communicates with the coagulate. It is further adapted at a second end for sensing a level of electrical potential in proximity thereto.

Abstract: A system for preventing corrosion of a surface of a metal structure in contact with a corrosive environment comprising: (a) a semiconductive coating in conductive contact with at least part of the surface; and (b) an electronic filter for filtering corrosive noise and a method of preventing corrosion using the system.

Abstract: A preassembled cathodic protection system is provided for protecting buried structures such as guy anchors, which includes a reference cell, test station and anode, all prewired together and tested before delivery and field installation. The package includes a convenient connection for the structure which has one lead to an exposed stud or contact point on the test station, and another lead from the connection to the anode or anodes through a shunt in the form of a calibrated resistance wire. The shunt is connected to two spaced studs or contact points on the test station by which the shunt is read. The reference cell is also connected to a stud or contact point on the test station. The reference cell-test station lead extends through a flexible tube. The studs or contact points are on the dome or cap of a rigid tube designed to project out of the ground or an electrolyte a short distance. With a guy anchor the tube may include an elow and angled portion.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to an electrically conductive valve metal mesh of extreme void fraction. More particularly the invention relates in a most important aspect to an application thereof for an electrode structure in such a way as to prevent the corrosion of steel, including reinforcing steel in concrete, by cathodic protection.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for protecting buried conducting structures, subject to corrosion such as well casings, pipe lines and the like, utilizes a plurality of pulsed D.C. current sources with the negative output terminal of each source connected to a separate structure and the positive output terminal of the sources connected to a common anode located near the structures. A control circuit synchronizes the operation of the several D.C. sources and sets the frequency and width of the output pulses. The amplitude of the output pulses from each D.C. source may be separately adjusted.

Abstract: Corrosible metallic elements of pipe are protected by an anodic encasement sleeve. The anodic encasement sleeve employs an inner sacrificial anodic layer and an outer environmental barrier layer to provide both cathodic and barrier protection against corrosion. Following application of the sleeve, typically by drawing or wrapping, the anodic encasement sleeve remains substantially unbonded from the pipe, though it is electrically connected by conductive means. Because of the substantially unbonded relationship between the sacrificial anodic layer and the metallic elements of the pipe, if electrolyte is present under the environmental barrier (due to breaches, installation error, condensation, etc.), the electrolyte may enter the unbonded area between the pipe and the anodic material. This increases the ratio of anodic material to pipe available, which makes the cathodic protection more efficient and effective for an extended duration.

Abstract: An anode installation apparatus has an pilot auger to which an anode may be attached, plus a cylindrical drive tube which engages the pilot auger when rotated in one direction, such that the drive tube is drawn downward into the ground along with the pilot auger. When the pilot auger has been augered to a desired depth below ground, carbonaceous material may be introduced into the drive tube so as to surround the anode. The drive tube is then rotated in the opposite direction, whereupon it will disengage from the pilot auger and may be pulled out of the ground, and the cavity thus formed in the ground may be backfilled. The drive shaft may be re-used for installation of additional anodes.

Abstract: An integrated cell and the test station is disclosed in a unitary package which includes internally encapsulated wiring connections at both the cell and test station. The cell and test station are tethered together by a flexible bungee tube which can be coiled and which can elongate or contract. The flexible tube provides a variable length and wide lateral flexibility. The tube also provides a convenient means to encapsulate the connections at both the cell and test station. The cell has a unique core formed by a double junction ceramic capsule. A pure copper coil element is positioned in the capsule in a super saturated solution of copper sulphate, for example. The capsule is sealed and the coil or element is electrically connected to a lead extending through the tube, and the end of the tube is encapsulated sealing the connection. The capsule is joined to one end of the bungee tube and the entire end is embedded in a stabilized hygroscopic gel which contains additional salt crystals.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for protecting buried conducting structures, subject to corrosion such as well casings, pipe lines and the like, utilizes a plurality of pulsed D.C. current sources with the negative output terminal of each source connected to a separate structure and the positive output terminal of the sources connected to a common anode located near the structures. A control circuit synchronizes the operation of the several D.C. sources and sets the frequency and width of the output pulses. The amplitude of the output pulses from each D.C. source may be separately adjusted.